Photoangiolysis with the 445-nm Blue Laser and the Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate Laser: A Comparison.

OBJECTIVES: Photoangiolytic lasers have yielded significant innovation in laryngeal surgery in the last 25 years. After the discontinuation of the potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser, a novel 445-nm blue laser was developed. The optimal balance between a laser's desired tissue effects and collateral tissue damage is a major determinant of laser selection in microlaryngeal surgery. The shell-less incubation system for the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) simulates the microvasculature of the human vocal fold and is useful for testing effects of laser settings and in simulated surgery. The aim of this study is to compare the tissue effects of the KTP and blue lasers using the shell-less CAM model. METHODS: The shell-less incubation system contains: polymethylpentene film (used as a culture vessel), calcium lactate and distilled water supplementations. By using this system, the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) can be fully exposed with a good field for surgery simulation. The effects of the 2 lasers (532 nm KTP and 445 nm blue) were quantified at clinically relevant energy settings and laser distances from target. Measures included imaging real-time vascular reactions in the CAM model, post-procedure histologic analysis of CAM tissue and temperature changes. RESULTS: Vessel coagulation and rupture rates were less common with the blue laser compared with the KTP laser. Histologic analysis demonstrated less tissue disruption with the blue laser. Temperature changes were less with the blue laser. CONCLUSION: In this CAM model with specific conditions, the blue laser reveals less tissue damage than the KTP laser. Suitable working distance and power setting of the laser are necessary for desired tissue effects.Level of Evidence: Level 3.

Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan May Reduce the Risk of Pneumonia retain-->in Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is a serious complication in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). Traditional Chinese medicine Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan plays a role in promoting health and may reduce pneumonia rates in those with UVFP. The study aimed to evaluate Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan treatment's effectiveness in preventing pneumonia hospitalization in patients with UVFP. METHODS: We analyzed a cohort of two million participants from 2000 to 2018 from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. We identified patients with UVFP (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 478.32) and documented outpatient, inpatient, and treatment records from the first diagnosis until hospitalization due to pneumonia, death, or the end of the study. We calculated the incidence of pneumonia and compared the risk of pneumonia in patients receiving Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan treatment or conventional treatment and tracked the use of speech therapy. We used the Cox proportional regression model to estimate the hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Our corrected covariants include age, gender, degree of urbanization, insured amount, and disease comorbidity. RESULT: The use of Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization for pneumonia in UVFP patients, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.40 (0.21-0.77). The combination of Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan and speech therapy could further reduce the risk of pneumonia hospitalization (aHR = 0.25 [0.02-0.82]). UVFP patients with comorbidities such as respiratory cancer 0.34 (0.12-0.98) or diabetes (aHR = 0.30 [0.09-0.96]) had higher rates of pneumonia hospitalization. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan may play a role in UVFP patients to reduce the long-term risk of pneumonia.

Voice Outcomes Following Serial Office-Based Steroid Injections and Voice Therapy for Vocal Fold Scar.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies indicate that certain voice outcomes can improve following a single office-based steroid injection with voice therapy for vocal fold scar. We evaluated voice outcomes after a series of three timed office-based steroid injections with voice therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series with chart review. SETTING: Academic medical center. METHODS: We evaluated pre-and postprocedural patient-reported, perceptual, acoustic, aerodynamic, and videostroboscopic parameters. We evaluated 23 patients who underwent three office-based dexamethasone injections into the superficial lamina propria one month apart. All patients pursued voice therapy. RESULTS: Voice Handicap Index (n = 19; P= .030) decreased after injection series. Total GRBAS score (grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain) decreased (n = 23; P = 0.001). Dysphonia severity index score improved (n = 20; P = 0.041). Phonation threshold pressure did not decrease significantly (n = 22; P = 0.536). Videostroboscopic parameters of vocal fold edge (P = 0.023), right mucosal wave (P = 0.023) improved or normalized after injection series. Glottic closure (P = 0.134) did not improve. CONCLUSIONS: Series of three office-based steroid injections combined with voice therapy for vocal fold scar does not appear to provide further benefit than one injection. Despite lack of improvements of PTP and other parameters, injection series is likewise unlikely to worsen dysphonia. A partially negative study provides value in investigation of less invasive treatment alternatives for a disorder that is challenging to treat. Future studies exploring effects of voice therapy alone without other intervention and consideration of sham injection versus steroid injection are warranted.

