Patient Texting in General Practice: Who, Why, Why Not? A National Survey of Text Messaging in Irish General Practice.

Introduction The benefits of text messaging patients are well documented. The General Medical Council recently published guidance endorsing text messaging. The use of text messaging by GPs in Ireland is currently unknown. The survey aims to address this knowledge deficit and ascertain the extent, benefits, risks, barriers and clinical role of text messaging in Irish general practice. Methods An online survey was emailed to 1,375 members of the Irish College of General Practitioners (ICGP). Results A total of 536 GPs completed the questionnaire; a response rate of 40%. Overall, 66% (n=353) of respondents text patients and 27% have a written policy for texting patients. Texting is used primarily to send test results (71%), to advise the patient to phone the practice (52%) and as appointment reminders (43%). Discussion GPs text messaging patients is widespread. Complex issues to resolve include consent, confidentiality, children/young adults and the clinical content of text messages. Guidance is required to enable GPs and patients harness the benefits of text messaging, while minimising potential risks.

Mechanical circulatory support with the Impella 5.0 device for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock: a three-center experience.

AIM: Postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS) is associated with high mortality rates, despite full conventional treatment. Although the results of treatment with surgically implantable ventricular assist devices have been encouraging, the invasiveness of this treatment limits its applicability. Several less invasive devices have been developed, including the Impella system. The objective of this study was to describe our three-center experience with the Impella 5.0 device in the setting of PCCS. METHODS: From January 2004 through December 2010, a total of 46 patients were diagnosed with treatment-refractory PCCS and treated with the Impella 5.0 percutaneous left ventricular assist device at three european heart centers. Baseline and follow-up characteristics were collected retrospectively and entered into a dedicated database. RESULTS: Within the study cohort of 46 patients, mean logistic and additive EuroSCORES were 24 ± 19 and 10 ± 4. The majority of patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (48%) or combined surgery (33%). Half of all patients had been treated with an intra-aortic balloon pump before 5.0-implantation, 1 patient had been treated with an Impella 2.5 device. All patients were on mechanical ventilation and intravenous inotropes. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of overall 30-day survival was 39.5%. CONCLUSION: Thirty-day survival rates for patients with PCCS, refractory to aggressive conventional treatment and treated with the Impella 5.0 device, are comparable to those reported in studies evaluating surgically implantable VADs, whereas the Impella system is much less invasive. Therefore, mechanical circulatory support with the Impella 5.0 device is a suitable treatment modality for patients with severe PCCS.

Regulation of choline acetyltransferase expression by 17 ß-oestradiol in NSC-34 cells and in the spinal cord.

Motoneurones located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord conciliate cholinergic innervation of skeletal muscles. These neurones appear to be exceedingly affected in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The dysfunction of motoneurones is typically accompanied by alterations of cholinergic metabolism and signalling, as demonstrated by a decrease in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression. 17 ß-Oestradiol (E(2)) is generally accepted as neuroprotective factor in the brain under acute toxic and neurodegenerative conditions and also appears to exert a protective role for motoneurones. In the present study, we attempted to analyse the role of E(2) signalling on ChAT expression in the motoneurone-like cell line NSC-34 and in vivo. In a first step, we demonstrated the presence of oestrogen receptor α and ß in NSC-34 cells, as well as in the cervical and lumbar parts, of the male mouse spinal cord. Subsequently, we investigated the effect of E(2) treatment on ChAT expression. The application of E(2) significantly increased the transcription of ChAT in NSC-34 cells and in the cervical but not lumbar part of the spinal cord. Our results indicate that E(2) can influence the cholinergic system by increasing ChAT expression in the mouse spinal cord. This mechanism might support motoneurones, in addition to survival-promoting mechanisms, in the temporal balance toxic or neurodegenerative challenges.

Oestrogen regulates mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme transcription in the mouse spinal cord.

The regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism is not only important for normal functioning of neurones, but also appears to be essential during acute damage and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. This makes mitochondria an interesting regulatory target for therapeutic approaches. Oestrogen is well-recognised as a protective hormone in the central nervous system under pathological threats. In the present study, we analysed the influence of oestrogen on the expression of mitochondria-encoded genes and mitochondrial activity in spinal cord cells both in vitro and vivo. Hormone application increased the transcription of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes (MRCE). This effect was observed in cultured spinal cord neurones, where it was inhibited by a nuclear oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist and mainly mediated by the activation of ERbeta. No effect of oestrogen was observed in cultured spinal cord astroglia. In addition, the mitochondrial transcription factor A and nuclear respiratory factor 1 were up-regulated by oestrogen in a similar way as MRCE in vitro, and ATP levels were elevated after the application of the specific ERbeta agonist 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile in cultured spinal cord nerve cells. The exposure of young male mice to oestrogen yielded increased levels of MRCE transcripts in the spinal cord. These data clearly show that systemic application of oestrogen stimulates MRCE expression in the spinal cord and predominantly in neurones. Further studies are required to demonstrate the potency of oestrogen to counteract pathological damage by stabilising mitochondrial performance.

Psychiatrists' attitude towards and knowledge of clozapine treatment.

Clozapine is, in most countries, underutilized and the initiation of clozapine is often delayed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons for the delay and the underutilization of clozapine. One hundred psychiatrists were interviewed by phone. The interview was a structured interview with questions regarding attitude to, knowledge of and experiences with clozapine. Forty-eight (48%) psychiatrists had treatment responsibility of fewer than five patients treated with clozapine and 31 of the interviewed psychiatrists (31%) had started clozapine within the last 3 months. Seven psychiatrists (7%) had never prescribed clozapine despite the fact that they had been working more than five years in general psychiatry. Sixty-four psychiatrists (64%) would rather combine two antipsychotics than use clozapine. Sixty-six psychiatrists (66%) believed that patients treated with clozapine were less satisfied with their treatment when compared with those treated with other atypical antipsychotics. Many psychiatrists are reluctant to use clozapine and this might be due to less experience and knowledge of clozapine. A reason for the low awareness of clozapine's properties might be that clozapine is now a generic drug, and therefore, the marketing and education in using the drug is sparse.

Accuracy in the recording of pressure ulcers and prevention after implementing an electronic health record in hospital care.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy in recording of pressure-ulcer prevalence and prevention before and after implementing an electronic health record (EHR) with templates for pressure-ulcer assessment. METHODS: All inpatients at the departments of surgery, medicine and geriatrics were inspected for the presence of pressure ulcers, according to the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel-methodology, during 1 day in 2002 (n = 357) and repeated in 2006 (n = 343). The corresponding patient records were audited retrospectively for the presence of documentation on pressure ulcers. RESULTS: In 2002, the prevalence of pressure ulcers obtained by auditing paper-based patient records (n = 413) was 14.3%, compared with 33.3% in physical inspection (n = 357). The largest difference was seen in the geriatric department, where records revealed 22.9% pressure ulcers and skin inspection 59.3%. Four years later, after the implementation of the EHR, there were 20.7% recorded pressure ulcers and 30.0% found by physical examination of patients. The accuracy of the prevalence data had improved most in the geriatric department, where the EHR showed 48.1% and physical examination 43.2% pressure ulcers. Corresponding figures in the surgical department were 22.2% and 14.1%, and in the medical department 29.9% and 10.2%, respectively. The patients received pressure-reducing equipment to a higher degree (51.6%) than documented in the patient record (7.9%) in 2006. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy in pressure-ulcer recording improved in the EHR compared with the paper-based health record. However, there were still deficiencies, which mean that patient records did not serve as a valid source of information on pressure-ulcer prevalence and prevention.

Sodium/hydrogen exchange inhibition with cariporide reduces leukocyte adhesion via P-selectin suppression during inflammation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Na(+)/H(+) exchange (NHE) inhibitor cariporide is known to ameliorate ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by reduction of cytosolic Ca(2+) overload. Leukocyte activation and infiltration also mediates I/R injury but whether cariporide reduces I/R injury by affecting leukocyte activation is unknown. We studied the effect of cariporide on thrombin and I/R induced leukocyte activation and infiltration models and examined P-selectin expression as a potential mechanism for any identified effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: An in vivo rat mesenteric microcirculation microscopy model was used with stimulation by thrombin (0.5 micro ml(-1)) superfusion or ischaemia (by haemorrhagic shock for 60 min) and reperfusion (90 min). KEY RESULTS: Treatment with cariporide (10 mg kg(-1) i.v.) significantly reduced leukocyte rolling, adhesion and extravasation after thrombin exposure. Similarly, cariporide reduced leukocyte rolling (54+/-6.2 to 2.4+/-1.0 cells min(-1), P<0.01), adherence (6.3+/-1.9 to 1.2+/-0.4 cells 100 microm(-1), P<0.01) and extravasation (9.1+/-2.1 to 2.4+/-1.1 cells per 20 x 100 microm perivascular space, P<0.05), following haemorrhagic shock induced systemic ischaemia and reperfusion. The cell adhesion molecule P-selectin showed a profound decrease in endothelial expression following cariporide administration in both thrombin and I/R stimulated groups (35.4+/-3.2 vs 14.2+/-4.1% P-selectin positive cells per tissue section, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The NHE inhibitor cariporide is known to limit reperfusion injury by controlling Ca(2+) overload but these data are novel evidence for a vasculoprotective effect of NHE inhibition at all levels of leukocyte activation, an effect which is likely to be mediated at least in part by a reduction of P-selectin expression.

