Brain wave modulation and EEG power changes during auditory beats stimulation.

Auditory beats stimulation (ABS) has received increased attention for its potential to modulate neural oscillations through a phenomenon described as brain entrainment (i.e synchronization of brain's electrocortical activity to external stimuli at a specific frequency). Recently, a new form of ABS has emerged, inspired by isochronic tones stimulation (ITd). This study investigated neural oscillatory responses induced by ITd in comparison with formerly well-established ABS protocols, such as gamma-binaural beats (BB) and white noise (WN). We recorded the electroencephalographic brain activity in 28 participants during 4 min of BB, ITd, and WN presentation. Data demonstrated that while both BB and WN enhanced oscillatory power on the EEG gamma band, consistently with the expected brain entrainment effect, ITd yielded greater changes in EEG power (p < 0.001). This was confirmed by time-based analysis, which showed a progressive increase in normalized EEG power within the ITd window compared to BB (p < 0.05). Findings also revealed that ITd elicited acute changes in the alpha band of EEG oscillations, through a progressive decrease in power over time, which was distinctly different from the pattern observed while listening BB and WN. Such dual alpha-gamma effects underline the promising and unique potential of ITd to modulate neural oscillations which selectively differ from BB and WN. This study contributes to the evolution of ABS research, highlighting the promise of ITd for cognitive enhancement and clinical applications.

Low-frequency sounds combined with motor imagery elicits a transient disruption of force performance: A path to neuromotor reprogramming?

The effectiveness of motor imagery (MI) training on sports performance is now well-documented. Recently, it has been proposed that a single session of MI combined with low frequency sound (LFS) might enhance muscle activation. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this effect remain unknown. We set up a test-retest intervention over the course of 2 consecutive days to evaluate the effect of (i) MI training (MI, n = 20), (ii) MI combined with LFS (MI + LFS, n = 20), and (iii) a control condition (CTRL, n = 20) on force torque produced across repeated maximal voluntary contractions of the quadriceps before (Pretest), after (Posttest) and at +12 h (Retention) post-intervention. We collected the integrated electromyograms of the quadriceps muscles, as well as brain electrical potentials during each experimental intervention. In the CTRL group, total force torque decreased from Pretest to Retention and from Posttest to Retention. By contrast, there was an increase between Posttest and Retention in both MI + LFS and MI groups (both ηP2 = 0.03, p < 0.05). Regression analyses further revealed a negative relationship between force performance and EEG activity in the MI + LFS group only. The data support a transient interference of LFS on cortical activity underlying the priming effects of MI practice on force performance. Findings are discussed in relation to the potential for motor reprogramming through MI combined with LFS.

Implicit and explicit motor imagery ability after SCI: Moving the elbow makes the difference.

Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) causes dramatic sensorimotor deficits that restrict both activity and participation. Restoring activity and participation requires extensive upper limb rehabilitation focusing elbow and wrist movements, which can include motor imagery. Yet, it remains unclear whether MI ability is impaired or spared after SCI. We investigated implicit and explicit MI ability in individuals with C6 or C7 SCI (SCIC6 and SCIC7 groups), as well as in age- and gender-matched controls without SCI. Inspired by previous studies, implicit MI evaluations involved hand laterality judgments, hand orientation judgments (HOJT) and hand-object interaction judgments. Explicit MI evaluations involved mental chronometry assessments of physically possible or impossible movements due to the paralysis of upper limb muscles in both groups of participants with SCI. HOJT was the paradigm in which implicit MI ability profiles differed the most between groups, particularly in the SCIC6 group who had impaired elbow movements in the horizontal plane. MI ability profiles were similar between groups for explicit MI evaluations, but reflected task familiarity with higher durations in the case of unfamiliar movements in controls or attempt to perform movements which were no longer possible in persons with SCI. Present results, obtained from a homogeneous population of individuals with SCI, suggest that people with long-term SCI rely on embodied cognitive motor strategies, similar to controls. Differences found in behavioral response pattern during implicit MI mirrored the actual motor deficit, particularly during tasks that involved internal representations of affected body parts.

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation does not enhance the effects of motor imagery training of a sequential finger-tapping task in young adults.

