Variables that explain disordered eating behaviors among women: the mediating role of body dissatisfaction.

PURPOSE: To analyze the role of body dissatisfaction in the relationships of sociocultural influences, depression, and anxiety with disordered eating behaviors (DEB) in a sample of female Mexican university students. METHODS: A nonrandom sample of 526 female Mexican university students aged 18 to 25 years completed the Questionnaire of Influence on the Aesthetic Model of Body Shape (CIMEC-26), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-8D) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). RESULTS: Through the mean model (χ2/df (5, n = 526) = 7.298, p = .199; NFI = .996; CFI = .999; RMSEA = .030; SRMR = .011), body dissatisfaction was found to mediate the relationships of influence of advertising, influence of social models and anxiety with DEB (restrictive dieting and bulimia). The variable with the most direct effect on restrictive dieting and bulimia was the influence of advertising. Body dissatisfaction partially mediated this relationship, as the influence of advertising had a significant direct effect on restrictive dieting and bulimia. The final model of direct and indirect effects explained 43% and 22% of the variance in restrictive dieting and bulimia, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that body dissatisfaction partially mediated the relationships between influence of advertising, influence of social models, and anxiety with DEB among women. Thus, these variables should be taken into account in prevention and intervention programs targeting BED. LEVEL V: Evidence obtained from a cross-sectional descriptive study. LEVEL V: Evidence obtained from a cross-sectional descriptive study.

Psychosocial factors associated with the risk of developing psychosis in a Mexican general population sample.

Epidemiological evidence has linked an array of sociodemographic and psychosocial factors with an increased risk of developing psychosis. However, research in samples from low- and middle-income countries is still scarce. This study used a Mexican sample to explore (i) sociodemographic and psychosocial differences between individuals with and without a positive screen for Clinical High-Risk for psychosis (CHR), and (ii) sociodemographic and psychosocial factors associated with screening positive for CHR. The sample consisted of 822 individuals from the general population who completed an online survey. Of the participants, 17.3% (n = 142) met the CHR screening criteria. Comparisons between those who screened positive (CHR-positive group) and those who did not (Non-CHR group) showed that participants in the CHR-positive group were younger, had a lower educational level, and reported more mental health problems than the Non-CHR group. Furthermore, relative to the Non-CHR group, the CHR-positive group had a greater prevalence of medium/high risk associated with cannabis use, a higher prevalence of adverse experiences (bullying, intimate partner violence, and experiencing a violent or unexpected death of a relative or friend), as well as higher levels of childhood maltreatment, poorer family functioning, and more distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Groups did not differ in sex, marital/relationship status, occupation, and socio-economic status. Finally, when examined in multivariate analyses, the variables associated with screening positive for CHR were: having an unhealthy family functioning (OR = 2.75, 95%CI 1.69-4.46), a higher risk associated with cannabis use (OR = 2.75, 95%CI 1.63-4.64), a lower level of education (OR = 1.55, 95%CI 1.003-2.54), having experienced a major natural disaster (OR = 1.94, 95%CI 1.18-3.16), having experienced a violent or unexpected death of a relative or friend (OR = 1.85, 95%CI 1.22-2.81), higher levels of childhood emotional abuse (OR = 1.88, 95%CI 1.09-3.25), physical neglect (OR = 1.68, 95%CI 1.08-2.61), and physical abuse (OR = 1.66, 95%CI 1.05-2.61), and higher COVID-related distress (OR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.01-1.20). An older age was a protective factor for screening positive for CHR (OR = 0.96, 95%CI 0.92-0.99). Overall, the findings highlight the importance of examining potential psychosocial contributors to psychosis vulnerability across different sociocultural contexts to delineate risk and protective processes relevant to specific populations and better target preventive intervention efforts.

Content validity of a psychological e-health program of self-control and motivation for adults with excess weight.