Early detection of sternal dehiscence by conventional chest X-ray.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of sternal dehiscence after sternotomy for cardiac surgery is still made clinically. The aim of this study was to identify radiographic signs of sternal dehiscence by routine chest X-ray (CXR) in patients with and without clinically diagnosed sternal dehiscence. METHODS: 75 patients (group I: 65 +/- 9.3 years, f/m = 12/63) with clinically diagnosed sternal dehiscence, necessitating surgical revision and 75 patients with uneventful sternal healing (matched to group I by age, sex, preoperative risk factors and surgical procedures; group II: 66 +/- 9.0 years, f/m = 12/63) were included in this study. Serial CXRs immediately after surgery until re-intervention or discharge were analyzed by a radiologist, blind to the date of redo surgery. RESULTS: In 39 patients of group I (52%) vs. 8 (10.7%) in group II, abnormalities in the sternal wire and/or a midsternal stripe could be found (p < 0.0001): rotated wires (p = 0.003), shifted wires (p = 0.043), and ruptured wires (p = 0.312). Seven patients presented with combined wire abnormalities in group I vs. 0 in group II. Midsternal stripe sign could be detected in 26 patients of group I vs. 3 in group II (p < 0.0001). Sternal dehiscence was suspected based on the above mentioned abnormalities as early as three days postoperatively (Q1 = 2; Q3 = 8 days) in 39 patients, whereas clinical diagnosis of sternal dehiscence was delayed up to ten days postoperatively (Q1 = 7; Q3 = 13 days). CONCLUSIONS: Radiographic signs of sternal dehiscence could be detected before the clinical diagnosis was apparent and predicted sternal dehiscence in more than half of the patients.

[Negative pressure pulmonary edema. Post-obstructive lung edema after use of a laryngeal mask]. / Negative pressure pulmonary edema. Postobstruktives Lungenödem nach Einsatz der Larynxmaske.

A 31-year-old male patient was scheduled for surgical treatment of a distal radius fracture under general anaesthesia using a laryngeal mask airway and spontaneous ventilation. The intraoperative course was uneventful. During recovery, the patient strongly bit the laryngeal mask, producing a complete obstruction of the artificial airway in combination with very forceful inspiratory efforts until the mask was removed. In the recovery room the patient developed dyspnea and desaturation. A portable chest radiograph demonstrated bilateral alveolar infiltration suggesting pulmonary edema. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit where drug therapy (furosemide and hydrocortisone) and treatment with the continuous flow continuous positive airway pressure (CF-CPAP) system led to complete recovery within 24 h.

Transcription activity in fibroblasts from the adult tight skin (TSK) mouse.

OBJECTIVE: To assess if adult tight-skin mouse (TSK) skin fibroblasts have a parallel increase in transcription of collagen and non-collagen genes. METHODS: One-year-old TSK/+ and +/+ (normal littermate) dermal fibroblasts were transfected (lipotransfection) with plasmid constructs containing Chloramphenicol Acetyl Transferse (CAT) gene, directed by promoters of mouse alpha1(I) alpha2(I) and alpha1(III) collagen genes, and by viral enhancers of Simian virus 40, Rous sarcoma virus and an LTR from a Syrian hamster tumour retrovirus. Syrian hamster derived tumour cell lines MF2B and GRI, and fibroblast cell line 3T3/NIH were used as controls. In some experiments, transfected cells were treated with hormones as transcription activating factors. Mixing experiments of tumour cells and TSK/+ or +/+ fibroblasts were done to study potential inhibitors. RESULTS: Collagen genes promoters failed to induce transcriptional activity in TSK/+ or +/+ fibroblasts, even in the presence of hormone treatment. Mixing experiments did not reveal inhibitor factors acting in these fibroblasts. Viral enhancers induced 2 to 5 times more transcription activity in TSK/+ than in +/+ fibroblasts. CONCLUSION: Increased transcription of viral enhancers and not of collagen genes in adult TSK fibroblasts, suggests the presence of transcription activating factors independent of collagen gene activation.