When applied over the primary motor cortex (M1), anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) could enhance the effects of a single motor imagery training (MIt) session on the learning of a sequential finger-tapping task (SFTT). This study aimed to investigate the effect of a-tDCS on the learning of an SFTT during multiple MIt sessions. Two groups of 16 healthy young adults participated in three consecutive MIt sessions over 3 days, followed by a retention test 1 week later. They received active or sham a-tDCS during a MIt session in which they mentally rehearsed an eight-item complex finger sequence with their left hand. Before and after each session, and during the retention test, they physically repeated the sequence as quickly and accurately as possible. Both groups (i) improved their performance during the first two sessions, showing online learning; (ii) stabilised the level they reached during all training sessions, reflecting offline consolidation; and (iii) maintained their performance level one week later, showing retention. However, no significant difference was found between the groups, regardless of the MSL stage. These results emphasise the importance of performing several MIt sessions to maximise performance gains, but they do not support the additional effects of a-tDCS.

Helium Optically Pumped Magnetometers Can Detect Epileptic Abnormalities as Well as SQUIDs as Shown by Intracerebral Recordings.

Magnetoencephalography based on superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) has been shown to improve the diagnosis and surgical treatment decision for presurgical evaluation of drug-resistant epilepsy. Still, its use remains limited because of several constraints such as cost, fixed helmet size, and the obligation of immobility. A new generation of sensors, optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs), could overcome these limitations. In this study, we validate the ability of helium-based OPM (4He-OPM) sensors to record epileptic brain activity thanks to simultaneous recordings with intracerebral EEG [stereotactic EEG (SEEG)]. We recorded simultaneous SQUIDs-SEEG and 4He-OPM-SEEG signals in one patient during two sessions. We show that epileptic activities on intracerebral EEG can be recorded by OPMs with a better signal-to noise ratio than classical SQUIDs. The OPM sensors open new venues for the widespread application of magnetoencephalography in the management of epilepsy and other neurologic diseases and fundamental neuroscience.

Brain plasticity underlying sleep-dependent motor consolidation after motor imagery.

Motor imagery can, similarly to physical practice, improve motor performance through experience-based plasticity. Using magnetoencephalography, we investigated changes in brain activity associated with offline consolidation of motor sequence learning through physical practice or motor imagery. After an initial training session with either physical practice or motor imagery, participants underwent overnight consolidation. As control condition, participants underwent wake-related consolidation after training with motor imagery. Behavioral analyses revealed that overnight consolidation of motor learning through motor imagery outperformed wake-related consolidation (95% CI [0.02, 0.07], P < 0.001, RP2 = 0.05). As regions of interest, we selected the generators of event-related synchronization/desynchronization of alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (15-30 Hz) oscillations, which predicted the level of performance on the motor sequence. This yielded a primary sensorimotor-premotor network for alpha oscillations and a cortico-cerebellar network for beta oscillations. The alpha network exhibited increased neural desynchronization after overnight consolidation compared to wake-related consolidation. By contrast, the beta network exhibited an increase in neural synchronization after wake-related consolidation compared to overnight consolidation. We provide the first evidence of parallel brain plasticity underlying behavioral changes associated with sleep-dependent consolidation of motor skill learning through motor imagery and physical practice.

3D-printed dual holder system for simultaneous rat PET scanning: design and influence on quantification.

BACKGROUND: The low throughout of small animal positron emission tomography (PET) images acquisitions represents a substantial limitation. The aims of this study were (i) to design a low-cost support for simultaneous dynamic PET scanning of two lying rats and (ii) to study its impact on brain image quantification. RESULTS: Accuracy of concentration measurement was 5.5% for one phantom in the field of view, and 5.7% for two phantoms measured simultaneously. Ratio concentration between phantoms showed an error of 6.7% ± 5.1% for Solo upper position, 6.7% ± 3.7% for Solo lower position, 5.9% ± 4.3% for Duo upper position, and 7.4% ± 6% for Duo lower position 6.7% for separated measures, and 6.6% for simultaneous measures. In vivo distribution profiles showed no difference between solo and duo uptakes. Region of Interest quantification in the whole brain showed 4.4% variability solo and 3.5% duo. The quantified test-retest bias was 8% in solo and 5% in duo, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was comparable in solo and duo (0.969 vs. 0.966). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that simultaneous scans of two rats in INVEON do not affect quantification. The dual support system will allow us to reduce protocol costs and duration.

Timing-specific patterns of cerebral activations during motor imagery: A case study of the expert brain signature.

