Facilitate Signing with the Family Doctor: A Study of the Practice in Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: In the time since primary care was implemented in China in 2009, programs of promoting residents signing with family doctor services have been key. However, there has been a lack of effective evaluation of its implementation. METHODS: We used mixed methods for evaluating existing measures of facilitating signing with family doctors in Shanghai. Based on the Donabedian model, qualitative informant interviews were conducted to obtain experts' evaluations in aspects of team construction (structure) and innovative solutions for promoting and supervising signings (process). Quantitative data were used to analyse the utilization situation (outcome) from "Shanghai Family Doctor Signing Data Platform". RESULTS: Measures of signing with family doctors in Shanghai have functioned well, but there is still a lack of sufficient family doctors and specialists, including paediatricians and gynaecologists. Although proportions of the key population (average=62.59%) and the elderly population (>65 years) (average=78.10%) who had signed with family doctors were relatively high, the proportion of the permanent resident population (average=29.36%) who had signed with family doctors was low from 2017 to 2020 in Shanghai. The proportions of residents seeking medical advice in signed community health centres in outskirts (71.08%) were higher than those in suburbs (63.51%) and urban areas (53.49%), whereas the proportion of those seeking medical advice from recommended multiple medical institutions were similarly low in urban areas, outskirts and suburbs. CONCLUSION: The practice of facilitate signing with family doctors in Shanghai has increased. However, we showed that numbers of family doctors were relatively low, and there remains a need for more experienced gynaecology and paediatrics professionals, compared with Western countries. Additionally, efforts should be made to increase proportions of residents who utilize the program, especially in urban areas, and seek medical services in contracted group hospitals and community health centres.

Mastery of type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment knowledge by general practitioners in Shanghai: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: To study the competency of general practitioners (GPs) in Shanghai, China on prevention and management of type 2 diabetes, also understand factors that may prohibit it. METHODS: A survey questionnaire with 25 questions was designed based on 2013 Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Guidelines and Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Guidelines (Grassroots Edition) and conducted among 789 GPs who work at 54 community healthcare centers (CHCs) within 16 districts at Shanghai, China. Excel 2016 and SPSS 24.0 were used for data analysis, and a difference of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The GPs did poorly on three aspect of diabetes prevention and treatment: (1) treatment goals in elderly patients, (2) screening methods for high-risk population, and (3) aspirin contraindications. The statistical analysis data showed that GPs who finished standardized training had correct answer on 13.58 ± 3.31 questions out of total 25, with mean accuracy rate of 54.32%. Except the questions for high-risk population screening method and the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes, there was no difference in the accuracy of other questions between GPs with or without standardized training (P < 0.05). However, sex, educational level, and subspecialty experience are affective factors on their competency in type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment knowledge. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that communities should strengthen the training of GPs in diabetes management and bidirectional referral. Frequent continuing education and skills training should be provided among GPs at CHCs to ensure their competency of type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment knowledge after obtaining their GP license disregard of their standardized training. In addition, attention should be paid to GPs who had lower education background or non-clinical subspecialty experience to strengthen their clinical knowledge of type 2 diabetes.

Solvent-Controlled, Tunable ß-OAc and ß-H Elimination in Rh(III)-Catalyzed Allyl Acetate and Aryl Amide Coupling via C-H Activation.

The Heck reaction between arenes and allyl acetate has led to cinnamyl derivatives and allyl products depending on the regioselectivity of ß-elimination. The regioselectivity can be controlled by the solvent in the Rh(III)-catalyzed arene-allyl acetate coupling via C-H activation: (1) in THF, cinnamyl derivatives via ß-H elimination were generated; (2) in MeOH, allyl products via ß-OAc elimination were produced. Both routes have advantages such as excellent γ-selectivity toward allyl acetate, good to excellent yields, and broad substrate scope.

Marker assisted pyramiding of two brown planthopper resistance genes, Bph3 and Bph27 (t), into elite rice Cultivars.