Risk factors influencing the outcome after surgical treatment of complicated deep sternal wound complications.

BACKGROUND: Median sternotomy is the most frequently used incision for cardiac procedures but carries a substantial risk for deep sternal wound infections and/or sternal dehiscence. In contrast to previous studies that examined risk factors for sternal infections this study evaluates factors that lead to poor outcome after surgical revision of the non healing sternum. METHODS: Between 1985 and 1999, 193 adults (mean age 64 +/- 9 years, m/f = 3/1) necessitated sternal revisions (incidence 1.93%). Pre-, intra- and post-operative risk factors were evaluated for their influence on the outcome after sternal revision. RESULTS: 65 of the 193 patients had a complicated course: ten (5.2%) died due to sepsis/multi organ failure (n = 6) or cardiac causes (n = 4). 32 patients (16.6%) needed several revisions, 17 (9%) were discharged with sternal instability, 5 (3%) with chronic fistula and one with persistent osteomyelitis. Univariate and multivariate analysis identified cardiopulmonary resuscitation (odds ratio (OR) = 11.188, p = 0.010), corticoid treatment (OR = 7.043, p = 0.0055), diabetes (OR = 4.130, p = 0.0128), smoking history (OR = 2.996, p = 0.0041), renal insufficiency (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.884), old age (OR = 1.108, p = 0.0266), high body mass (HR = 1.06), ECC time (p = 0.023), cross clamp time (p = 0.028), systemic hypothermia (p = 0.016), non-use of IMA (p = 0.042) or prolonged ventilation as risk factors for mortality or poor outcome. No correlation between sternal closure technique, mediastinal irrigation or antibiotic therapy and outcome after mediastinal revision could be found. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid disappointing results after sternal revision one should aim to preoperatively identify high-risk patients and aggressively address risk factors. This rather than modifications of the surgical and medical approach might improve the outcome of patients with mediastinal complications.

Comparison of two density gradient centrifugation systems for the enrichment of disseminated tumor cells in blood.

BACKGROUND: The detection of disseminated tumor cells in peripheral blood is limited by the presence of very few tumor cells within a large number of blood cells. Therefore, tumor cell detection calls for enrichment systems with effective depletion of blood cells and high tumor cell recovery. METHODS: We compared the new density gradient centrifugation method OncoQuick with the standard method of Ficoll. The enriched cell fractions were quantified. Tumor cell spiking experiments examined the recovery of tumor cells as detected by immunocytochemistry and cytokeratin-20 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Clinical application of OncoQuick was evaluated in 37 peripheral blood samples of patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas. RESULTS: The depletion of mononuclear cells (MNCs) in the enriched cell fraction after OncoQuick centrifugation was 632-fold, with an average cell number of 9.5 x 10(4), compared with Ficoll, with a depletion factor of 3.8 and a mean number of 1.6 x 10(7) MNCs. The mean tumor cell recovery rates were 87% for OncoQuick and 84% for Ficoll. The increased depletion of MNCs with OncoQuick centrifugation further simplified immunocytochemical evaluation by reducing the number of cytospins and increasing the tumor cell density. Due to the reduced number of co-enriched MNCs by OncoQuick, the blood volume, which could be analyzed in one RT-PCR reaction, was increased up to 30 ml. Examination of peripheral blood samples from 37 patients with gastrointestinal tumors showed a cytokeratin-20 detection rate of 30% and a significant correlation with the presence of distant metastases (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: OncoQuick significantly reduced the co-enriched number of MNCs, with a high tumor cell recovery rate. Processing blood from tumor patients with OncoQuick increased the chance of detecting circulating tumor cells.

[Coronary revascularization: off-pump versus on-pump--a comparison of behavior of biochemical cardiac ischemia markers]. / Koronarrevaskularisation: Off-pump versus On-pump--Verhalten der biochemischen kardialen Ischämiemarker im Vergleich.