Brain activations elicited during motor imagery (MI) in experts are typically reduced compared to novices, which is interpreted as a neurophysiological correlate of increased neural efficiency. However, the modulatory effects of MI speed on expertise-related differences in brain activation remains largely unknown. In the present pilot study, we compared the magnetoencephalographic (MEG) correlates of MI in an Olympic medallist and an amateur athlete under conditions of slow, real-time and fast MI. Data revealed event-related changes in the time course of alpha (8-12 Hz) power of MEG oscillations, for all timing conditions. We found that slow MI was associated with a corollary increase in neural synchronization, in both participants. Sensor-level and source-level analyses however disclosed differences between the two expertise levels. The Olympic medallist achieved greater activation of cortical sensorimotor networks than the amateur athlete, particularly during fast MI. Fast MI elicited the strongest event-related desynchronization of alpha oscillations, which was generated from cortical sensorimotor sources in the Olympic medallist, but not in the amateur athlete. Taken together, data suggest that fast MI is a particularly demanding form of motor cognition, putting a specific emphasis on cortical sensorimotor networks to achieve the formation of accurate motor representations under demanding timing constraints.

A New Generation of OPM for High Dynamic and Large Bandwidth MEG: The 4He OPMs-First Applications in Healthy Volunteers.

MagnetoEncephaloGraphy (MEG) provides a measure of electrical activity in the brain at a millisecond time scale. From these signals, one can non-invasively derive the dynamics of brain activity. Conventional MEG systems (SQUID-MEG) use very low temperatures to achieve the necessary sensitivity. This leads to severe experimental and economical limitations. A new generation of MEG sensors is emerging: the optically pumped magnetometers (OPM). In OPM, an atomic gas enclosed in a glass cell is traversed by a laser beam whose modulation depends on the local magnetic field. MAG4Health is developing OPMs using Helium gas (4He-OPM). They operate at room temperature with a large dynamic range and a large frequency bandwidth and output natively a 3D vectorial measure of the magnetic field. In this study, five 4He-OPMs were compared to a classical SQUID-MEG system in a group of 18 volunteers to evaluate their experimental performances. Considering that the 4He-OPMs operate at real room temperature and can be placed directly on the head, our assumption was that 4He-OPMs would provide a reliable recording of physiological magnetic brain activity. Indeed, the results showed that the 4He-OPMs showed very similar results to the classical SQUID-MEG system by taking advantage of a shorter distance to the brain, despite having a lower sensitivity.

Anodal tDCS does not enhance the learning of the sequential finger-tapping task by motor imagery practice in healthy older adults.

Background: Motor imagery practice (MIP) and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) are innovative methods with independent positive influence on motor sequence learning (MSL) in older adults. Objective: The present study investigated the effect of MIP combined with a-tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1) on the learning of a finger tapping sequence of the non-dominant hand in healthy older adults. Methods: Thirty participants participated in this double-blind sham-controlled study. They performed three MIP sessions, one session per day over three consecutive days and a retention test 1 week after the last training session. During training / MIP, participants had to mentally rehearse an 8-element finger tapping sequence with their left hand, concomitantly to either real (a-tDCS group) or sham stimulation (sham-tDCS group). Before and after MIP, as well as during the retention test, participants had to physically perform the same sequence as fast and accurately as possible. Results: Our main results showed that both groups (i) improved their performance during the first two training sessions, reflecting acquisition/on-line performance gains, (ii) stabilized their performance from one training day to another, reflecting off-line consolidation; as well as after 7 days without practice, reflecting retention, (iii) for all stages of MSL, there was no significant difference between the sham-tDCS and a-tDCS groups. Conclusion: This study highlights the usefulness of MIP in motor sequence learning for older adults. However, 1.5 mA a-tDCS did not enhance the beneficial effects of MIP, which adds to the inconsistency of results found in tDCS studies. Future work is needed to further explore the best conditions of use of tDCS to improve motor sequence learning with MIP.

Corticomotor Plasticity Underlying Priming Effects of Motor Imagery on Force Performance.