Excess weight requires multidisciplinary treatment, including psychology in face-to-face and e-health interventions. The need to analyse interventions' content validity has become evident. The objective is to assess content validity of a psychological e-health program of self-control and motivation for adults with excess weight. Six health professionals (a nutritionist, a personal trainer, physician and three psychologists) evaluated the content validity of the program. The results showed that the item-level content validity index (I-CVI) was 1 (the maximum value) for 11 of the 22 activities that comprise the program. This index fluctuated between 0.83 and 0.85 for the other activities, and the scale-level content validity index was greater than 0.90 for the four modules. In terms of relevance, effectiveness and appropriateness, 90%, 65% and 60% of the activities, respectively, obtained the maximum possible I-CVI, while the index was acceptable for the remainder of the activities. This is the first study about content validity of a psychological program for adults with excess weight in Mexico and it supported that the content program was suitable, and it may be used as a part of multidisciplinary treatments. This study also highlights the importance of involving an expert review in the development of intervention programs. This intervention program may be useful in the context of a multidisciplinary intervention; however, it is important to conduct studies to evaluate its efficacy.

Nuevas pruebas de validez y confiabilidad de la escala reducida del Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal (BSQ-8D) en una muestra de mujeres mexicanas / New evidence about reliability and validity of the short version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-8D) in a Sample of Mexican Women

Resumen: Antecedentes: El Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal (BSQ, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha utilizado ampliamente en población clínica y general destacando su carácter unidimensional para la medida de la insatisfacción corporal. Diversas investigaciones han generado hasta 10 versiones cortas basadas en reducciones del BSQ-34. Sin embargo, hasta el momento ninguna de ellas ha sido sometida a pruebas de confiabilidad y validez en muestras independientes. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura interna del BSQ-8D y su relación con los tres factores del Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-26, por sus siglas en inglés), así como la fiabilidad obtenida con un diseño de consistencia interna y otro de estabilidad temporal en una muestra de mujeres universitarias. Método: Participaron 492 mujeres universitarias quienes contestaron el BSQ-8D y el EAT-26. Resultados: El análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboró la estructura unidimensional del BSQ-8D. La consistencia interna fue adecuada, con α =.91 y ω = .89, así como la confiabilidad test-retest con un CCI = .80. La correlación entre las puntuaciones obtenidas de esta versión del BSQ y el EAT-26 fue de .56 y con sus factores fue .58 para Dieta, .33 para Bulimia y Preocupación por la Comida y .26 para Control Oral. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos aportan evidencia empírica independiente que apoya la unidimensionalidad, la confiabilidad y la relación con las actitudes hacia la comida del BSQ-8D. Para fortalecer la solidez de esta versión del BSQ-8D hace falta recolectar datos en muestra clínica y en muestras de varones con y sin trastornos alimentarios y de la ingestión de alimentos.

Abstract: Background: The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) has been widely used in the clinical and general population, highlighting its unidimensional nature. Research evidence has generated 10 short versions based on reductions of the BSQ-34. Hitherto, short versions have not been applied to analyze validity and reliability with independent samples. Aim: To analyze the internal structure of the BSQ-8D and its relationship with the three factors of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (AET-26), as well as the reliability obtained with a design of internal consistency and another of temporal stability in a sample of university women. Methods: Participants were 492 undergraduate women who completed the BSQ-8D and the EAT-26. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the one factor structure of the BSQ-8D. The internal consistency was adequate, α = .91 and ω = .89, as well as the test-retest reliability ICC = .80. Correlation between this BSQ-8D version and those obtained in the EAT-26 was = .56 besides the correlations with its factors .58 for Dieting, .33 for Bulimia and Food Concerns, and .26 for Oral Control. Conclusions: These findings added independent evidence about the unidimensionality of the instrument. To strengthen the robustness of this version of the BSQ-8D it is necessary to collect data in clinical and men sample with and without feeding and eating disorders.

Evaluating different versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire and invariance across age in Mexican women.