BACKGROUND: Recently, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on the beating heart with avoidance of extracorporeal circulation (off-pump CABG technique) has been gaining increasing importance in modern cardiac surgery. The object of this prospective study was to compare postoperative kinetic and patterns of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), T (cTnT), and creatine kinase MB (CKMB) activities after off-pump CABG versus conventional on-pump CABG. METHODS: We studied 106 patients who underwent first-time elective on-pump (group I, n = 69, 56 male, 13 female, mean age: 64.3 +/- 9.9 years, mean ejection fraction: 56 +/- 15%) or off-pump (group II, n = 37, 24 male, 13 female, mean age: 68.4 +/- 9.1 years, mean ejection fraction: 57 +/- 13%) CABG surgery via median sternotomy. CTn I and cTnT levels, total creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB activities in the serum were measured before operation, up on arrival at the ICU and 6, 12, 24, 48 and 120 hours later. Serial 12-lead ECGs were recorded preoperatively and on days 1, 2 and 5. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of cardiac troponins in all patients were preoperatively either not detectable or in the normal range and significantly increased after surgery. In group I, one patient developed a Q wave myocardial infarction, one patient a non-Q wave infarction and two patients a new left bundle branch block on the ECG. One patient of group II developed a new Q-wave myocardial infarction and another patient permanent atrial fibrillation associated with a continuous arrhythmia. All patients with a myocardial infarction in the ECG showed significant elevation of concentrations or activities of these biochemical markers. The median postoperative peak values for cTnI were measured at 24 h in both groups (2.7 micrograms/l, 95%-CI: [2.2, 3.2] in group I and 1.1 micrograms/l, 95%-CI: [0.5, 1.3] in group II). CTnT postoperatively presented an earlier median peak of 0.128 microgram/l at 12 h in group II (95%-CI: [0.041, 0.146]) than in group I at 48 h (0.298 microgram/l, 95%-CI: [0.254, 0.335]). CONCLUSIONS: All patients undergoing CABG surgery with or without extracorporeal circulation postoperatively showed an increase of cardiac troponin levels. After uncomplicated coronary revascularization, patients with the off-pump CABG technique continuously presented lower serum cardiac troponin concentrations than those with the on-pump CABG technique. CTnI showed the same patterns of release in both groups with different median postoperative peak values at 24 h. The patterns off cTnT release following CABC surgery with or without extracorporal circulation were different: CTnT reaches its postoperative peak value in patients with the off-pump CABG technique earlier than those with the on-pump CABG technique (12 h postoperatively versus 48 h).

Value of echocardiography in patient follow-up after surgically corrected type A aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: To identify patients (pts) at risk of late complications, follow-up after surgery for type A aortic dissection is essential. We assessed the value of echocardiography to monitor patients after surgery for type A aortic dissection. METHODS: 80 out of 108 pts operated between 1989 and 1999 for type A aortic dissection survived surgery. 62 pts with at least one TEE, CT or MRI examinations during follow-up were included in this study. All pts had transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), 53 transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), 51 had CT, and 39 had MRI. RESULTS: At the first follow-up, 12 of 48 pts with aortic valve sparing surgery presented with aortic insufficiency >I degrees detected using echocardiography. 16 pts evolved a distal aortic aneurysm of over 5 cm, all seen in TEE, CT and MRI. A distal intimal flap was present in 39 pts and could be seen in TEE, CT and MRI in all patients. A new proximal aortic root dissection took place in 5 pts. Progressive aortic pathology led to reoperation in 9 pts. TEE was especially useful in 2 pts to confirm redissection, in 1 pt to rule out redissection assumed by CT, and in 1 with paraprosthetic blood flow after ascending aortic replacement. MRI led to additional information in 1 patient with false aneurysm of the distal anastomosis and 1 with redissection not seen in TEE 6 month before. CT and MRI were superior to TEE in demonstrating aortic arch pathology, whereas TEE was more effective in showing the flow pattern and residual entry sites. CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiography is an effective and cost-saving diagnostic tool to monitor pts after surgery for type A aortic dissection, and should be the method of choice to ascertain aortic pathology initially after surgery. Follow-up intervals and need for additional CT or MRI should be determined afterwards according to specific pathologies.