The neurophysiological processes underlying the priming effects of motor imagery (MI) on force performance remain poorly understood. Here, we tested whether the priming effects of embedded MI practice involved short-term changes in corticomotor connectivity. In a within-subjects counterbalanced experimental design, participants (n = 20) underwent a series of experimental sessions consisting of successive maximal isometric contractions of elbow flexor muscles. During inter-trial rest periods, we administered MI, action observation (AO), and a control passive recovery condition. We collected electromyograms (EMG) from both agonists and antagonists of the force task, in addition to electroencephalographic (EEG) brain potentials during force trials. Force output was higher during MI compared to AO and control conditions (both p < 0.01), although fatigability was similar across experimental conditions. We also found a weaker relationship between triceps brachii activation and force output during MI and AO compared to the control condition. Imaginary coherence topographies of alpha (8−12 Hz) oscillations revealed increased connectivity between EEG sensors from central scalp regions and EMG signals from agonists during MI, compared to AO and control. Present results suggest that the priming effects of MI on force performance are mediated by a more efficient cortical drive to motor units yielding reduced agonist/antagonist coactivation.

Foam Rolling Elicits Neuronal Relaxation Patterns Distinct from Manual Massage: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The present double-blinded, randomized controlled study sought to compare the effects of a full-body manual massage (MM) and a foam rolling (FR) intervention on subjective and objective indexes of performance and well-being. A total of 65 healthy individuals were randomly allocated to an FR, MM, or a control group who received a cognitively oriented relaxation routine. Self-report ratings of perceived anxiety, muscle relaxation, and muscle pain were used to index changes in affect and physical sensations. The sit-and-reach and toe-touch tests, as well as a mental calculation task, were used to index motor and cognitive performances, respectively. We also conducted resting-state electroencephalography and continuous skin conductance recordings before and after the experimental intervention. Both FR and MM groups exhibited neural synchronization of alpha and beta oscillations during the posttest. Skin conductance increased from the pretest to the posttest in the relaxation group, but decreased in the FR group. All interventions improved range of motion, although only the MM group outperformed the relaxation group for the toe-touch performance. MM was associated with reduced muscle pain and increased muscle relaxation. Reduced perceived anxiety after the intervention was observed in the FR group only. Overall, MM and FR both improved objective and subjective indexes of performance and well-being. Differences between the two massage interventions are discussed in relation to the effects of pressure stimulation on autonomic regulations and the proactive vs. retroactive nature of FR, compared to MM.

Motor Imagery Training During Arm Immobilization Prevents Corticomotor Idling: An EEG Resting-State Analysis.

Limb disuse causes overt, measurable alterations in motor functions. Motor imagery (MI) practice has been used as a behavioral strategy to prevent motor impairments due to limb disuse or immobilization. Yet, how MI operates at the neural level in the context of short-term limb immobilization remains understudied. We hypothesized that MI treatment applied during 12 h of arm immobilization prevents immobilization-related changes in resting-state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) power and functional connectivity. Fourteen participants first underwent rsEEG after 12 h of normal motor activity (without immobilization). Then, rsEEG recording was performed after 12 h of arm immobilization either with MI treatment or without, each condition separated by 1 week, according to a randomized within-subjects design. MI treatment consisted in performing varied visual and kinaesthetic MI exercises (5 sessions of 15 min every two hours). The results showed that in the delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands, interhemispheric difference in sensors power over the motor cortex (i.e. C3 vs. C4) was reduced after arm immobilization, while it did not change when MI treatment was delivered during the immobilization period. Moreover, functional connectivity across the sensors-network in the delta (1-4 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) frequency bands decreased after immobilization while it was restored by MI treatment. To conclude, MI counteracts functional neural changes within and between motor regions in the context of limb immobilization. Practical applications for motor rehabilitation strategies, particularly in stroke patients, are also discussed.

Tracking the acquisition of anticipatory postural adjustments during a bimanual load-lifting task: A MEG study.

