Sleep quality and daytime function in adults with cystic fibrosis and severe lung disease.

It was hypothesized that adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with severe lung disease have impaired daytime function related to nocturnal hypoxaemia and sleep disruption. Nineteen CF patients (forced expiratory volume in one second 28+/-7% predicted) and 10 healthy subjects completed sleep diaries, overnight polysomnography (PSG), and assessment of daytime sleepiness and neurocognitive function. CF patients tended to report more awakenings (0.7+/-0.5 versus 0.3+/-0.2 x h(-1), p=0.08), and PSG revealed reduced sleep efficiency (71+/-25 versus 93+/-4%, p=0.004) and a higher frequency of awakenings (4.2+/-2.7 versus 2.4+/-1.4 x h(-1), p=0.06). Mean arterial oxygen saturation during sleep was lower in CF patients (84.4+/-6.8 versus 94.3+/-1.5%, p<0.0001) and was associated with reduced sleep efficiency (regression coefficient (r)=0.57, p=0.014). CF patients had short sleep latency on the multiple sleep latency test (6.7+/-3 min). The CF group reported lower levels of activation and happiness and greater levels of fatigue (p<0.01), which correlated with indices of sleep loss, such as sleep efficiency (r=0.47, p=10.05). Objective neurocognitive performance was also impaired in CF patients, reflected by lower throughput for simple addition/subtraction, serial reaction and colour-word conflict. The authors concluded that adult cystic fibrosis patients with severe lung disease have impaired neurocognitive function and daytime sleepiness, which is partly related to chronic sleep loss and nocturnal hypoxaemia.

Impact of menopause on the prevalence and severity of sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence and severity of sleep apnea between premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and to determine whether these differences are affected by the body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study utilizing a sleep clinic patient database. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 1,315 women, classified into premenopausal and postmenopausal groups based on age (< 45 years and > 55 years, respectively). MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, and neck circumference. Sleep measurements included full nocturnal polysomnography. Sleep apnea was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 10/h. RESULTS: There were 797 premenopausal and 518 postmenopausal women. The latter group was more obese (mean +/- SE BMI, 32.2 +/- 0.4 kg/m(2) vs 30.2 +/- 0.4 kg/m(2); p < 0.0001) and had larger neck circumference (37.1 +/- 0.2 cm vs 35.8 +/- 0.2 cm; p < 0.0001). The prevalence of sleep apnea was greater in postmenopausal women than premenopausal women (47% vs 21%; chi(2) < 0.0001). There were proportionately more postmenopausal than premenopausal women in all ranges of apnea severity (AHI, 10 to 30/h, 30 to 50/h, and > 50/h). Postmenopausal women had a significantly higher mean AHI compared to premenopausal women (17.0 +/- 0.9/h vs 8.7 +/- 0.6/h; p < 0.0001); this significant difference persisted even after adjusting for BMI and neck circumference. CONCLUSION: There may be functional, rather than anatomic, differences in the upper airway between premenopausal and postmenopausal women, which may account for the observed differences in apnea prevalence and severity.

Successful treatment of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis-related multicystic lung disease with cidofovir: case report and review of the literature.

Cidofovir, a nucleoside analog antiviral agent, has been used with moderate success in the treatment of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis (JLP) by direct intralesional injection. We report the first case where IV cidofovir was used successfully to treat a rare but lethal multicystic lung disease complicating JLP. A 35-year-old woman with a history of JLP requiring multiple laser ablations of laryngeal papillomata each year presented with hemoptysis and was found on CT scan to have bilateral, multiple pulmonary nodules and cysts. The results of BAL fluid analysis demonstrated no evidence of malignancy, and cultures were negative for fungi and mycobacteria. Molecular DNA typing of a biopsy specimen obtained from a laryngeal papilloma confirmed infection with human papilloma virus type 11. She received 12 months of treatment with IV cidofovir followed by 9 months of combined treatmentwith IV cidofovir and subcutaneous interferon-alpha-2A. This therapeutic regime resulted in a markedly decreased requirement for surgical removal of laryngeal papillomata, and CT scanning documented the regression of the lesions in the lung parenchyma that persisted after the discontinuation of therapy. The results of this case demonstrate that cidofovir may be used successfully to treat JLP-related lung disease and suggest that further studies are warranted.

ARDS in patients with thermal injury.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the time to onset of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with thermal injury requiring mechanical ventilation. Secondarily, to consider the burn-related risk factors, demographics, incidence, and mortality for ARDS in this population. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review; ARDS defined according to the American-European Consensus Conference and the Lung Injury Severity Score definitions. SETTING: Regional, tertiary referral, adult burn unit in a university teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients with thermal injury requiring mechanical ventilation, admitted between 1 January 1991 and 28 February 1995. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Of 469 consecutive admissions, 126 (26.9%) received intubation and mechanical ventilation. ARDS was defined according to the American-European Consensus and Lung Injury Severity Score (score > 2.5) definitions. The mean time to onset of ARDS from admission to the burn unit was 6.9 +/- 5.2 and 8.2 +/- 10.7 days when defined by the American-European Consensus and Lung Injury Severity Score definitions respectively (p = 0.41). Of the intubated patients, 53.6 and 45.2% developed ARDS according to the American-European Consensus and Lung Injury Severity Score definitions, respectively (p = 0.19). Using multivariate logistic analysis, only age proved to be an independent risk factor for the development of ARDS (p = 0.03), although there was a trend toward an increased incidence of inhalation injury in patients with ARDS. Mortality was not significantly greater (41.8 vs 32.2%) in those with ARDS compared to those without (p = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: According to the American-European Consensus Conference and the Lung Injury Severity Score definitions, ARDS is common in the adult burn population and has a delayed onset compared to most critical care populations. We found age to be a major predisposing factor for ARDS.