[Surgical management of pulmonary artery sarcoma]. / Chirurgische Therapie des Pulmonalarteriensarkoms.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary artery sarcoma is a rare neoplasm and possibly unnoticed cause of pulmonary hypertension. The presentation is one of central pulmonary artery obstruction and progressive right-heart failure. In most cases, the diagnosis of malignancy is confirmed post mortem. We report the outcome of eight patients with primary pulmonary artery sarcomas. METHODS: Eight patients (four female, four male, mean age 48,2 years, preop. NYHA functional class III/IV: n = 5/3) were referred for further evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. Malignancy was suspected in six of these patients by means of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance tomography (MRT). In two patients diagnosis was established during pulmonary thromboendarterectomy based on histological examination of frozen sections. Operative procedures consisted of gross tumor resection with prosthetic replacement (n = 3) or reconstruction (n = 5) of central parts of the pulmonary vessels. Additional pneumonectomy was necessary in two patients, resection of metastases in one patient. Seven patients received adjuvant radio- and/or chemotherapy. RESULTS: There were no postoperative deaths. 3 months after surgery, all patients demonstrated improvement in hemodynamics and exercise tolerance. Four patients died 7, 9, 18 and 19 months after surgery, respectively. Two patients are alive 3 and 39 months after primary surgery with evidence of pulmonary metastases. Two patients are alive in complete remission 25 and 65 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with primary pulmonary artery sarcoma, emphasis must be placed on early identification which can be achieved by CT and MRT. Radical surgical resection currently offers the best chance for survival. Adjuvant therapy might bring additional benefit.

Expression of apoptosis-related proteins, p53, and DNA fragmentation in sarcomas of the pulmonary artery.

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis is a common feature in a variety of pathologic conditions. Induction of apoptosis through apoptotic stimuli such as, chemotherapy or radiation, presents new insights into tumor biology and therapy. In particular, members of the Bcl-2 family as well as the Fas system are known to be involved in the regulation of apoptosis in different tumor entities. METHODS: In the current study, the expression of the apoptosis-related molecules p53, Bax, Bcl-2, Fas (CD95), Fas-Ligand and perforin was examined in 7 patients with a sarcoma of the pulmonary artery. Furthermore, the TUNEL-method for the detection of apoptotic cells was applied as well as sequencing of the p53 gene. RESULTS: In the TUNEL assay, approximately 10% of the sarcoma cells displayed DNA fragmentation. In addition, Bax was expressed in tumor cells. Accumulation of p53 was evident in 4 of 7 patients (pAB 240 antibody), and 2 of them were positive for the pAB 1801 antibody. Only 1 case had a point mutation in Exon 5 of the p53 sequence. A few tumor cells showed a double labeling of Bax and p53. Bcl-2 could be detected only in tumor-associated lymphocytes. Finally, several lymphocytes could be stained with perforin, but none of the specimens showed a reactivity for Fas or Fas-Ligand. CONCLUSION: The expression of Bax indicated a possible role of this molecule in programmed cell death in pulmonary sarcomas. The limited coexpression of Bax and p53 suggested that induction of Bax can occur independently of p53. The detection of perforin in lymphocytes suggested a possible role for this molecule in apoptosis of the sarcoma cells. In contrast, the Fas system did not seem to play an essential role in sarcomas of the great vessels.

Patterns and diagnostic value of cardiac troponin I vs. troponin T and CKMB after OPCAB surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) has been shown to be a specific marker for myocardial injury in cardiac surgery. The object of this prospective study was to determine the patterns and kinetic and diagnostic value of cTnI, cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and creatine kinase MB (CKMB) activity after minimally invasive coronary revascularization using an octopus device on the beating heart (OPCAB). METHODS: 48 patients (33 male/15 female, mean age 68.3 +/- 8.7 years) underwent their first elective OPCAB surgery with median sternotomy without mortality. The mean number of grafts was 2.0 +/- 0.8 per patient. Preoperative mean ejection fraction was 56.6 % +/- 14.9%. CTnI and T levels, total creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB activity in the serum were measured before operation, at arrival at the ICU, and 6, 12, 24, 48 and 120 hours afterward. Serial 12-lead ECGs were recorded preoperatively and at days 1, 2 and 5. The relationship between perioperative data and postoperative cTnI and cTnT levels and CKMB were statistically identified for all variables. RESULTS: The best cutoff value for cTnI was 8.35 micrograms/l. The patients were grouped by the ECG findings and maximal slopes of cTnI postoperatively (group I: unchanged ECG and cTnI < 8.35 micrograms/l, n = 38; group II: unchanged ECG and cTnI > 8.35 micrograms/l n = 6; group III: Q-wave in ECG and cTnI > 8.35 micrograms/l, n = 4). Baseline serum concentrations of cTnI were in the normal range, and significantly increased after surgery with a peak 24h after the operation. Maximal slopes of cTnI ranged in group II between 9.1 and 18.0 micrograms/l, and in group III between 35.9 and 88.8 micrograms/l. There was strong concordance between maximum cTnI, cTnT (p < 0.0001) and CK-MB levels (p = 0.003). First cTnI levels immediately post-op correlated with the maximum cTnI levels during the postoperative course (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: CTnI after minimal invasive surgery shows a characteristic pattern with a maximum at 24h after the operation. The measurement of postoperative biochemical marker concentrations, specially cTnI, reflects myocardial injury incurred during the procedure. It is an accurate method for confirming or excluding a perioperative myocardial injury diagnosis after OPCAB surgery.