During bimanual coordination, that is, manipulating with the dominant hand an object held by the postural hand, anticipatory postural adjustments are required to cancel the perturbations and ensure postural stabilization. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we investigated changes mediating the acquisition of anticipatory postural adjustments during a bimanual load-lifting task. Participants lifted a load with their right hand, hence triggering the fall of a second load fixed to their left (postural) forearm. During Acquisition, the onset of load-lifting and the fall of the second load were experimentally delayed after few trials. During Control, load-lifting triggered the fall of the second load without delay. Upward elbow rotation decreased with trial repetition during Acquisition, hence attesting the ongoing acquisition of anticipatory postural adjustments. Bilateral event-related desynchronisation (ERD) of the alpha rhythm (8-12 Hz) was recorded. Generators of the mu rhythm were found within central and associative motor regions. Their spatial distribution within the hemisphere contralateral to the load-lifting arm was less refined and circumscribed during Acquisition compared to Control. Regression analyses emphasized the specific involvement of the precuneus in the right hemisphere contralateral to the postural forearm, and a medial prefrontal region in the left hemisphere. Analyses of the time course power showed that an increase in preunloading activation within the precuneus and a decrease in postunloading inhibition within the medial prefrontal region were associated with the acquisition of anticipatory postural adjustments. The study provides original insights into cortical activations mediating the progressive tuning of anticipatory postural adjustments during the acquisition stage of motor learning.

The relationship between morphological lesion, magnetic source imaging, and intracranial stereo-electroencephalography in focal cortical dysplasia.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a useful non-invasive technique for presurgical evaluation of focal cortical dysplasia patients. We aimed at clarifying the precise spatial relationship between the spiking volume determined with MEG, the seizure onset zone and the lesional volume in patients with focal cortical dysplasia. We studied the spatial relationships between the MEG spiking volume determined with a recent analysis pipeline, the seizure-onset zone location determined with a quantitative index calculated from intracranial EEG signals ('Epileptogenicity Index') and the lesional volume delineated on brain MRI in 11 patients with Focal Cortical Dysplasia explored with Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG). A significant correlation between the MEG spiking activity and the Epileptogenicity Index was found in 8/11 patients. 7/8 patients were operated upon and had good surgical outcome. For three patients, no correlation between Epileptogenicity Index and spiking activity was observed; only one of those three patients had good surgical outcome. The lesion was at least partially overlapping with the seizure-onset zone in 8/9 patients with a lesion clearly identifiable by MRI. However, 57% of the SEEG epileptogenic contacts were located outside of the lesional volume. Lastly 44% of the highly epileptogenic SEEG contacts were located within the spiking volume and 22% of them were located exclusively in the spiking volume and not in the lesion. For 7/9 patients with a lesion, < 50% of epileptogenic SEEG contacts were included within the lesion: for 5/7 patients MEG provided an added value for targeting the epileptogenic region through intracranial electrodes, while for two of seven patients MEG detected only a few extralesional epileptogenic contacts. Our study suggests that modeling of the spiking volume with MEG is a promising tool to localize non-invasively the seizure-onset zone in patients with focal cortical dysplasia. Combined with brain MRI, MEG modeling of the spiking volume contributes to delineate the spatial extent of the seizure-onset zone.

The impact of MEG source reconstruction method on source-space connectivity estimation: A comparison between minimum-norm solution and beamforming.

Despite numerous important contributions, the investigation of brain connectivity with magnetoencephalography (MEG) still faces multiple challenges. One critical aspect of source-level connectivity, largely overlooked in the literature, is the putative effect of the choice of the inverse method on the subsequent cortico-cortical coupling analysis. We set out to investigate the impact of three inverse methods on source coherence detection using simulated MEG data. To this end, thousands of randomly located pairs of sources were created. Several parameters were manipulated, including inter- and intra-source correlation strength, source size and spatial configuration. The simulated pairs of sources were then used to generate sensor-level MEG measurements at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Next, the source level power and coherence maps were calculated using three methods (a) L2-Minimum-Norm Estimate (MNE), (b) Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance (LCMV) beamforming, and (c) Dynamic Imaging of Coherent Sources (DICS) beamforming. The performances of the methods were evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The results indicate that beamformers perform better than MNE for coherence reconstructions if the interacting cortical sources consist of point-like sources. On the other hand, MNE provides better connectivity estimation than beamformers, if the interacting sources are simulated as extended cortical patches, where each patch consists of dipoles with identical time series (high intra-patch coherence). However, the performance of the beamformers for interacting patches improves substantially if each patch of active cortex is simulated with only partly coherent time series (partial intra-patch coherence). These results demonstrate that the choice of the inverse method impacts the results of MEG source-space coherence analysis, and that the optimal choice of the inverse solution depends on the spatial and synchronization profile of the interacting cortical sources. The insights revealed here can guide method selection and help improve data interpretation regarding MEG connectivity estimation.

Verbal and musical short-term memory: Variety of auditory disorders after stroke.