Comparative Treatment Outcomes for Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis: 5-Year Update.

The North American Airway Collaborative (NoAAC) previously published a 3-year multi-institutional prospective cohort study showing variation in treatment effectiveness between 3 primary surgical techniques for idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS). In this report, we update these findings to include 5 years of data evaluating treatment effectiveness. Patients in the NoAAC cohort were re-enrolled for 2 additional years and followed using the prespecified published protocol. Consistent with prior data, prospective observation of 487 iSGS patients for 5 years showed treatment effectiveness differed by modality. Cricotracheal resection maintained the lowest rate of recurrent operation (5%), followed by endoscopic resection with adjuvant medical therapy (30%) and endoscopic dilation (50%). These data support the initial observations and continue to provide value to providers and patients navigating longitudinal decision-making. Level of evidence: 2-prospective cohort study.

Long-Term Follow-up of 64 Patients With Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis: Treatment Pathways, Outcomes, and Impact of Serial Intralesional Steroid Injections.

OBJECTIVE: To describe treatment pathways and long-term outcomes in 64 patients with idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS), including the impact of serial intralesional steroid injection (SILSI) on degree of stenosis, need for subsequent operation, and patient-reported outcome measures. METHODS: Retrospective review of 64 female patients with iSGS undergoing varied management approaches, 57 of whom underwent SILSI as at least part of their care. Treatment pathways included SILSI only, endoscopic intervention followed by SILSI only, endoscopic interventions only, endoscopic intervention followed by SILSI followed by need for repeat endoscopic intervention, open surgery, and tracheotomy. Outcomes assessed included subjectively estimated percent airway stenosis, dyspnea index (DI), modified medical research council (MMRC) dyspnea scale, voice handicap index-10 (VHI-10), number of operative and office-based procedures performed, need for subsequent operative intervention, and inter-operative interval. RESULTS: Treatment pathways included SILSI alone (n = 6), endoscopic intervention(s) followed by SILSI only (n = 31), SILSI followed by additional endoscopic or office-based procedures (n = 16), open surgery (n = 3), and tracheostomy (n = 4). 57 of 64 patients underwent SILSI as at least part of their treatment. Inter-operative interval was increased after starting SILSI. Of patients undergoing SILSI, those with more procedures or shorter inter-operative interval prior to SILSI were more likely to return to the operating room. Estimated stenosis, DI, MMRC, and VHI-10 decreased with SILSI. Stenosis was not correlated with DI, MMRC, or VHI-10, though DI was correlated with both MMRC and VHI-10 score. CONCLUSION: Of 57 patients undergoing SILSI, 37 did not require further operative intervention. Improvements in inter-operative interval, dyspnea, and voice were observed across patients. Randomized trials to identify which patients may benefit most from SILSI are warranted.

Iatrogenic Vocal Fold Paralysis: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE: Iatrogenic vocal fold paralysis is an important issue in laryngology, yet there are few population-based studies regarding the epidemiology. This study used a nationwide population-based claims database (the National Health Insurance Research Database) to investigate the epidemiology of iatrogenic unilateral and bilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP/BVFP) among the general adult population in Taiwan. METHOD: This study analyzed patients (20-90 years old) who underwent thyroid, parathyroid, thoracic, cardiac, or anterior cervical spine operations with vocal fold paralysis among adults in Taiwan from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2013. The codes for vocal fold paralysis were defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). Claims data in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were used. RESULTS: The most commonly performed operations which were related to vocal fold paralysis in Taiwan were, in descending order of frequency, thyroid, cervical spine, cardiac, thoracic (esophagectomy), and parathyroid operations. The operations that put laryngeal nerves at risk (ONRs) most commonly associated with a diagnosis of UVFP were, in descending order of frequency, thoracic, thyroid, parathyroid, cardiac, and cervical spine. For both UVFP and BVFP, the most commonly associated age group was 51 to 60. For both UVFP and BVFP, the more commonly associated sex was women. Increased length of stay was associated with a higher incidence of UVFP and BVFP. Charlson medical co-morbidity index (CCI) was not associated with UVFP but BVFP was associated with higher Charlson medical co-morbidity scores. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid operations, age 51 to 60, longer hospital stays are associated with vocal fold paralysis. Overall women are more surgically affected than men. This is the first population-based study of iatrogenic vocal fold paralysis.

