Lipid Deficiency Contributes to Impaired Alveolar Progenitor Cell Function in Aging and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an aging-associated interstitial lung disease resulting from repeated epithelial injury and inadequate epithelial repair. Alveolar type II cells (AEC2) are progenitor cells that maintain epithelial homeostasis and repair the lung after injury. In the current study, we assessed lipid metabolism in AEC2s from human lungs of IPF patients and healthy donors, as well as AEC2s from bleomycin-injured young and old mice. Through single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we observed that lipid metabolism-related genes were downregulated in IPF AEC2s and bleomycin-injured mouse AEC2s. Aging aggravated this decrease and hindered recovery of lipid metabolism gene expression in AEC2s after bleomycin injury. Pathway analyses revealed down-regulation of genes related to lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid -oxidation in AEC2s from IPF lungs and bleomycin-injured, aged mouse lungs compared to the respective controls. We confirmed decreased cellular lipid content in AEC2s from IPF lungs and bleomycin-injured, aged mouse lungs using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. We further show that lipid metabolism was associated with AEC2 progenitor function. Lipid supplementation and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation promoted progenitor renewal capacity of both human and mouse AEC2s in 3D organoid cultures. Lipid supplementation also increased AEC2 proliferation and expression of SFTPC in AEC2s. In summary, we identified a lipid metabolism deficiency in AEC2s from lungs of patients with IPF and bleomycin-injured aged mice. Restoration of lipid metabolism homeostasis in AEC2s might promote AEC2 progenitor function and offer new opportunities for therapeutic approaches to IPF. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Reciprocal interactions between alveolar progenitor dysfunction and aging promote lung fibrosis.

Aging is a critical risk factor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Dysfunction and loss of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2s) with failed regeneration is a seminal causal event in the pathogenesis of IPF, although the precise mechanisms for their regenerative failure and demise remain unclear. To systematically examine the genomic program changes of AEC2s in aging and after lung injury, we performed unbiased single-cell RNA-seq analyses of lung epithelial cells from uninjured or bleomycin-injured young and old mice, as well as from lungs of IPF patients and healthy donors. We identified three AEC2 subsets based on their gene signatures. Subset AEC2-1 mainly exist in uninjured lungs, while subsets AEC2-2 and AEC2-3 emerged in injured lungs and increased with aging. Functionally, AEC2 subsets are correlated with progenitor cell renewal. Aging enhanced the expression of the genes related to inflammation, stress responses, senescence, and apoptosis. Interestingly, lung injury increased aging-related gene expression in AEC2s even in young mice. The synergistic effects of aging and injury contributed to impaired AEC2 recovery in aged mouse lungs after injury. In addition, we also identified three subsets of AEC2s from human lungs that formed three similar subsets to mouse AEC2s. IPF AEC2s showed a similar genomic signature to AEC2 subsets from bleomycin-injured old mouse lungs. Taken together, we identified synergistic effects of aging and AEC2 injury in transcriptomic and functional analyses that promoted fibrosis. This study provides new insights into the interactions between aging and lung injury with interesting overlap with diseased IPF AEC2 cells.

Strength of CAR signaling determines T cell versus ILC differentiation from pluripotent stem cells.

Generation of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) will enable advances in cancer immunotherapy. Understanding how CARs affect T cell differentiation from PSCs is important for this effort. The recently described artificial thymic organoid (ATO) system supports in vitro differentiation of PSCs to T cells. Unexpectedly, PSCs transduced with a CD19-targeted CAR resulted in diversion of T cell differentiation to the innate lymphoid cell 2 (ILC2) lineage in ATOs. T cells and ILC2s are closely related lymphoid lineages with shared developmental and transcriptional programs. Mechanistically, we show that antigen-independent CAR signaling during lymphoid development enriched for ILC2-primed precursors at the expense of T cell precursors. We applied this understanding to modulate CAR signaling strength through expression level, structure, and presentation of cognate antigen to demonstrate that the T cell-versus-ILC lineage decision can be rationally controlled in either direction, providing a framework for achieving CAR-T cell development from PSCs.