PURPOSE: To analyze the factorial structure of the eight short versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and analyze the factorial invariance of the best model, its convergent validity and its internal consistency in three age groups of Mexican women. METHODS: Women attending middle school (n = 261), high school (n = 245) and university (n = 296) participated in the study; their average age was 16.52 years (SD = 2.98), and they completed the BSQ, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) and the Questionnaire on the Influences of the Aesthetic Body Ideal (CIMEC, its acronym in Spanish). RESULTS: The BSQ-8D model showed the best goodness-of-fit indices and evidence for configural, metric, scalar and structural invariance. Both the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the Omega coefficient for the BSQ-8D were .89. Likewise, the BSQ-8D was correlated with the EAT-40 (r = .60, p < .001) and the CIMEC (r = .77, p < .001), and both the total score and its items discriminated between women with and without abnormal eating behaviors (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The BSQ-8D has the best psychometric properties for the measurement of body dissatisfaction in the general population of Mexican women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Abuso cibernético en el noviazgo y relación intrafamiliar en adolescentes estudiantes mexicanos / Cyber dating abuse and intrafamily relationships in adolescent Mexican students

El alcance de la tecnología ha permitido que comportamientos abusivos en las relaciones de noviazgo sean vividos a través de medios electrónicos e internet. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la existencia de asociación entre el abuso cibernético en el noviazgo (ACN) y la relación intrafamiliar (RI) en adolescentes estudiantes mexicanos ajustada por sexo, consumo de alcohol y violencia cara a cara en el noviazgo. Participaron 394 adolescentes con edades de entre 15 y 18 años (62,4% mujeres). Se encontró que el 62,2% de los participantes fueron víctimas de control/vigilancia y el 35% de agresión directa. Todas las dimensiones de RI obtuvieron puntuaciones intermedias. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostró una asociación negativa entre el ACN y la RI con una fuerza de asociación pequeña (β= -0,18; p< 0,01). Sería recomendable en programas de prevención del ACN fortalecer en la familia la comunicación, la unión, el apoyo y la solución asertiva de conflictos. Futuros estudios podrían añadir al modelo otras variables que expliquen al ACN

The scope of technology has allowed abusive behaviors in dating relationships to be experienced through electronic media and the internet. This study aimed to determine the existence of an association between cyber dating abuse (CDA) and intra-family relations (IR) in Mexican adolescent students adjusted for sex, alcohol use and face-to-face dating violence. The sample comprised 394 students between 15 and 18 years of age (62.4% women). It was found that 62.2% of the participants were victims of control/monitoring and 35% of direct aggression. All IR dimensions obtained intermediate scores. The structural equation model showed a negative association between CDA and IR with a small strength association (β= -.18, p< .01). It would be advisable in CDA prevention programs to strengthen communication, union, support, and assertive conflict resolution in the family. Future studies should include other variables in the model to explain the CDA

Estatus de peso, conductas alimentarias de riesgo e insatisfacción corporal en mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes / Weight status, risk eating behaviors and body dissatisfaction in adolescent and young women

Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo, estatus de peso e insatisfacción corporal en mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes mexicanas. Materiales y métodos: participaron 487 mujeres, de una preparatoria pública (50,3%; Edad: media = 16,5, desviación estándar = 1,0 años) y de una universidad pública (49,7%; Edad: media = 19,7, desviación estándar = 1,4 años), seleccionadas con un muestreo no-probabilístico de tipo intencional. Considerando la edad se formaron dos grupos etarios (adolescentes y jóvenes). Las participantes contestaron una cédula de datos generales donde se reportó peso y estatura, asimismo, contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias y el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal, ambos validados para población mexicana. Resultados: se encontró que 11,4% de las adolescentes y 6,6% de las jóvenes reportaron conductas alimentarias de riesgo; las de mayor presencia fueron la dieta restrictiva, evitar alimentos con azúcar y el conteo de calorías. Entre las jóvenes, a mayor índice de masa corporal mayor presencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo, no así entre las adolescentes. De manera general, las participantes con exceso de peso presentaron cinco veces mayor probabilidad de desarrollar conductas alimentarias de riesgo. Mientras que 18,8% de las adolescentes y 19,8% de las jóvenes presentaron insatisfacción corporal. Finalmente, en ambos grupos las conductas alimentarias de riesgo se asociaron con la insatisfacción corporal, excepto la conducta de vómito. Conclusiones: es necesario implementar medidas preventivas en esta población considerando el estatus de peso y la presencia de insatisfacción corporal..(AU)

