RESUMO
Introducción: la atención del paciente alcohólico, constituye un reto en lo referente a garantizar la imprescindible disposición de ayuda, actitud sin la cual resultaría improbable el logro de los objetivos. Objetivo: determinar las características de la enfermedad alcohólica en pacientes atendidos en la consulta provincial de adicciones del Centro Comunitario de Salud Mental del área de salud "Pedro Borrás" de Pinar del Río. Material y método: se realizó estudio descriptivo con una muestra de 250 pacientes alcohólicos, tratados en consulta provincial de adicciones del Centro Comunitario de Salud Mental del Policlínico universitario "Pedro Borras" de Pinar del Río en los últimos 5 años, (2009-2013). Se realiza una caracterización individual del paciente según la historia clínica, una entrevista al paciente y al familiar. Resultados: en el estudio se encontró un predominio del sexo masculino, con el 52.8%, 18% solteros y 29,2% divorciados, en el tiempo de ingestión del toxico, el mayor grupo con el 38.4%; se incluyen entre 5 a 10 años. Aparece el síndrome de dependencia alcohólica en el 56.7%, en tanto el 66.4% tienen un consumo perjudicial con recaídas. La terapéutica empleada fue metronidazol (38.5%) de forma ambulatoria, disulfiram (46.4%) y acamprosate bajo uso por poca disponibilidad. Conclusiones: predomina el sexo masculino, las edades entre 31-50 años, destacándose el tiempo de tratamiento y abstinencia el grupo entre 7 meses y 5 años. Como terapéutica sobresalen la psicoterapia individual, asociada al disulfiram, metronidazol y acamprosate; se demostró que la deshabituación alcohólica se logra con la terapia combinada.
Introduction: the management of alcoholic patients constitutes a challenge concerning their necessary willingness to be helped, which is an indispensable attitude to achieve the objectives. Objective: to determine the characteristics of the alcohol use disorder in patients attending to the provincial office for addiction of the Community Mental Health Center belonging to Pedro Borrás Astorga health area in Pinar del Río. Material and Method: a descriptive study was conducted with a sample of 250 alcoholic patients who were treated in the provincial office for addictions of the Community Mental Health Center belonging to Pedro Borrás Astorga university polyclinic in Pinar del Río during the last 5 years (2009-2013). An individual characterization of the patient according to clinical history, along with an interview for the patient and family was carried out. Results: male sex prevailed (52.8%), out of them 18% were single and 29.2% divorced, during alcohol intake, the greatest group with 38.4% was included between 5 to 10 years. The syndrome of alcohol abuse or dependence appeared in 56.7% of the patients, whereas 66.4% suffered from a harmful intake with relapses. The treatment included Metronidazole (38.5%) ambulatory way, Disulfiram (46.4%) and Acamprosate in hospital due to the lack of availability. Conclusions: male sex prevailed, ages between 31-50 years old, length of treatment and abstinence in the group from 7 months to 5 years stood up. Individual psychotherapy associated with Disulfiram, Metronidazole and Acamprosate was the most notable therapeutic; showing that to address patients' alcohol problems and to get rid of alcohol intake a combined therapy is required.
RESUMO
Ascidians are invertebrate filter feeders widely distributed in benthic marine environments. A total of 14 different ascidian species were collected from the Western Mediterranean and their bacterial communities were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene. Results showed that ascidian tissues harbored Bacteria belonging to Gamma- and Alphaproteobacteria classes, some of them phylogenetically related to known aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs (AAPs), such as Roseobacter sp. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis of DGGE patterns showed a large variability in the bacterial diversity among the different ascidians analyzed, which indicates that they would harbor different bacterial communities. Furthermore, pufM genes, involved in aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis in marine and freshwater systems, were widely detected within the ascidians analyzed, because nine out of 14 species had pufM genes inside their tissues. The pufM gene was only detected in those specimens that inhabited shallow waters (<77 m of depth). Most pufM gene sequences were very closely related to that of uncultured marine bacteria. Thus, our results suggest that the association of ascidians with bacteria related to AAPs could be a general phenomenon and that ascidian-associated microbiota could use the light that penetrates through the tunic tissue as an energy source.
Assuntos
Alphaproteobacteria/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Gammaproteobacteria/genética , Fotossíntese/genética , Complexo de Proteínas do Centro de Reação Fotossintética/genética , Urocordados/microbiologia , Aerobiose , Alphaproteobacteria/classificação , Animais , Gammaproteobacteria/classificação , Mar Mediterrâneo , RNA Bacteriano , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
Marine Crenarchaeota represent an abundant component of the oceanic microbiota that play an important role in the global nitrogen cycle. Here we report the association of the colonial ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei with putative ammonia-oxidizing Crenarchaeota that could actively be involved in nitrification inside the animal tissue. As shown by 16S rRNA gene analysis, the ascidian-associated Crenarchaeota were phylogenetically related to Nitrosopumilus maritimus, the first marine archaeon isolated in pure culture that grows chemolithoautotrophically oxidizing ammonia to nitrite aerobically. Catalysed reporter deposition (CARD)-FISH revealed that the Crenarchaeota were specifically located inside the tunic tissue of the colony, where moreover the expression of amoA gene was detected. The amoA gene encodes the alpha-subunit of ammonia monooxygenase, which is involved in the first step of nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Sequencing of amoA gene showed that they were phylogenetically related to amoA genes of N. maritimus and other putative ammonia-oxidizing marine Crenarchaeota. In order to track the suspected nitrification activity inside the ascidian colony under in vivo conditions, microsensor profiles were measured through the tunic tissue. Net NO(x) production was detected in the tunic layer 1200-1800 microm with rates of 58-90 nmol cm(-3) h(-1). Oxygen and pH microsensor profiles showed that the layer of net NO(x) production coincided with O(2) concentrations of 103-116 microM and pH value of 5.2. Together, molecular and microsensor data indicate that Crenarchaeota could oxidize ammonia to nitrite aerobically, and thus be involved in nitrification inside the ascidian tissue.