Multiple Fibroblast Subtypes Contribute to Matrix Deposition in Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Progressive pulmonary fibrosis results from a dysfunctional tissue repair response and is characterized by fibroblast proliferation, activation, and invasion and extracellular matrix accumulation. Lung fibroblast heterogeneity is well recognized. With single-cell RNA sequencing, fibroblast subtypes have been reported by recent studies. However, the roles of fibroblast subtypes in effector functions in lung fibrosis are not well understood. In this study, we incorporated the recently published single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets on murine lung samples of fibrosis models and human lung samples of fibrotic diseases and analyzed fibroblast gene signatures. We identified and confirmed the novel fibroblast subtypes we reported recently across all samples of both mouse models and human lung fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease, and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Furthermore, we identified specific cell surface proteins for each fibroblast subtype through differential gene expression analysis, which enabled us to isolate primary cells representing distinct fibroblast subtypes by flow cytometry sorting. We compared matrix production, including fibronectin, collagen, and hyaluronan, after profibrotic factor stimulation and assessed the invasive capacity of each fibroblast subtype. Our results suggest that in addition to myofibroblasts, lipofibroblasts and Ebf1+ (Ebf transcription factor 1+) fibroblasts are two important fibroblast subtypes that contribute to matrix deposition and also have enhanced invasive, proliferative, and contraction phenotypes. The histological locations of fibroblast subtypes are identified in healthy and fibrotic lungs by these cell surface proteins. This study provides new insights to inform approaches to targeting lung fibroblast subtypes to promote the development of therapeutics for lung fibrosis.

Basal Cell-derived WNT7A Promotes Fibrogenesis at the Fibrotic Niche in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Loss of epithelial integrity, bronchiolarization, and fibroblast activation are key characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Prolonged accumulation of basal-like cells in IPF may impact the fibrotic niche to promote fibrogenesis. To investigate their role in IPF, basal cells were isolated from IPF explant and healthy donor lung tissues. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to assess differentially expressed genes in basal cells. Basal cell and niche interaction was demonstrated with the sLP-mCherry niche labeling system. Luminex assays were used to assess cytokines secreted by basal cells. The role of basal cells in fibroblast activation was studied. Three-dimensional organoid culture assays were used to interrogate basal cell effects on AEC2 (type 2 alveolar epithelial cell) renewal capacity. Perturbation was used to investigate WNT7A function in vitro and in a repetitive bleomycin model in vivo. We found that WNT7A is highly and specifically expressed in basal-like cells. Proteins secreted by basal cells can be captured by neighboring fibroblasts and AEC2s. Basal cells or basal cell-conditioned media activate fibroblasts through WNT7A. Basal cell-derived WNT7A inhibits AEC2 progenitor cell renewal in three-dimensional organoid cultures. Neutralizing antibodies against WNT7A or a small molecule inhibitor of Frizzled signaling abolished basal cell-induced fibroblast activation and attenuated lung fibrosis in mice. In summary, basal cells and basal cell-derived WNT7A are key components of the fibrotic niche, providing a unique non-stem cell function of basal cells in IPF progression and a novel targeting strategy for IPF.

HER2 drives lung fibrosis by activating a metastatic cancer signature in invasive lung fibroblasts.

Progressive tissue fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is characterized by excessive recruitment of fibroblasts to sites of tissue injury and unremitting extracellular matrix deposition associated with severe morbidity and mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms that control progressive IPF have yet to be fully determined. Previous studies suggested that invasive fibroblasts drive disease progression in IPF. Here, we report profiling of invasive and noninvasive fibroblasts from IPF patients and healthy donors. Pathway analysis revealed that the activated signatures of the invasive fibroblasts, the top of which was ERBB2 (HER2), showed great similarities to those of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells. Activation of HER2 in normal lung fibroblasts led to a more invasive genetic program and worsened fibroblast invasion and lung fibrosis, while antagonizing HER2 signaling blunted fibroblast invasion and ameliorated lung fibrosis. These findings suggest that HER2 signaling may be a key driver of fibroblast invasion and serve as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in IPF.

The ZIP8/SIRT1 axis regulates alveolar progenitor cell renewal in aging and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2s) function as progenitor cells in the lung. We have shown previously that failure of AEC2 regeneration results in progressive lung fibrosis in mice and is a cardinal feature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In this study, we identified deficiency of a specific zinc transporter, SLC39A8 (ZIP8), in AEC2s from both IPF lungs and lungs of old mice. Loss of ZIP8 expression was associated with impaired renewal capacity of AEC2s and enhanced lung fibrosis. ZIP8 regulation of AEC2 progenitor function was dependent on SIRT1. Replenishment with exogenous zinc and SIRT1 activation promoted self-renewal and differentiation of AEC2s from lung tissues of IPF patients and old mice. Deletion of Zip8 in AEC2s in mice resulted in impaired AEC2 renewal, increased susceptibility to bleomycin injury, and development of spontaneous lung fibrosis. Therapeutic strategies to restore zinc metabolism and appropriate SIRT1 signaling could improve AEC2 progenitor function and mitigate ongoing fibrogenesis.