Objective: to assess the association between risk eating behaviors, weight status and body dissatisfaction in adolescents and young women. Materials and methods: the sample comprised 487 Mexican students' women at public high school (50.3%; Age: mean = 16.5, standard deviation = 1.0 years) and public university (49.7%; Age: mean = 19.7, standard deviation = 1.4 years) selected according to a non-probabilistic method. Regarding the age two groups were formed (adolescents and young). All the participants completed identification card including weight and height as well as two test validated for Mexican population, Eating Attitude Test and Body Image Questionnaire. Results: between adolescents and young women 11.4 and 6.6% showed risk eating behaviors,respectively being the most frequent restrictive diet, avoiding sugar foods and counting calories. A direct relation between increasing body mass index and presence of risk eating behaviors was found for young women but not for adolescents. All the participants with overweight showed five more risk to develop risk eating behaviors while 18.8% of adolescents and 19.8% of young women showed body dissatisfaction. Finally, for both age groups risk eating behaviors were associated with body dissatisfaction except for vomiting. Conclusions: it is necessary preventive efforts in this population taking into account the weight status and the presence of body dissatisfaction..(AU)

Health-related quality-of-life model in adolescents with different body composition.

The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a causal model of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents with different body composition. The participants were 209 adolescents (107 women and 102 men) ranging from 10 to 15 years of age. A model based on that proposed by Wilson and Cleary (JAMA 273(1):59-65, 1995) was elaborated. The body composition of the participants was analyzed. They were asked to complete a battery of questionnaires composed of the following factors: biological status (BS; included body mass index and weight), symptomatic psychological status (SPS; included the variables of drive for thinness and food concerns), functional status (FS; composed of physical activity, food consumption estimation, and socioeconomic status), and HRQoL, which included the dimensions of psychological well-being, autonomy and relationship with parents, social support and peers, and the academic environment. Structural equation modeling produced a model, which obtained an adequate fit for the prediction of HRQoL (χ2(38) = 51.88, p = .07; NNFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.95, and RMSEA = 0.04). The main outcome demonstrated the indirect effect of BS (0.44) and SPS (- 0.45) as well as a direct effect of FS (0.21) on HRQoL. In addition, a second path was observed, BS has an indirect effect on FS (0.34) and FS on HRQoL (0.21). These results provide empirical support for the evaluated model.Level of evidence: Level V, Descriptive study.

Escala de Estimación del Consumo de Alimentos y Bebidas para Niños: Evaluación de sus propiedades psicométricas / Estimation of Food and Beverages Intake Scale for Children: Evaluation of psychometric properties

Resumen Las estrategias para disminuir el sobrepeso y la obesidad no han tenido el impacto esperado. Se requiere desarrollar mayor conocimiento sobre las variables estimación del alimento y frecuencia de consumo. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento dirigido a evaluar la estimación de alimentos (EAL) y su frecuencia de consumo (FRC) en niños. Participaron 1,090 niños y niñas de 9 años de edad de la región Sur de Jalisco (México), quienes completaron la Escala de Estimación y Consumo de Alimentos en Niños (ECA-N), que consta de dos secciones: EAL y FRC. El análisis factorial exploratorio realizado con 545 de los participantes derivó tres factores para cada sección, mismos que posteriormente fueron corroborados con base a dos análisis factoriales confirmatorios, uno por sección, practicados con la segunda mitad de la muestra (n = 545). Ambos modelos registraron adecuados índices de bondad de ajuste. La versión final de la ECA-N, con 23 ítems, mostró poseer adecuada consistencia interna en sus dos secciones: EAL (α = .86) y FRC (α = .84). Se discute sobre la necesidad de extender el análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la ECA-N en niños de otras regiones del país.

Abstract The strategies to reduce overweight and obesity have not had the expected impact. It is necessary to develop greater knowledge regard food estimation and intake frequency. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of an instrument aimed at the evaluation of meals (EM) and its intake frequency (IFR) in children. A total of 1,090 9-year-old boys and girls from the South region of Jalisco (Mexico) answered the Scale of Estimation and Consumption of Foods in Children, which consists of two sections: EM and IFR. The exploratory factor analysis carried out with 545 participants derived three factors for each section, which were subsequently corroborated based on two confirmatory factor analyses, one per section, performed with the second half of the sample (n = 545). Both models registered some goodness of fit indexes. The final version of the scale, with 23 items, showed appropriate internal consistency in its both sections: EM (α = .86) and IFR (α = .84). The need to extend the analysis of the psychometric properties of the scale in children from other regions of the country is discussed.

Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica de la Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios en el periodo 2010-2014 / Bibliometric analysis of scientific production of Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders, 2010-2014

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la producción científica de la Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders del periodo 2010-2014. Se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo retrospectivo de los artículos publicados en el periodo 2010-2014. Se analizó el tipo de artículo, el patrón de autoría, país, promedio de referencias incluidas en los artículos y tipo de referencia incluida. Los resultados mostraron que se publicaron 70 artículos en los cinco volúmenes de la Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders . El mayor porcentaje de artículos correspondió a trabajos originales (64.28%). El promedio de autores por artículo fue de cuatro y se identificaron cinco autoras con la mayor producción. Investigadores mexicanos han realizado el mayor porcentaje de contribuciones (60%) y la mayoría pertenece a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Asimismo, se identificó la colaboración entre investigadores de dos o tres países. En promedio se incluyeron 46 referencias por artículo, principalmente artículos de revistas científicas. Se concluye que la Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders presentó índices similares a los obtenidos en revistas del área de la salud y de psicología.

Abstract: The aim of this research was to characterize the scientific production of the Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios /Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders during the 2010-2014 period. A retrospective and descriptive analysis of published articles in the period 2010-2014 was performed. The type of production, authorship pattern, country, average number of references per article, and type of documents cited were analyzed. The results showed that 70 articles were published in five volumes of the Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios /Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders. The highest percentage was original studies (64.28%). The mean number of author per article was four, and five women were the highest productive ones. Mexican researchers have been made the most percentage of contributions (60%) and most of them belong to the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . Furthermore, the collaboration among researchers of two or three different countries was identified. On average of 46 references were cited per article, mostly of them were scientific journal articles. It is concluded that Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios /Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders showed similar indexes to those obtained by health journals and psychology journals.

Comportamientos alimentarios de riesgo y consumo de tabaco, alcohol y marihuana según género en estudiantes universitarios chilenos / Risk eating behaviors and tobacco, alcohol and marijuana consumption by gender among chilean university students

Los comportamientos de riesgo para la salud tienen implicaciones en amplios aspectos del individuo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre comportamientos alimentarios de riesgo (CAR) y consumo de tabaco, alcohol y marihuana en estudiantes universitarios de Chile según el género. Después de obtener consentimiento informado se realizó un estudio transversal y analítico, el cual incluyó a 1,087 universitarios de primer año con edad promedio 18.8 años. Se utilizó el Youth Risk Behavior Survey autoaplicado en línea para evaluar los comportamientos de riesgo para la salud. Las mujeres presentaron mayor prevalencia que los hombres en CAR y los hombres en consumo de alcohol y marihuana. Los resultados de las regresiones logísticas mostraron que en mujeres existen diferencias significativas entre quienes presentaron CAR y no, en la mitad de los comportamientos de uso de tabaco, alcohol y marihuana. En hombres sólo un comportamiento se asoció con CAR. En ambos géneros los tamaños de efecto fueron pequeños. En las mujeres los hallazgos confirman estudios previos y en hombres el tamaño de la muestra no permite observar adecuadamente la relación entre CAR y consumo de tabaco, alcohol y marihuana.

Health-Risk Behaviors has implications for broader aspects of the people. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between Risk Eating Behaviors (REB) and tobacco, alcohol and marijuana consumption by gender among Chilean university students. After obtaining informed consent, a cross-sectional analytical study, which included 1087 college freshmen, mean age 18.8 years was conducted. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey was online self-applied to evaluate the Health-Risk Behavior. The REB were higher among women, while alcohol and marijuana consumption in men. Regression analysis yielded a model that shows significant higher risk in women who reported Risk Eating Behaviors and those who not, in the half of the behaviors of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana. In men only one behavior was associated with Risk Eating Behaviors. In both genders the effect sizes were small. Those findings confirmed that in women the findings confirm previous studies but in men the size of the sample did not permit adequately observe the relation between eating risk behavior and consumption of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana.