Assuntos
Amônia/metabolismo , Biodiversidade , Crenarchaeota/classificação , Crenarchaeota/metabolismo , Nitritos/metabolismo , Urocordados/microbiologia , Aerobiose , Animais , Proteínas Arqueais/genética , Crenarchaeota/genética , Crenarchaeota/isolamento & purificação , DNA Arqueal/química , DNA Arqueal/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Genes de RNAr , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oxirredutases/genética , Oxigênio , Filogenia , RNA Arqueal/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Urocordados/químicaRESUMO
The ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle, 1877) (phylum Chordata, class Ascidiacea, family Polycitoridae) is a colonial tunicate that inhabits benthic rock environments in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. Its life cycle has two phases, the adult sessile colony and the free-living larva. Both adult zooids and larvae are surrounded by a protective tunic that contains several eukaryotic cell lines, is composed mainly of acidic mucopolysacharides associated with collagen and elastin-like proteins, and is covered by a thin cuticle. The microbiota associated with the tunic tissues of adult colonies and larva of C. dellechiajei has been examined by optical, confocal and electron microscopy and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. Microscopy analyses indicated the presence inside the tunic, both for the adult and the larva, of a dense community of Bacteria while only the external surface of colony cuticle was colonized by diatoms, rodophyte algae and prokaryotic-like epiphytes. Transmission electron microscopy showed tunic eukaryotic cells that were engulfing and lysing bacteria. 16S rRNA gene analyses (DGGE and clone libraries) and FISH indicated that the community inside the tunic tissues of the adults and larvae was dominated by Alphaproteobacteria. Bacteria belonging to the phyla Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were also detected in the adults. Many of the 16S rRNA gene sequences in the tunic tissues were related to known aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs (AAP), like Roseobacter sp. and Erythrobacter sp. In order to check whether the gene pufM, coding for the M subunit of the reaction centre complex of aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis, was being expressed inside the ascidian tissues, two libraries, one for an adult colony and one for larva, of cDNA from the expressed pufM gene were also constructed. The sequences most frequently (64% for colony and 67% for larva) retrieved from these libraries presented > 90% aa identity with the pufM gene product of the Roseobacter-like group, a cluster of AAP widely detected in marine planktonic environments.
Assuntos
Bactérias/classificação , Urocordados/microbiologia , Animais , Bactérias/citologia , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Clonagem Molecular , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Biblioteca Gênica , Larva/genética , Larva/microbiologia , Funções Verossimilhança , Complexo de Proteínas do Centro de Reação Fotossintética/genética , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/química , RNA Ribossômico 16S/classificação , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Urocordados/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Many cytotoxic compounds of therapeutic interest have been isolated from marine invertebrates, and some of them have been reported to be of microbial origin. Pyridoacridine alkaloids are the main compounds extracted from the ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei. Here we describe the in vitro antiproliferative activity against different tumor cell lines of the ascidian extracts and provide some insights on the role of the microbial community associated with the tunicate in the production of these compounds. C. dellechiajei extracts showed remarkably high antiproliferative activity (IC50
RESUMO
Planteamos el posible reconocimiento del síndrome neuroléptico maligno mediante un nuevo concepto de síndrome extrapiramidal maligno, que se ajustaría más a la sintomatología y a la respuesta fisiológica de la vía extrapiramidal. Se da importancia al valor diagnóstico de cada síntoma, que no se tiene en cuenta en el diagnóstico de los desórdenes mentales IV, y se hace una revisión del tema con la presentación de un nuevo caso.
The possible identification of the neuroleptic malignat syndrome by a new concept of extrapyramidal malignant syndrome, which would adjust more to the symptomatology and to the physiological response of the extrapyramidal route, is exposed. It is stressed the importance of the diagnostic value of each symptom that is not taken into consideration in the diagnosis of IV mental disorders. A review of the topic is made ingether with the presentation of a new case.
RESUMO
A propósito de la presentación de dos nuevos casos de Síndrome Neuroléptico Maligno (SNM) se exponen los factores de riesgo y los síntomas de alerta con una de las posibilidades para hacer el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad. Se plantea además el nuevo concepto de Síndrome Extrapiramidal Maligno en sustitución del ya conocido SNM, pues se ajustaría más a la patología de síndrome ayudando a esclarecer su diagnóstico.(AU)
Assuntos
Síndrome Maligna Neuroléptica/diagnóstico , Fatores de Risco , Tratos ExtrapiramidaisRESUMO
Planteamos el posible reconocimiento del síndrome neuroléptico maligno mediante un nuevo concepto de síndrome extrapiramidal maligno, que se ajustaría más a la sintomatología y a la respuesta fisiológica de la vía extrapiramidal. Se da importancia al valor diagnóstico de cada síntoma, que no se tiene en cuenta en el diagnóstico de los desórdenes mentales IV, y se hace una revisión del tema con la presentación de un nuevo caso (AU)
