Induction of successive follicular waves by gonadotropin-releasing hormone and prostaglandin F(2α) to improve fertility of high-producing cows during the summer and autumn.

Reduced conception rate during the hot summer and subsequent autumn is a well-documented phenomenon. Evaporative cooling systems greatly increase milk production but only slightly improve reproductive performance; hence, additional approaches to improving fertility during the hot season are required. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the combination of an efficient cooling system and hormonal manipulation (GnRH+PGF(2α)) might improve fertility during the summer and autumn. The experiment was conducted from July to December in 2 commercial herds in Israel and included 382 healthy Holstein cows. Cows (50 to 60 d in milk) were hormonally treated to induce 3 consecutive 9-d follicular waves, with GnRH administration followed by PGF(2α) injection 7 d later. Both control (n=187) and treated (n=195) cows were inseminated following estrus, and pregnancy was determined by palpation 45 d post-insemination. Data revealed an interaction between treatment and primiparous cows, reflected by a 16% increase in conception rate [odds ratio (OR) 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96-5.61] and 14% increase in pregnancy rate at 120 d in milk (OR 3.16, 95% CI: 0.93-10.47). Interaction between treatment and high body condition score was reflected by a 14% increase in pregnancy rate at 90 d in milk (OR 3.02, 95% CI: 1.14-7.96). About 60% of the treated cows expressed estrus at the expected time (normal response within 5 d following the third PGF(2α) injection); the remaining 40% that manifested estrus later (late response) had higher milk yield and lower body condition score. Additional analyses indicated that treatment interacted with normal response to raise conception rates and pregnancy rates of primiparous cows and cows with high body condition score. On the other hand, treatment by late-response interaction lowered conception rate during the summer. Implementation of such hormonal treatment in combination with an efficient cooling system may improve reproductive performance of dairy cows during the summer and subsequent autumn.

Production and health of cows given monensin prepartum and a high-energy diet postpartum.

The object of this study was to evaluate the impact of monensin administration on the early lactation performance of cows maintained on a high-energy diet, and on health traits during the transition period. Cows (n = 168; parity 3.3 +/- 1.4, initial body condition score 3.1 +/- 0.08, and milk yield of 34.3 kg/d +/- 0.9 for multiparous cows in the preceding lactation) were divided into control and monensin treatment groups. A controlled-release capsule supplying 335 mg of monensin/d for 95 d was inserted into the rumen of monensin-treated cows 30 d before the expected calving. Blood samples were obtained 2 h after feeding on d 14 prepartum and on d 7, 14, and 50 postpartum. Plasma glucose concentration was 3% higher (58 +/- 0.5 vs. 56.4 +/- 0.5 mg/dL) and beta-hydroxybutyric acid was 17% (6.7 +/- 0.3 vs. 8.0 +/- 0.3 mg/dL) lower in monensin-treated than control cows. Plasma glucose was 10% higher (60.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 54.5 +/- 0.3 mg/dL) and beta-hydroxybutyric acid was 16% lower (6.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 7.9 +/- 0.2 mg/dL) in primiparous than multiparous cows. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration (measured only in primiparous cows) was 17% lower (287 +/- 15 vs. 336 +/- 17 muEq/L) in treated than in control cows. Rate of ketosis incidence was 60% lower (8 vs. 21%) in monensin-treated than in control cows, and the proportion of control cows that required a supply of glucogenic precursors was 3-fold higher than in monensin-treated cows. The body condition score was 3.1 +/- 0.05, 2.7 +/- 0.05, and 2.4 +/- 0.05 on d 60 prepartum and d 7 and 50 postpartum, respectively, and was not affected by treatment. During the first 5 mo of lactation, milk yield was 7% higher (37.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 35.2 +/- 0.6 kg/d) in monensin-treated cows than in control cows. Our results showed that monensin administration, as a controlled-release capsule in prepartum cows, can be beneficial, even if these cows are maintained on a high-energy diet during the subsequent lactation.

The detection of an unidentified type of adenovirus in the stools of calves with weak calf syndrome by use of a commercial kit designed for the detection of human adenoviruses.

An outbreak of polyarthritis in newborn calves in a large collective dairy herd was characterized by intra-articular blood-tinged synoviae, blood tainted faeces and massive subcorneal haemorrhages. Faecal samples from eight clinical newborn cases, 10 from unrelated dairy farms and 10 faecal samples from healthy calves were examined by the Rida Quick rotavirus/adenovirus-combi test . A specific adenovirus antigen precipitin-line was seen in the reaction in all the faecal samples from the diseased calves (n = 8), while all the others (n = 20) were negative. In addition, the same positive reaction was noted when one aqueous humor and two synovial samples were tested with this kit. Several other enteropathogens were found sporadically, but no conclusive significance could be attributed to their presence. Bovine viral diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinothracheitis viruses as well as Chlamydia spp. and Mycoplasma spp. were not involved in this episode.