Acceptability, usability and feasibility of experienced sampling method in chronic secondary pain syndromes.

Background: In chronic pain syndromes, symptoms can fluctuate and change over time. Standard questionnaires cannot register these fluctuations. Nonetheless, the experience sampling method (ESM) is developed to collect momentary measurements of everyday complaints, tracing fluctuations in symptoms and disabling factors over time. Although valuable information can be collected in this way, assessment may also be a burden. This study aimed to investigate the acceptability, usability, and feasibility of ESM in chronic secondary pain syndromes, in a single-center study in the Netherlands. Methods: A prospective observational study with repeated measurements was conducted in patients with chronic secondary neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain syndromes, including small fiber neuropathy, spinal cord injury, and rheumatoid disorder. Results: Thirty-four participants were included and filled in the ESM, of whom 19 were diagnosed with small fiber neuropathy, 11 with spinal cord injury, and 4 with a rheumatoid disorder. The mean age was 54.7 ± 13.9 years (range: 23-77) of whom 52.9% were female. In total, 19 participants filled in the general and user-friendliness evaluation about the acceptability and usability of the ESM. The general evaluation showed no influence of ESM on participants' social contacts (mean 1.47, SD 1.12), activities (mean 1.74, SD 1.44), and mood (mean 1.89, SD 1.59). The answers options of ESM were a good representation of the experiences of participants (mean 4.58, SD 1.77). Regarding feasibility, the overall response rate for answering the beep signals of ESM was 44.5% in total. The missing rate per person varied from 13% to 97% with a median of 54.1%. Conclusion: The general evaluation and the user-friendliness revealed sufficient outcomes in favor of the ESM application. ESM seems a promising measurement tool to use in secondary chronic pain syndromes.

Living with small fiber neuropathy: insights from qualitative focus group interviews.

OBJECTIVE: Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is characterized by chronic neuropathic pain and autonomic dysfunction. Currently, symptomatic pharmacological treatment is often insufficient and frequently causes side effects. SFN patients have a reduced quality of life. However, little is known regarding whether psycho-social variables influence the development and maintenance of SFN-related disability and complaints. Additional knowledge may have consequences for the treatment of SFN. For example, factors such as thinking, feeling, and behavior are known to play roles in other chronic pain conditions. The aim of this study was to obtain further in-depth information about the experience of living with SFN and related chronic pain. METHODS: Fifteen participants with idiopathic SFN participated in a prospective, semi-structured, qualitative, focus group interview study. The focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed cyclically after each interview. RESULTS: The following main themes were identified: "pain appraisal", "coping", "social, work, and health environment", and "change in identity". Catastrophic thoughts and negative emotions were observed. Living with SFN resulted in daily limitations and reduced quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Given the results, it can be concluded that an optimal treatment should include biological, psychological, and social components.

Anxiety and depression in small fiber neuropathy.

Psychiatric comorbidity is common in patients with chronic pain. In peripheral neuropathic pain, particularly anxiety and mood disorders are frequently present and associated with a high level of catastrophizing. Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a peripheral neuropathy dominated by pain. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms in SFN. All consecutive patients diagnosed with SFN at Maastricht University Medical Center+, between September 2016 and October 2021, were included (n = 1310). Data on demographics, medical history, diagnostic tests, and questionnaires about pain, SFN-specific symptoms, and mental health were collected once. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure anxiety and depression and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) to measure the degree of catastrophizing. One-third of the patients had an abnormal HADS score (≥11) on the subscales anxiety and/or depression (26.5% anxiety and 23.0% depression) indicating clinical relevance. Regression analysis showed that higher pain intensity, catastrophizing, and more SFN-related complaints were significantly associated with an abnormal HADS-score. In conclusion, the prevalence of reported anxiety or depressive symptoms in SFN is 36.3%. A multidisciplinary approach, not only focusing on pain relief, is therefore essential for the treatment of SFN.

Infections in deep brain stimulation: Shaving versus not shaving.

BACKGROUND: To report our experience of infections in deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgeries comparing shaving versus no shaving of cranial hair. Nonshaving is strongly preferred by patients due to aesthetic and psychological factors. METHODS: This study is a prospective follow-up of the infection rate in 43 nonshaven DBS cases between April 2014 and December 2015 compared to our former infection rate with shaving in our center. Minimum follow-up was 6 months. All patients, except 7 epilepsy patients, received implantation of the electrodes together with the extension cables and internal pulse generator in one session. RESULTS: In 43 nonshaven patients, a total of 81 electrodes were implanted or revised with a mean follow-up of 16 months. One patient (2.32%) developed an infection of the implanted DBS-hardware and was treated with antibiotics. CONCLUSION: In our experience nonshaving of cranial hair in DBS surgery does not lead to more infections when compared to shaving. We have changed our protocol to nonshaving based on these findings.