Relationship between self-esteem and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in male bodybuilders / Relación entre autoestima y síntomas de dismorfia muscular en varones fisicoconstructivistas

The purposes of this study were to identify the symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in four groups of men; compare the self-esteem among groups with high, moderate and low drive for muscularity; and evaluate the relationship between these variables. The sample included 295 men aged 15 to 63 years-old (57 competitors bodybuilders, 40 not competitors, 47 gym users, and 151 sedentary) who answered the Drive for Muscularity Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results indicated that 43.9% of competitors bodybuilders, 27.5% non-competitors bodybuilders, 10.6% of gym users, and 1.3% of sedentary had symptoms of muscle dysmorphia. Covariance analysis, controlling for age, indicated that participants with lower self-esteem were those who scored higher on drive for muscularity, compared with those with moderate and low self-esteem. Finally, there was a significant and negative correlation between self-esteem and drive for muscularity, however, these results do not reveal whether self-esteem is a precursor or a consequence of drive for muscularity, so that future studies could longitudinally investigate the role of self-esteem in the development of drive for muscularity.

Los propósitos de este estudio fueron: identificar los síntomas de dismorfia muscular en cuatro grupos de varones, comparar la autoestima entre los grupos con alta, moderada y baja motivación por la musculatura, y evaluar la relación entre dichas variables. La muestra incluyó 295 varones de 15 a 63 años de edad (57 fisico-constructivistas competidores, 40 no competidores, 47 usuarios de gimnasio y 151 sedentarios) quienes contestaron la Escala de Motivación por la Musculatura y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Los resultados indicaron que 43.9% de fisicoconstructivistas competidores, 27.5% de fisicoconstructivistas no competidores, 10.6% de usuarios de gimnasio y 1.3% de sedentarios presentaron síntomas de dismorfia muscular. El análisis de covarianza, controlando la edad, indicó que los participantes con menor autoestima fueron los que puntuaron más alto en motivación por la musculatura, en comparación con los de moderada y baja motivación. Finalmente, se observó una correlación significativa y negativa entre la autoestima y la motivación por la musculatura, sin embargo, estos resultados no revelan si la autoestima es un precursor de la motivación por la musculatura o una consecuencia, por lo que futuros estudios podrían investigar longitudinalmente el rol de la autoestima en el desarrollo de la motivación por la musculatura.

The Development and Initial Validation of the Estimation and Frequency of Food Intake Scale / Desarrollo y Validación Inicial de la Escala Estimación y Consumo de Alimento (ECA)

One way to contribute to solving problems related to eating behavior is to develop valid and reliable instruments to measure estimation and food consumption frequency in Mexican population. The present study describes the development and initial validation of the estimation and food intake scale (ECA, for its Spanish acronym). The first version comprised 143 items in a Likert-type scale with five options each one and it was applied to 432 participants from Jalisco State, Mexico City and Mexico State. According to item-total correlation 32 items were selected and reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach alpha of .92 and .90 to estimation and frequency of food intake consumption respectively. Factor analysis only for estimation section yielded a six-factor structure which explained 53.3% of the total variance and reliability indices ranged between .55 and .76. The mean of food estimation showed that food was considered unhealthy and were consumed once a month. It is necessary to modify the current version of the scale and applied to a wider and heterogeneous sample.

Una forma de contribuir a la solución de los problemas relacionados con la conducta alimentaria es desarrollar instrumentos válidos y confiables para medir estimación y consumo de alimento en población mexicana. En el presente estudio se describe la construcción de la escala Estimación y Consumo de Alimento (ECA). La primea versión de la ECA quedó conformada por 143 reactivos con cinco opciones de respuesta tipo Likert y se aplicó a un total de 432 participantes del Estado de Jalisco, Distrito Federal y Estado de México. Considerando la correlación reactivo-total se seleccionaron 32 reactivos, el análisis de confiabilidad mostró una consistencia interna de .92 y .90 respectivamente a estimación y frecuencia de consumo. El análisis factorial de la sección de estimación arrojó una estructura de seis factores que explicaron el 53.3 % de la varianza y los índices de confiabilidad variaron entre .55 y .76. La media de estimación mostró que los participantes juzgaron los alimentos como poco saludables y se consumieron una vez al mes. Es necesario mejorar conceptualmente la versión actual del instrumento y aplicar en muestras de otros estados la versión más refinada de la escala ECA.