Auditory cognitive deficits after stroke may concern language and/or music processing, resulting in aphasia and/or amusia. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential deficits of auditory short-term memory for verbal and musical material after stroke and their underlying cerebral correlates with a Voxel-based Lesion Symptom Mapping approach (VLSM). Patients with an ischemic stroke in the right (N=10) or left (N=10) middle cerebral artery territory and matched control participants (N=14) were tested with a detailed neuropsychological assessment including global cognitive functions, music perception and language tasks. All participants then performed verbal and musical auditory short-term memory (STM) tasks that were implemented in the same way for both materials. Participants had to indicate whether series of four words or four tones presented in pairs, were the same or different. To detect domain-general STM deficits, they also had to perform a visual STM task. Behavioral results showed that patients had lower performance for the STM tasks in comparison with control participants, regardless of the material (words, tones, visual) and the lesion side. The individual patient data showed a double dissociation between some patients exhibiting verbal deficits without musical deficits or the reverse. Exploratory VLSM analyses suggested that dorsal pathways are involved in verbal (phonetic), musical (melodic), and visual STM, while the ventral auditory pathway is involved in musical STM.

Online and Offline Performance Gains Following Motor Imagery Practice: A Comprehensive Review of Behavioral and Neuroimaging Studies.

There is now compelling evidence that motor imagery (MI) promotes motor learning. While MI has been shown to influence the early stages of the learning process, recent data revealed that sleep also contributes to the consolidation of the memory trace. How such "online" and "offline" processes take place and how they interact to impact the neural underpinnings of movements has received little attention. The aim of the present review is twofold: (i) providing an overview of recent applied and fundamental studies investigating the effects of MI practice (MIP) on motor learning; and (ii) detangling applied and fundamental findings in support of a sleep contribution to motor consolidation after MIP. We conclude with an integrative approach of online and offline learning resulting from intense MIP in healthy participants, and underline research avenues in the motor learning/clinical domains.

MEG Connectivity and Power Detections with Minimum Norm Estimates Require Different Regularization Parameters.

Minimum Norm Estimation (MNE) is an inverse solution method widely used to reconstruct the source time series that underlie magnetoencephalography (MEG) data. MNE addresses the ill-posed nature of MEG source estimation through regularization (e.g., Tikhonov regularization). Selecting the best regularization parameter is a critical step. Generally, once set, it is common practice to keep the same coefficient throughout a study. However, it is yet to be known whether the optimal lambda for spectral power analysis of MEG source data coincides with the optimal regularization for source-level oscillatory coupling analysis. We addressed this question via extensive Monte-Carlo simulations of MEG data, where we generated 21,600 configurations of pairs of coupled sources with varying sizes, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and coupling strengths. Then, we searched for the Tikhonov regularization coefficients (lambda) that maximize detection performance for (a) power and (b) coherence. For coherence, the optimal lambda was two orders of magnitude smaller than the best lambda for power. Moreover, we found that the spatial extent of the interacting sources and SNR, but not the extent of coupling, were the main parameters affecting the best choice for lambda. Our findings suggest using less regularization when measuring oscillatory coupling compared to power estimation.

Neuromagnetic correlates of adaptive plasticity across the hand-face border in human primary somatosensory cortex.

It is well established that permanent or transient reduction of somatosensory inputs, following hand deafferentation or anesthesia, induces plastic changes across the hand-face border, supposedly responsible for some altered perceptual phenomena such as tactile sensations being referred from the face to the phantom hand. It is also known that transient increase of hand somatosensory inputs, via repetitive somatosensory stimulation (RSS) at a fingertip, induces local somatosensory discriminative improvement accompanied by cortical representational changes in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). We recently demonstrated that RSS at the tip of the right index finger induces similar training-independent perceptual learning across the hand-face border, improving somatosensory perception at the lips (Muret D, Dinse HR, Macchione S, Urquizar C, Farnè A, Reilly KT.Curr Biol24: R736-R737, 2014). Whether neural plastic changes across the hand-face border accompany such remote and adaptive perceptual plasticity remains unknown. Here we used magnetoencephalography to investigate the electrophysiological correlates underlying RSS-induced behavioral changes across the hand-face border. The results highlight significant changes in dipole location after RSS both for the stimulated finger and for the lips. These findings reveal plastic changes that cross the hand-face border after an increase, instead of a decrease, in somatosensory inputs.