Corn supplementation on milk urea nitrogen content of dairy cows grazing on temperate annual pasture / Efeito da suplementação com grão ou silagem de milho sobre o nitrogênio ureico no leite de vacas em pastos anuais de inverno

ABSTRACT: The excretion of urinary nitrogen (N), one of the most important environmental contaminants from livestock systems, is highly correlated with milk urea N content. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of different types of corn supplementation on milk urea N in grazing dairy cows. Twelve Holstein × Jersey lactating dairy cows were divided into six uniform groups according to milk production, lactation stage and live weight. Treatments were compared according to a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square experimental design, with three periods of seventeen days (twelve days to adaptation and five to measurements). The experimental treatments were exclusively grazing (G); grazing + supplementation with 4.2 kg DM of corn silage (CS) and grazing + supplementation with 3.2 kg DM of ground corn (GC). The pasture used was annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and white oats (Avena sativa L.). The milk protein production increased 65 g/day in the GC treatment group compared to the G and CS groups. The supplemented dairy cows showed lower milk urea N (-2.8 mg/dL) than unsupplemented cows, but the N utilization efficiency (g N output in milk/ g N intake) did not change between treatments (average = 0.26). Additionally, there was a relationship between milk and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (R2 = 0.64). In conclusion, for dairy cows grazing annual temperate pastures, corn ground supplementation increased milk protein production and reduced the excretion of milk urea N, whereas corn silage reduced the excretion of milk urea N without affecting milk protein production.

RESUMO: A excreção de nitrogênio (N) urinário é um dos mais importantes contaminantes ambientais nos sistemas de produção animal, e possui alta correlação com as concentrações de N ureico no leite. Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com grão ou silagem de milho na excreção de N ureico e produção de proteína no leite de vacas em pastos anuais de inverno. Doze vacas em lactação cruza Holandês × Jersey foram divididas em seis lotes uniformes de acordo com a produção de leite, estádio de lactação e peso vivo. Os tratamentos foram comparados de acordo com um delineamento experimental em duplo Quadrado Latino 3 × 3, com três períodos de dezessete dias (doze dias de adaptação e cinco de avaliações). Os tratamentos experimentais foram exclusivamente pastejo (G), suplementação com 4.2 kg de MS de silagem de milho (CS) e 3.2 kg de MS de milho moído (GC). O pasto utilizado foi Azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum L.) e Aveia branca (Avena sativa L.). A produção de proteína no leite aumentou 65 g/dia nos animais do grupo GC quando comparados aos dos grupos G e CS. As vacas suplementadas reduziram os teores de N ureico do leite em comparação às não suplementadas (-2,8 mg/dL), mas a eficiência de uso do N (g N produzido no leite/g N ingerido) foi semelhante entre os tratamentos (média = 0,26). Além disso, houve uma relação positiva entre as concentrações de N ureico no leite e no plasma (R2 = 0.64). Em conclusão, a suplementação com o grão de milho se mostrou eficiente na redução da excreção de N ureico com aumento na produção de proteína do leite, enquanto a silagem de milho permitiu reduções na excreção de N ureico sem afetar a produção de proteína do leite.

The effects of supplementing Acacia mearnsii tannin extract on dairy cow dry matter intake, milk production, and methane emission in a tropical pasture.

The study assessed the effect of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract supplementation grazing dairy cows on dry matter (DM) intake, enteric methane (CH4) emission, and performance. Twelve Holstein cows were divided into two groups and subjected to two treatments that consisted of millet pasture (Pennisetum glaucum L.) plus supplementation with 6 kg of concentrate (750-g/kg ground corn and 250-g/kg soybean meal) including or excluding 120-g tannin extract. The trial design was a double reversal using three periods of 28 days each, with 21 days for the adaption period, and 7 days for sample collection. Herbage intake was measured using the n-alkane technique, and daily CH4 emission was measured with the sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas technique. Individual total DM intake (mean = 17.1 kg/day), herbage DM intake (mean = 11.8 kg/day), and milk production (mean = 19.2 kg/day) were similar between treatments. CH4 emission significantly decreased (32%, P < 0.05) in the animals supplemented with tannin extract, compared to non-supplemented animals. On the other hand, as proportion of DM intake or milk production, methane emission tended to decrease in tannin-supplemented animals. Supplementing dairy cows grazing a millet pasture with 120-g tannin extract reduced daily CH4 emission without affecting animal performance.

Intake and digestion of wethers fed with dwarf elephant grass hay with or without the inclusion of peanut hay.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) hay in diets based on dwarf elephant grass (DEG, Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv. Kurumi) hay of different regrowth ages on forage intake and digestibility in wether lambs. The experimental treatments consisted of DEG hay with an interval of regrowth of 30 or 45 days offered as the only feed or in mixture with peanut hay (300 g/kg of total dry matter (DM)), which were tested in eight Texel × Suffolk crossbred wethers in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Both organic matter (OM) and digestible OM intakes were higher (P < 0.05) in animals receiving the legume forage. Total apparent OM digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) at an increased grass regrowth age. Ruminal OM digestibility increased (P < 0.05) with legume inclusion and at a higher grass regrowth age. The nitrogen (N) intake was higher (P < 0.05) in legume treatments and lower (P < 0.05) as the grass regrowth age increased, but retention of N was not affected by treatments. Duodenal flow of both, non-ammonia N and microbial N, were not affected by legume inclusion and were lower (P < 0.05) as grass regrowth age increased. The efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis (ERMPS) was negatively affected (P < 0.05) by legume inclusion and was lower (P < 0.05) as the grass regrowth age increased. Supplementation of dwarf elephant grass hay cut at the vegetative stage with peanut legume hay improves nutritional supply to wethers due to an increase in the forage intake.