Comparison of diagnostic performance of cardiac troponin I on the IMMULITE system with other automated troponin I assays in minor myocardial damage.

An analytical and clinical evaluation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) on the IMMULITE system is presented. The assay results were compared with those of the Stratus II and the Dimension RxL-HM. A between-run imprecision CV < 20% was found at a cTnI concentration of 0.23 microg/L (functional limit of detection). On the basis of a reference study including 215 patients without ischemic heart disease (97.5th percentile: 0.294 microg/L) and 36 patients clinically classified as having stable angina pectoris (<0.22 microg/L) a preliminary cutoff level of 0.3 microg/L was defined. Assay linearity, sample stability, influence of sample material and method comparison studies were performed. In patients with Duchenne's disease, chronic hemodialysis treatment, pulmonary embolism, coronary artery bypass surgery and minimally cardiac surgery the cTnI results of the IMMULITE agreed better with the Dimension RxL-HM than with the Stratus II data. Of 142 samples from patients with unstable angina 67 samples were classified as cTnI positive with the IMMULITE, 76 with the Dimension RxL-HM, and 62 with the Stratus II. In conclusion, the new assay is sensitive for the determination of cTnI and easy to perform within 45 min.

Surface attached ultrathin polymer monolayers for control of cell adhesion.

BACKGROUND: Calcific degeneration is the major drawback of bioprostheses. None of the numerous preventive approaches omitted calcification. Previous studies showed that cellular surface seeding decreases calcium uptake in vitro but achievement of coverage remains problematic. A new approach is presented masking glutaraldehyde residues with a polymer layer allowing cell seeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate different polymers for suitability. METHODS: Ten polymers--covalently bound to glass--were tested for their ability to seed animal and human cells. Quality of coverage was evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy, and polymers were characterized physicochemically. RESULTS: Quality of cellular growth was similar for canine and human cells. Five polymers allowed excellent surface coverage, two led to a decrease of cell adherence, and four to poor cellular growth. No correlation between molecular weight, thickness, hydrophilicity, or charge of the polymer and cell growth was found. CONCLUSIONS: Polymer monolayers can promote cellular growth but without correlation to physicochemical characteristics. Polymers covalently bound to biologic tissue appear to be a promising approach for achieving cellular coverage of biomaterials.

In vitro investigation of prosthetic heart valves in magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of potential hazards.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is used in an increasing number of patients, and not only after cardiac valve replacement. However, ferromagnetic biomedical implants are often considered a contraindication for MR imaging because of the potential hazards with respect to their movement, dislodgement, or heating effects during the procedure. The purpose of this study was to assess ferromagnetism, attraction forces, heating effects, and artifacts associated with prosthetic heart valve implants. METHODS: Seventeen common heart valve prostheses (12 mechanical, five biological) were examined in vitro using a high-field-strength 1.5 Tesla (T) MR system. Attractive forces, temperature changes and the amount of artifacts were assessed by applying turbo-spin and gradient-echo sequences. RESULTS: The maximal calculated corresponding ferromagnetic force was (0.22 x 10(-3) N) in the static magnetic field. The temperature changes ranged from 0 to 0.5 degrees C maximum. Artifacts produced by the presence of the heart valve prostheses were less evident using a spin-echo sequence than a gradient-echo sequence. CONCLUSION: MR imaging exerted no significant force on the examined heart valve prostheses, and did not result in significant biological relevant temperature increase. None of the associated artifacts is considered to pose a substantial risk on MR imaging. MR procedures performed with a 1.5 T MR system can be applied safely in patients with heart valve prostheses evaluated in this study.