BACKGROUND: Brown planthopper (BPH) is the most destructive insect in rice production. Breeding of resistant cultivars is the most cost-effective and environment-friendly strategy for BPH management; however, resistant cultivars are currently hampered by the rapid breakdown of BPH resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need to use more effective BPH resistance genes or pyramiding different resistance genes to develop more durable resistant rice cultivars. RESULTS: Here a dominant BPH resistance gene Bph27(t) were introgressed into a susceptible commercial japonica variety Ningjing3 (NJ3) and indica variety 93-11 using marker-assisted selection (MAS), respectively. Further, Bph27(t) and a durable BPH resistance gene Bph3 was pyramided by intercrossing single-gene introgressed lines through MAS. The introgression of BPH resistance genes significantly improved the BPH resistance and reduced the yield loss caused by BPH. CONCLUSION: The development of single and two genes pyramided lines in this study provides innovative resources for molecular breeding of durable BPH-resistant rice cultivars and BPH management through resistant cultivars.

B-H···π Interaction: A New Type of Nonclassical Hydrogen Bonding.

For the first time, nonclassical hydrogen (H)-bonding involving a B-H···π interaction is described utilizing both quantum chemical predictions and experimental realization. In the gas phase, a B-H···π H-bond is observed in either B2H6···benzene (ΔE = -5.07 kcal/mol) or carborane···benzene (ΔE = -3.94 kcal/mol) complex at reduced temperatures. Ir-dimercapto-carborane complexes [Cp*Ir(S2C2B10H10)] are designed to react with phosphines PR3 (R = C6H4X, X = H, F, OMe) to give [Cp*Ir(PR3)S2C2B10H10] for an investigation of B-H···π interactions at ambient temperatures. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the interaction between the carborane BH bonds and the phosphine aryl substituents involves a BH···π H-bond (H···π distance: 2.40-2.76 Å). (1)H NMR experiments reveal that B-H···π interactions exist in solution according to measured (1)H{(11)B} signals at ambient temperatures in the range 0.0 ≤ δ ≤ 0.3 ppm. These are high-field shifted by more than 1.5 ppm relative to the (1)H{(11)B} signals obtained for the PMe3 analog without B-H···π bonding. Quantum chemical calculations suggest that the interaction is electrostatic and the local (B)H···ring stretching force constant is as large as the H-bond stretching force constant in the water dimer.

STV11 encodes a sulphotransferase and confers durable resistance to rice stripe virus.

Rice stripe virus (RSV) causes one of the most serious viral diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.), but the molecular basis of RSV resistance has remained elusive. Here we show that the resistant allele of rice STV11 (STV11-R) encodes a sulfotransferase (OsSOT1) catalysing the conversion of salicylic acid (SA) into sulphonated SA (SSA), whereas the gene product encoded by the susceptible allele STV11-S loses this activity. Sequence analyses suggest that the STV11-R and STV11-S alleles were predifferentiated in different geographic populations of wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, and remained prevalent in cultivated indica and japonica rice varieties, respectively. Introgression of the STV11-R allele into susceptible cultivars or heterologous transfer of STV11-R into tobacco plants confers effective resistance against RSV. Our results shed new insights into plant viral defense mechanisms and suggest effective means of breeding RSV-resistant crops using molecular marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering.

Cobalt-promoted B-H and C-H activation: facile B-C coupling of carboranedithiolate and cyclopentadienyl.

We report the one-pot reactions of the 16e(-) half-sandwich complex CpCoS(2)C(2)B(10)H(10) (1), methyl propiolate, and 3e(-)-donor ligands, which lead to selective B-functionalization at carborane with cyclopentadienyl as a functional group at ambient temperature in good yields. Metal-promoted activations of both a B-H bond of the carborane and a C-H bond of the Cp unit take place sequentially in the cooperation of organic ligands. The reaction requires a 3e(-)-donor ligand and an activated alkyne and is therefore suitable for a broad range of substrates. This investigation provides a simple and efficient synthetic route to B-functionalized carborane derivatives.