Role of Voice Therapy in Adherence to Voice Rest After Office-Based Vocal Fold Procedures.

Purpose Patients undergoing vocal fold procedures significantly reduce but often do not cease voice use during absolute postprocedure voice rest. We hypothesized that patients who completed preprocedure voice therapy would increase adherence to postprocedure voice rest. Method Eighty-six participants completed this prospective cohort study. Patients scheduled for office-based vocal fold procedures, 1-3 days of absolute postprocedure voice rest, and preprocedure speech-language pathology (SLP) care were recruited. SLP care consisted of either (a) multiple voice therapy sessions, (b) one counseling/therapy session, or (c) voice evaluation only. Participants reported talking and other specific voice behaviors on 100-mm visual analog scales for up to 3 days pre- and postprocedure as well as changes in overall voice use at follow-up at least 1 week postprocedure. Results Talking decreased postprocedure by 63% in the therapy group and 65% in the counseling group, both significantly more than the 35% decrease measured in the evaluation group. There were group differences in talking at baseline but not during voice rest. Coughing and throat clearing were highest in the voice evaluation group and decreased less than talking during voice rest. At follow-up, 84% of participants reported that they completed voice rest for at least as long as recommended and 39.5% reported that they never used their voices during voice rest. Participants estimated a 98% overall reduction in voice use during voice rest at follow-up. Conclusions Voice use before and after vocal fold procedures varies by participation in preprocedure voice therapy. Patients significantly decrease talking during postprocedure voice rest but are not perfectly adherent. Communicative voice use decreases more than noncommunicative voice use during voice rest. Patients may overestimate adherence to voice rest at follow-up. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16589864.

Pre-tracheotomy for Potentially Emergent Airway Scenarios: Indications and Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Airway access in the setting of unsuccessful ventilation and intubation typically involves emergent cricothyrotomy or tracheotomy, procedures with associated significant risk. The potential for such emergent scenarios can often be predicted based on patient and disease factors. Planned tracheotomy can be performed in these cases but is not without its own risks. We previously described a technique of pre-tracheotomy or exposing the tracheal framework without entering the trachea, as an alternative to planned tracheostomy in such cases. In this way, a tracheotomy can be easily completed if needed, or the wound can be closed if it is not needed. This procedure has since been used in an array of indications. We describe the clinical situations where pre-tracheotomy was performed as well as subsequent patient outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective series of patients undergoing a pre-tracheotomy from 2015 to 2020. Records were reviewed for patient characteristics, indication, whether the procedure was converted to tracheotomy or closed at the bedside, and any post-procedural complications. RESULTS: Pre-tracheotomy was performed in 18 patients. Indications included failed extubation after head and neck reconstruction, subglottic stenosis, laryngeal masses, laryngeal edema, thyroid masses, and an oropharyngeal bleed requiring operative intervention. Tracheotomy was avoided in 10 patients with wound closed at the bedside; procedure was converted to tracheotomy in the remaining eight. There were no complications. Indications for conversion included failed extubation, intraoperative hemorrhage, significant stridor with dyspnea, and inability to ventilate. CONCLUSION: Pre-tracheotomy offers simplified airway access and provides a valuable option in scenarios where tracheotomy may, but not necessarily, be needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2802-E2809, 2021.

Association of Social Determinants of Health with Time to Diagnosis and Treatment Outcomes in Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether social determinants of health (SDH) factors are associated with time to diagnosis, treatment selection, and time to recurrent surgical intervention in idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) patients. METHODS: Adult patients with diagnosed iSGS were recruited prospectively (2015-2017) via clinical providers as part of the North American Airway Collaborative (NoAAC) and via an online iSGS support community on Facebook. Patient-specific SDH factors included highest educational attainment (self-reported), median household income (matched from home zip code via U.S. Census data), and number of close friends (self-reported) as a measure of social support. Main outcomes of interest were time to disease diagnosis (years from symptom onset), treatment selection (endoscopic dilation [ED] vs cricotracheal resection [CTR] vs endoscopic resection with adjuvant medical therapy [ERMT]), and time to recurrent surgical intervention (number of days from initial surgical procedure) as a surrogate for disease recurrence. RESULTS: The total 810 participants were 98.5% female, 97.2% Caucasian, and had a median age of 50 years (IQR, 43-58). The cohort had a median household income of $62 307 (IQR, $50 345-$79 773), a median of 7 close friends (IQR, 4-10), and 64.7% of patients completed college or graduate school. Education, income, and number of friends were not associated with time to diagnosis via multivariable linear regression modeling. Univariable multinominal logistic regression demonstrated an association between education and income for selecting ED versus ERMT, but no associations were noted for CTR. No associations were noted for time to recurrent surgical procedure via Kaplan Meier modeling and Cox proportional hazards regression. CONCLUSIONS: Patient education, income, and social support were not associated with time to diagnosis or time to disease recurrence. This suggests additional patient, procedure, or disease-specific factors contribute to the observed variations in iSGS surgical outcomes.

