Abundance of Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus (Nematoda: Camallanidae) in Characiformes fish and associated factors in Midwest Brazil.

The success of Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus infection in fish involves a complexity of variables. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between abundance of P. (S.) inopinatus with biometric and somatic parameters, sex, relative condition factor (Kn) and hosts diet, as well as to evaluate length relationship of the parasites and the hosts. The fishes were collected by the mesh method and data, length, weight, sex, gonad and liver weight, Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI), Kn and stomach content were recorded. Twenty-seven specimens of P. (S.) inopinatus were collected in the intestine from Serrasalmus rhombeus and 52 from Leporinus friderici. In general, the prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance of infection was higher in L. friderici. The total abundance was explained by the variables GSI, HSI total length, gonad and liver weight. Fish relative condition factor (kn) and sex were not influenced by the infection, being that the parasite infection did not impair the body condition of the hosts. There is no relationship between host length and parasite length in any of the evaluated fish species. On average, S. rhombeus parasites are 0.69 cm larger than L. friderici parasites.

Trends on Microalgae-Fungi Consortia Research: An Alternative for Biofuel Production?

The utilization of microalgae and fungi on an industrial scale is a challenge for researchers. Based on the question "how fungi have contributed to microalgae research?," we verified the scientific trends on microalgae-fungi consortia focused on biofuels production by searching for articles on the Web of Science and Scopus databases through the terms "microalgae*" or phytoplankton and "fung*." We found 1,452 articles published between 1950 and 2020; since 2006, the publication numbers have increased rapidly. The articles were published in 12 languages, but most were written in English (96.3%). Among 72 countries, China (360 articles), USA (344), and Germany (155) led the publication rank. Among the 10 most-prolific authors, 8 were Chinese, like 5 of the most-productive institutions, whereas the National Cheng Kung University was on the top of the list. The sources that published the most on the subject were: Bioresource Technology (96), PLoS ONE (28), and Science of the Total Environment (26). The keyword analysis emphasized the magnitude of applications in microalgae-fungi consortia research. Confirming this research question, biofuels appeared as a research trend, especially biodiesel, biogas, and related terms like lipid, lipid accumulation, anaerobic digestion, and biogas upgrading. For 70 years, articles have been published, where China and the United States seem to dominate the research scenario, and biodiesel is the main biofuel derived from this consortium. However, microalgae-based biofuel biorefinery is still a bottleneck on an industrial scale. Recent environmental challenges, such as greenhouse gas mitigation, can be a promising field for that microalgae-fungi application.

Morphometric analysis of Poecilia vivipara chloride cells exposed to fractions of Caryocar brasiliensis leaf and bark - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v25i1.2107 / Análise morfométrica das células de cloro de Poecilia vivípara expostas a frações da folha e da casca do caule de Caryocar brasiliensis - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v25i1.2107

Fractions of Caryocar brasiliensis leaf and bark, tested as molluscicidal, fought the intermediary host of schistosomiasis. The ecological niche of this mollusk is related to water sources. Besides this, a fungitoxic action of the ethyl-acetate fraction (leaf) was verified, exhibiting high activity towards Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The gill epithelium of Poecilia vivipara (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae) was used to test the toxicity of these fractions to animal cells. Quantitative analyses demonstrated a decrease in the density of chloride cells exposed to the leaf fractions and an increase in those exposed to bark fractions. The leaf and bark fractions induced a decrease in the area of the chloride cells (CC) in the gill filament. The perimeter of the CC did not suffer significant changes in face of these fractions. The aqueous fraction of the leaf is more toxic to the guaru. Bark fractions are less debilitating, and can be employed in the control of cell populations, showing high efficacy at it

Frações da folha e casca de pequi (Caryocar brasiliensis), testadas como moluscicidas, combateram o hospedeiro intermedário da esquistossomose. O nicho ecológico desse molusco está associado a mananciais de água. Além disso foi verificada a ação fungiotóxica da fração acetato de etila (folha), que apresentou elevada atividade frente ao fungo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Utilizou-se o epitélio branquial de Poecilia vivípara (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae), para testar a toxicidade dessas frações para células animais. Análises quantitativas demonstraram redução da densidade numérica das células de cloro expostas às frações da folha e aumento das expostas à casca. A folha e a casca causaram a redução da área das células de cloro (CC) no filamento branquial. O perímetro das CC não sofreu alteração significativa perante tais frações. A fração aquosa da folha foi mais tóxica ao guaru. Frações da casca são menos prejudiciais, podendo ser empregadas no controle de populações celulares, pois se mostraram muito eficazes