Conductas de riesgo y sintomatología de trastornos del comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes universitarios del Sur de Jalisco, México / Risky behaviors and eating disorders symptomatology among undergraduate students from South of Jalisco, Mexico

El propósito de la presente investigación fue estimar la ocurrencia de conductas de riesgo y sintomatología de trastornos del comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes universitarios del Sur del Estado de Jalisco, México. La muestra incluyó 143 mujeres con una edad promedio de 19.90 años (DE = 2.14) y 109 varones con una edad promedio de 21.21 años (DE = 3.53), quienes contestaron el Cuestionario de Actitudes Alimentarias, el Cuestionario de Bulimia de Edimburgo y el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal. Los resultados mostraron que mayores porcentajes de mujeres habían realizado dietas restrictivas y consumieron productos para adelgazar en comparación con los varones, quienes indicaron que realizaban ejercicio con la finalidad de quemar calorías en mayor medida que las mujeres. Asimismo, mayores porcentajes de mujeres presentaron insatisfacción corporal (14%) y sintomatología de trastornos del comportamiento alimentario (11.9%) en comparación con los varones (10% y 4.6%, respectivamente). Las mujeres con insatisfacción corporal presentaron mayor número de conductas de riesgo que quienes estaban satisfechas con su cuerpo. Los hallazgos de esta investigación muestran que una cantidad importante de jóvenes universitarios del Sur de Jalisco presentaron conductas alimentarias de riesgo o sintomatología de trastornos del comportamiento alimentario.

The purpose of this research was to estimate the occurrence of risky behaviors and eating disorders symptomatology among undergraduate students from South of Jalisco, Mexico. The sample comprised 143 women with a mean age of 19.90 (SD = 2.14) and 109 men with a mean age of 21.21 (SD= 3.53) who answered the Eating Attitudes Test, the Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh and the Body Shape Questionnaire. The results showed that a higher percentage of women have been on a diet and consumed weight loss products compared with men, who reported to do exercise in order to burn calories. Also, higher percentage of women showed body dissatisfaction (14%) and eating disorders symptomatology (11.9%) in comparison with men (10% and 4.6%, respectively). Women with body dissatisfaction showed a higher number of risky behaviors compared with people without body dissatisfaction. The findings of this research revealed that an important number of undergraduate students from south of Jalisco showed risky behaviors and eating disorders symptomatology.

Valoración y frecuencia de consumo de alimento saludable y no-saludable: un estudio preliminar / Rating and frequency of healthy and non-healthy food consumption: a preliminary study

Actualmente no existe en nuestro país un instrumento que mida confiablemente lo que se piensa sobre algunos alimentos. En el presente estudio se aplicó la primera versión del cuestionario Estimación y Consumo de Alimento (ECA) diseñado para medir la valoración hacia alimento saludable y no-saludable así como la frecuencia con la que se consumen dichos alimentos. Participantes de dos universidades públicas del Estado de México juzgaron un total de 143 reactivos con cinco opciones de respuesta cada uno. La confiabilidad del instrumento para cada sección, valoración y frecuencia de consumo, fue adecuada. Se analizaron las correlaciones reactivo-total y se volvió a calcular la confiabilidad considerando sólo los 75 reactivos con correlaciones ≥ .30. El análisis con los 75 reactivos confirmó la consistencia interna del instrumento. La puntuación media para valoración del alimento fue mayor en los hombres mientras que la media en frecuencia de consumo fue mayor en las mujeres. Sólo en las mujeres se observó una correlación significativa entre la valoración y la frecuencia de consumo. Los hallazgos son comparables con evidencia previa y sugieren contar con una versión mejorada del instrumento que se aplique a otros tipos de muestra.

Nowadays there is not any instrument to measure reliably how healthy and non-healthy food is judged in Mexico. In this study it was used the first version of the scale Consumption and Estimation of Food (ECA for its Spanish acronym) designed to explore the rating and frequency of healthy and non-healthy food consumption. In the present study participated students from two public schools of Mexico State who judged 143 items rated on a Likert-type scale with five options each one. Reliability index for each section of the scale showed adequate statistical properties. Correlations total-item were analyzed and 75 items with correlations were considered to asses again the internal consistency of the scale. This analysis confirmed the internal consistency of the scale. Mean score for estimation was higher in men than female and mean for frequency of consumption was higher in female than male. For women the correlation between estimation and frequency was positive and significant. All the findings are comparable with previous research and suggest that it is necessary to improve the current version of the scale. The new version should be applied to new and wide samples.