Proteomic and Genomic Methylation Signatures of Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a chronic inflammatory condition that causes dyspnea and affects middle-aged women of White race and non-Latino or Hispanic ethnicity. To better characterize its phenotype and pathogenesis, we assessed the proteomic and genomic methylation signatures of subglottic tissue collected from iSGS patients compared to controls. STUDY DESIGN: Molecular analysis of clinical biospecimens. METHODS: We collected subglottic tissue biopsies from 12 patients during direct laryngoscopy, immediately prior to surgical treatment of iSGS; as well as from 4 age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-matched control patients undergoing other direct laryngoscopic procedures. We isolated protein and genomic DNA, acquired proteomic data using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry techniques, and acquired genome-wide methylation data using bisulfite conversion and a microarray platform. We compared molecular profiles across the iSGS and control groups, and with respect to clinical course in the iSGS group. Eight of the 12 iSGS patients underwent subsequent blood collection and plasma isolation for further assessment. RESULTS: Proteomic analysis revealed 42 differentially abundant proteins in the iSGS biopsies compared to controls, inferring enrichment of biological pathways associated with early wound healing, innate immunity, matrix remodeling, and metabolism. Proteome-based hierarchical clustering organized patients into two iSGS and one control subgroups. Methylation analysis revealed five hypermethylated genes in the iSGS biopsies compared to controls, including the biotin recycling enzyme biotinidase (BTD). Follow-up analysis showed elevated plasma BTD activity in iSGS patients compared to both controls and published normative data. CONCLUSION: iSGS exhibits distinct proteomic and genomic methylation signatures. These signatures expand current understanding of the iSGS phenotype, support the possibility of disease subgroups, and should inform the direction of future experimental studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Not applicable Laryngoscope, 131:E540-E546, 2021.

Pain Experience and Tolerance of Awake In-Office Upper Airway Procedures: Influencing Factors.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Awake, unsedated in-office upper airway procedures are performed frequently and have high completion rates, yet less is known about the patients' pain experience and potentially influencing factors. It is also unclear if patients' pain experiences become worse with repeated procedures. We identified procedure- and patient-related factors that might influence procedural completion and pain scores. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Pre-, intra-, and post-procedure pain scores were collected prospectively for awake unsedated upper airway procedures performed at a single institution over a 5-year period. Patient factors reviewed were demographics, body mass index, psychiatric and/or pain diagnosis, and related medications. Procedure factors reviewed were procedure type, route, side, and performance of the same procedure multiple times. Patients reported their pain level before, during, and after the procedure using a standard 0 to 10 scale. Maximum pain score change (PΔmax), or the difference between highest and lowest reported pain levels, was calculated. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Procedure completion was 98.7% for 609 first time patients and 99.0% in 60 patients undergoing 292 repeat procedures. PΔmax did not covary with age, gender, or BMI. PΔmax covaried with pain and psychiatric conditions and associated medications. PΔmax was highest for injection medialization and lowest for tracheoscopy. PΔmax decreased over time for those undergoing multiple identical procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Procedures were performed with a very high completion rate and low pain scores. Age, sex, and BMI did not affect pain experience. A combination of pain and psychiatric conditions did. Injection medialization had the highest PΔmax and tracheoscopy the lowest. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1580-E1588, 2021.