Cobalt-mediated selective B-H activation and formation of a Co-B bond in the reaction of the 16-electron CpCo half-sandwich complex containing an o-carborane-1,2-dithiolate ligand with ethyl diazoacetate.

The reaction of the 16-electron half-sandwich complex CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(10)) (1; Cp = cyclopentadienyl) with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) at ambient temperature leads to compounds CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(10))(CHCO(2)Et) (2), CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(8))(CHCO(2)Et)(CH(2)CO(2)Et)[CH(CO(2)Et)(CH(2)CO(2)Et)] (3), CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(9))(CH(2)CO(2)Et)(CHCO(2)Et)(2) (4), CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(9))(CHCO(2)Et)(CH(2)CO(2)Et) (5), and CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(9))(CHCO(2)Et)(2)(CH(2)CO(2)Et) (6). In 2, the EDA molecule has been inserted into one Co-S bond in 1 with the loss of N(2) to form an 18-electron compound containing a three-membered metallacyclic ring. In 3, two B-H bonds of the carborane cage have been activated and the unusual B4-H bond activation leads to the formation of a stable Co-B bond. Two EDA molecules are inserted into the Co-B3 bond to generate an unexpected six-membered heterocyclic ring Co-B-B-C-C-O. In 4, a stable Co-B bond is present as well but in the position B3/B6, and two EDA molecules are inserted into one Co-S bond to produce a five-membered heterocyclic ring Co-C-C-C-O. In 5, one EDA is inserted into the Co-B bond with the formation of a C-B bond in the position B3/B6. One more EDA is inserted into the Co-S bond in 5 to generate 6. Upon heating, 6 loses the BH vertex close to the two carbon atoms to lead to CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(9)H(9))(CHCO(2)Et)(CH(2)CO(2)Et)(2) (7) containing a nido-C(2)B(9) unit. All of the new compounds 2-7 were characterized by NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (11)B, and (13)C), mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, and their solid-state structures were further characterized by X-ray structural analysis.

Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from the Chinese population.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into all cell types in the human body. Therefore, they are valuable in regenerative medicine, human developmental biology and drug discovery. A number of hESC lines have been derived from the Chinese population, but limited of them are available for research purposes. Here we report the derivation and characterization of two hESC lines derived from human blastocysts of Chinese origin. These hESCs express alkaline phosphatase and hESC-specific markers, including Oct4, Nanog, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81. They also have high levels of telomerase activity and normal karyotypes. These cells can form embryoid body in vitro and can be differentiated into all three germ layers in vivo by teratoma formation. The newly established hESCs will be distributed for research purposes. The availability of hESC lines from the Chinese population will facilitate studies on the differences in hESCs from different ethnic groups.

Reprogramming of ovine adult fibroblasts to pluripotency via drug-inducible expression of defined factors.

Reprogramming of somatic cells in the enucleated egg made Dolly, the sheep, the first successfully cloned mammal in 1996. However, the mechanism of sheep somatic cell reprogramming has not yet been addressed. Moreover, sheep embryonic stem (ES) cells are still not available, which limits the generation of precise gene-modified sheep. In this study, we report that sheep somatic cells can be directly reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using defined factors (Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4, Nanog, Lin28, SV40 large T and hTERT). Our observations indicated that somatic cells from sheep are more difficult to reprogram than somatic cells from other species, in which iPS cells have been reported. We demonstrated that sheep iPS cells express ES cell markers, including alkaline phosphatase, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Rex1, stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81 and E-cadherin. Sheep iPS cells exhibited normal karyotypes and were able to differentiate into all three germ layers both in vitro and in teratomas. Our study may help to reveal the mechanism of somatic cell reprogramming in sheep and provide a platform to explore the culture conditions for sheep ES cells. Moreover, sheep iPS cells may be directly used to generate precise gene-modified sheep.