Efectos de variables ambientales sobre la ingesta de alimento en ratas: una revisión histórico-conceptual / Effects of environmental variables on eating behavior in rats: a conceptual and historical review

El propósito de la presente revisión fue mostrar los efectos de variables ambientales sobre la ingesta de alimento, en ratas. El fenómeno alimentario se ha abordado desde diferentes perspectivas, así que en esta revisión únicamente se incluyeron estudios en lo que se utilizaron ratas y se registró la cantidad de alimento consumido o alguna respuesta operante. Se sugieren dos variables temporales, el intervalo entre accesos al alimento y la duración del acceso al alimento, como potenciales integradoras de los efectos reportados en diversos estudios dado que son dos variables comunes a una gran cantidad de procedimientos. Con ambas variables se pretende desarrollar un modelo experimental animal que incluya casos relacionados con la conducta humana como la anorexia y la bulimia.

The purpose of this review was to show the effects of environmental variableson the eating behavior in rats. The eating behavior and its relatedvariables have been analyzed since a variety of perspectives. The presentreview included studies in which rats were used as subjects and the totalfood intake or any operant response related to obtaining food was registered.Two variables, inter access-to-food interval and access-to-food duration, aresuggested as possible integrating variables given that both are common tomany experimental procedures. These variables set the occasion for developingan animal experimental model that includes cases related to eatinghuman behavior such as anorexia or bulimia.

Consumo de soluciones endulzadas en ratas albinas: sabor vs calorías / Sweetened solution intake in albino rats: Taste versus calories

Los animales emiten preferencias por alimentos endulzados sobre alimentos no endulzados bajo diversos procedimientos experimentales. La evidencia no ha demostrado si el sabor o el contenido energético de los endulzantes determinan esta preferencia. En este experimento se expuso a ratas hembras y machos a agua y a una solución endulzada con glucosa (sabor dulce y calorías) y a agua y a una solución endulzada con sucralosa (sabor dulce sin calorías) bajo condiciones de libre acceso. Se observó que los animales expuestos a la glucosa incrementaron gradualmente su consumo de agua con glucosa respecto a su consumo de agua, mientras que los animales expuestos a la sucralosa mantuvieron estable su consumo de agua con sucralosa y agua. Se sugiere que el contenido calórico es predominante para que se incremente el consumo de líquidos endulzados. No obstante, es importante la continuaciónde estudios que especifiquen si la historia de exposición a sabores influye en la modificación de respuestas de consumo de líquidos (AU)

Animals display preferences for sweetened over unsweetened foods under diverse experimental procedures. No evidence has been provided of whether flavor or energetic content of sweeteners determine this preference. In this experiment, female and male rats were exposed to water and a solution sweetened with glucose (sweet taste and calories) and water and a solution sweetened with sucralose (sweet taste without calories). We observed that animals exposed to glucose solution increased the sweetened water intake gradually compared to water intake and animals exposed to sucralose solution maintained equal sweetened water and water intake. This suggests that caloric content affects the increase of intake of sweetened liquids. However, it is important to continue to investigate whether history of taste exposure modifies waterintake response (AU)

[Sweetened solution intake in albino rats: taste versus calories]. / Consumo de soluciones endulzadas en ratas albinas: sabor vs calorías.

Animals display preferences for sweetened over unsweetened foods under diverse experimental procedures. No evidence has been provided of whether flavor or energetic content of sweeteners determine this preference. In this experiment, female and male rats were exposed to water and a solution sweetened with glucose (sweet taste and calories) and water and a solution sweetened with sucralose (sweet taste without calories). We observed that animals exposed to glucose solution increased the sweetened water intake gradually compared to water intake and animals exposed to sucralose solution maintained equal sweetened water and water intake. This suggests that caloric content affects the increase of intake of sweetened liquids. However, it is important to continue to investigate whether history of taste exposure modifies water-intake response.