Study of spatiotemporal liquid dynamics in a vibrating vocal fold by using a self-oscillating poroelastic model.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the spatiotemporal interstitial fluid dynamics in a vibrating vocal fold. A self-oscillating poroelastic model is proposed to study the liquid dynamics in the vibrating vocal folds by treating the vocal fold tissue as a transversally isotropic, fluid-saturated, porous material. Rich spatiotemporal liquid dynamics have been found. Specifically, in the vertical direction, the liquid is transported from the inferior side to the superior side due to the propagation of the mucosal wave. In the longitudinal direction, the liquid accumulates at the anterior-posterior midpoint. However, the contact between the two vocal folds forces the accumulated liquid out laterally in a very short time span. These findings could be helpful for exploring etiology of some laryngeal pathologies, optimizing laryngeal disease treatment, and understanding hemodynamics in the vocal folds.

Microlaryngeal Teaching Courses: A National Survey on Prevalence, Value, and Barriers to Implementation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of microlaryngeal teaching course in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited otolaryngology residency programs in an effort to evaluate the nature, perceived value and barriers to implementation of microlaryngeal courses. METHOD: A 14-question survey to all ACGME-accredited otolaryngology programs in the United States. RESULT: Out of 119 ACGME-accredited otolaryngology programs identified on the ACGME Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database, responses were received from 67 programs (56%). Although 90% of respondents indicated that instruction courses in one discipline or another existed at their institution for their otolaryngology residents, only 33% indicated that their program offers a hands-on instruction course in microlaryngeal surgery. Of those programs that offered a microlaryngeal surgery course, 100% felt the residents appreciated the course; 95% of those programs that did not have a course felt their residents would appreciate a microlaryngeal course at their institution if they were able to offer one. Among programs without a microlaryngeal teaching course, the largest perceived barriers were cost and availability of appropriate equipment. CONCLUSION: Microlaryngeal courses for otolaryngology residency training are limited in availability in the United States, and there is variability in training across the country. All respondents in our survey indicated the value in these courses for microlaryngeal surgical skill training. There is a clear role for increasing availability of low-cost microlaryngeal stations and courses.

Comparative Treatment Outcomes for Patients With Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis.

Importance: Surgical treatment comparisons in rare diseases are difficult secondary to the geographic distribution of patients. Fortunately, emerging technologies offer promise to reduce these barriers for research. Objective: To prospectively compare the outcomes of the 3 most common surgical approaches for idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS), a rare airway disease. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this international, prospective, 3-year multicenter cohort study, 810 patients with untreated, newly diagnosed, or previously treated iSGS were enrolled after undergoing a surgical procedure (endoscopic dilation [ED], endoscopic resection with adjuvant medical therapy [ERMT], or cricotracheal resection [CTR]). Patients were recruited from clinician practices in the North American Airway Collaborative and an online iSGS community on Facebook. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was days from initial surgical procedure to recurrent surgical procedure. Secondary end points included quality of life using the Clinical COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Questionnaire (CCQ), Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10), Eating Assessment Test-10 (EAT-10), the 12-Item Short-Form Version 2 (SF-12v2), and postoperative complications. Results: Of 810 patients in this cohort, 798 (98.5%) were female and 787 (97.2%) were white, with a median age of 50 years (interquartile range, 43-58 years). Index surgical procedures were ED (n = 603; 74.4%), ERMT (n = 121; 14.9%), and CTR (n = 86; 10.6%). Overall, 185 patients (22.8%) had a recurrent surgical procedure during the 3-year study, but recurrence differed by modality (CTR, 1 patient [1.2%]; ERMT, 15 [12.4%]; and ED, 169 [28.0%]). Weighted, propensity score-matched, Cox proportional hazards regression models showed ED was inferior to ERMT (hazard ratio [HR], 3.16; 95% CI, 1.8-5.5). Among successfully treated patients without recurrence, those treated with CTR had the best CCQ (0.75 points) and SF-12v2 (54 points) scores and worst VHI-10 score (13 points) 360 days after enrollment as well as the greatest perioperative risk. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of 810 patients with iSGS, endoscopic dilation, the most popular surgical approach for iSGS, was associated with a higher recurrence rate compared with other procedures. Cricotracheal resection offered the most durable results but showed the greatest perioperative risk and the worst long-term voice outcomes. Endoscopic resection with medical therapy was associated with better disease control compared with ED and had minimal association with vocal function. These results may be used to inform individual patient treatment decision-making.

Office-Based Steroid Injections for Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis: Patient-Reported Outcomes, Effect on Stenosis, and Side Effects.

OBJECTIVE: Office-based steroid injection has shown promise for idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS). It is important to understand safety and patient-lived experience. We report patient experience related to airway restriction, voice, and side effects. METHODS: Sixteen patients (51 ± 14 years) with mild-moderate (20-50%) stenosis undergoing office-based transnasal steroid injections were included; fourteen had prior operations. Patients typically underwent three injections, 1 month apart, followed by transnasal tracheoscopy 1 month later to evaluate outcome; number of injections can vary based on disease severity and response. Outcomes were Dyspnea Index (DI), Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea scale, voice handicap index-10 (VHI-10), and degree of stenosis (estimated from procedural video). At each visit, patients were queried about post-injection airway restriction and side effects. Paired t-tests compared values at baseline versus follow-up tracheoscopy. RESULTS: DI decreased (t = 3.938, P = 0.0013), as did MMRC (t = 2.179, P = 0.0457). There was no change in VHI-10 (t = 1.354; P = 0.1957) scores. Airway stenosis decreased (t = 4.331; P = 0.0006); this was not correlated with change in DI (r = 0.267, P = 0.318). Side effects included airway restriction lasting <48 hours (n = 5), cough (n = 3), and nasal pain (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Steroid injections improved upper airway symptoms. Side effects were mild and transient. Improvement in DI did not correlate with percent stenosis.

Sulcus Vocalis.

Sulcus vocalis, defined as a type of groove along the free edge of the vocal fold, disrupts the normal, pliable vocal fold cover, causing alterations in the intrinsic mucosal wave. The primary symptom is breathy, effortful dysphonia. Diagnosis may be challenging, and this classically has led to difficulties with identification and management. Treatment options, although often promising, have been notoriously unreliable. Current understanding, considerations for management, and future treatment options are explored.

High-resolution manometry and swallow outcomes after vocal fold injection medialization for unilateral vocal fold paralysis/paresis.

BACKGROUND: Injection medialization is performed to improve glottic closure, thereby airway protection. Overall objective to determine if unilateral injection medialization changes glottal area with concomitant adjustments in penetration/aspiration scale (PAS) scores and pharyngeal high-resolution manometry (HRM) parameters. METHODS: Enrolled 17 adults with unilateral vocal fold paralysis/paresis and aspiration/penetration. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and pharyngeal HRM completed at (1) baseline (within 1 week before injection), (2) postinjection (within 1 week post injection), and (3) 1-month postinjection. Comparisons between time points for PAS scores, glottal area, pharyngeal pressure, and timing. RESULTS: No significant differences in normalized glottal area. No significant differences in PAS scores, for any consistency. Significantly increased rate of mesopharynx pressure rise and maximum pressure at 1 month postinjection (P = .01 and .02, respectively) compared to baseline. Significant decrease in mesopharynx integral from baseline to 1 week postoperative (P = .03). CONCLUSION: Findings suggest unilateral vocal fold injection medialization had limited effect on swallow function.

The Epidemiology of Benign Voice Disorders in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

OBJECTIVE: Because there are few population-based studies regarding the epidemiology of benign voice diseases, the present study used a nationwide population-based claims database (the National Health Insurance Research Database) to investigate the epidemiology of benign voice diseases among the general adult population in Taiwan. METHODS: Study participants were retrieved for those patients who were 20 to 90 years old with a diagnosis of benign voice diseases that were defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes from 2006 to 2014. Patient visits were grouped into infectious (ICD-9-CM: 012.3, 032.3, 034.0, 090.5, 095.8,101, 464.0, 464.20, 464.21, 465.x, 476.0, 476.1) and noninfectious (ICD-9-CM: 306.1, 478.3x, 478.4, 478.5, 748.3, 784.4x) dysphonia groups. RESULTS: Benign voice disorders have a prevalence of approximately 3.6% in Taiwan as of 2014. The year-to-year prevalence decreased gradually in the query period. Infectious dysphonia diagnoses were higher than noninfectious ones. Dysphonia caused by noninfectious diagnoses was most prevalent in the 60 to 79 years age group. Dysphonia caused by infectious diagnoses was highest in 20 to 39 years group. Noninfectious dysphonia diagnoses were more common in women. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of voice disorders among the adult population in Taiwan was 3.6% in 2014. Voice disorders are more common in women and occur primarily in the 20 to 39 years age group. Infectious dysphonia is more common than noninfectious dysphonia. The results may be underestimated due to limitation of the database. This is the first population-based epidemiology study of adult voice disorders.