Performance of the Asia-Pacific Colorectal Screening score in stratifying the risk of advanced colorectal neoplasia: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the performance of the Asia-Pacific Colorectal Screening (APCS) score and its incorporation with the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in stratifying the risk of advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACN). METHODS: We systematically searched for relevant articles in 12 electronic databases and registers on October 20, 2021, and updated the search to September 1, 2023. Random-effect models were used to obtain the pooled performance statistics of the APCS score for ACN risk. RESULTS: From the 101 records screened, 13 eligible studies in the Asia-Pacific region involving 69 762 subjects who had undergone colonoscopy were enrolled. The pooled prevalences of ACN in the average-risk (AR) tier (APCS 0-1), moderate-risk (MR) tier (APCS 2-3), and high-risk (HR) tier (APCS ≥ 4) groups were 0.9%, 3.1%, and 8.1%, respectively. Compared with the combined AR-MR group, the HR group was significantly associated with a higher ACN risk (pooled diagnostic odds ratio: 2.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.35-3.45, P < 0.001). The APCS score showed a sensitivity of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.40-0.44) and a specificity of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.85-0.86) for predicting the ACN risk, with a weighted area under the curve of 0.642 (95% CI: 0.610-0.657). The combination of the APCS score and FIT substantially improved ACN risk identification, demonstrating pooled diagnostic odds ratios of 4.02 (95% CI: 2.50-6.49) in the AR-MR groups and 5.44 (95% CI: 1.89-15.63) in the MR-HR groups. CONCLUSIONS: The APCS score could effectively stratify the ACN risk in the Asia-Pacific population. Incorporating FIT further improves its performance in identifying high-risk subjects who should be prioritized for colonoscopy screenings.

Highly Conductive Peroxidase-like Ce-MoS2 Nanoflowers for the Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine and Epinephrine.

The accurate and simultaneous detection of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (EP), is of paramount importance in clinical diagnostic fields. Herein, we developed cerium-molybdenum disulfide nanoflowers (Ce-MoS2 NFs) using a simple one-pot hydrothermal method and demonstrated that they are highly conductive and exhibit significant peroxidase-mimicking activity, which was applied for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of DA and EP. Ce-MoS2 NFs showed a unique structure, comprising MoS2 NFs with divalent Ce ions. This structural design imparted a significantly enlarged surface area of 220.5 m2 g-1 with abundant active sites as well as enhanced redox properties, facilitating electron transfer and peroxidase-like catalytic action compared with bare MoS2 NFs without Ce incorporation. Based on these beneficial features, Ce-MoS2 NFs were incorporated onto a screen-printed electrode (Ce-MoS2 NFs/SPE), enabling the electrochemical detection of H2O2 based on their peroxidase-like activity. Ce-MoS2 NFs/SPE biosensors also showed distinct electrocatalytic oxidation characteristics for DA and EP, consequently yielding the highly selective, sensitive, and simultaneous detection of target DA and EP. Dynamic linear ranges for both DA and EP were determined to be 0.05~100 µM, with detection limits (S/N = 3) of 28 nM and 44 nM, respectively. This study shows the potential of hierarchically structured Ce-incorporated MoS2 NFs to enhance the detection performances of electrochemical biosensors, thus enabling extensive applications in healthcare, diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.

Ficin-copper hybrid nanoflowers with enhanced peroxidase-like activity for colorimetric detection of biothiols.

The proteolytic enzyme ficin exhibits peroxidase-like activity but it is low and insufficient for real applications. Herein, we developed ficin-copper hybrid nanoflowers and demonstrated that they have significantly enhanced peroxidase-like activity of over 6-fold higher than that of free ficin, with one of the lowest Km and highest kcat values among all reported ficin-based peroxidase-like nanozymes. This was most likely caused by the synergistic catalysis of co-existing ficin and crystalline copper phosphate within nanoflower matrices having a large surface area. The nanoflowers were easily prepared by incubating ficin and copper sulfate at ambient temperature, causing coordination interactions between ficin's amine/amide moieties and copper ions, followed by concomitant anisotropic growth of petals composed of copper phosphate crystals with ficin. When compared to free ficin and natural horseradish peroxidase, the resulting nanoflowers' affinity toward H2O2 was greatly increased, yielding Km values of half and one-tenth, respectively, as well as noticeably improved stability. The nanoflowers were then applied to colorimetric determination of biological thiols (biothiols), such as cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH), and homocysteine (Hcy), based on their inhibition of nanoflowers' peroxidase-like activity, producing reduced color intensities as the concentration of biothiols increased. This strategy achieved highly sensitive colorimetric determinations of Cys, GSH, and Hcy after only 25-min incubation. Additionally, using this technique, biothiols in human serum were successfully determined with excellent precision, suggesting the potential application of this technology in clinical settings, particularly in point-of-care testing environments.

A Clinicopathologic Continuum of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases in an Adult With Tuberculosis and Latent Hepatitis B Virus Infection.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is considered distinct from eosinophilic colitis (EC). A 59-year-old man presented with a colonic tumor, who had resolution of pain and diarrhea after surgery, then 7 months later developed proton-pump inhibitor-responsive dysphagia with esophagitis, and 9 months later presented again with pain and diarrhea where EGE with concurrent eosinophilic esophagitis was diagnosed. Review of the resected tumor specimen identified EC with an adenoma. Workup revealed tuberculosis and latent hepatitis B virus requiring treatment before commencing immunosuppressive therapy plus a 6-food elimination diet that led to complete resolution within 3 weeks. EC may precede EGE and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Prevalence, causes, medical interventions, and mortality outcome of acute gastrointestinal bleeding among COVID-19 inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, causes, medical interventions, and mortality outcome of acute gastrointestinal bleeding (AGIB) among COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the delta pandemic in Vietnam. METHODS: The medical records of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a tertiary hospital in Vietnam from July to October 2021 were retrospectively collected. Data regarding age, sex, comorbidities, COVID-19 severity, onset time of AGIB, therapeutic interventions for AGIB, and mortality outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 1567 COVID-19 inpatients, 56 (3.6%) had AGIB. The independent risk factors for AGIB in COVID-19 inpatients included age (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.04, p = .003), male sex (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.06-3.26, p = .03), chronic liver disease (OR = 6.21, 95% CI: 2.97-13.00, p < .001), and chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.01-4.65, p = .047). Among 34 AGIB patients undergoing endoscopy, upper AGIB was determined in 24 (70.6%) patients. Peptic ulcer disease and hemorrhagic erosive gastritis were the most common causes (64.7%, 22/34). The therapeutic interventions for AGIB included blood transfusion (76.8%, 43/56), endoscopic hemostasis (23.5%, 8/34), and surgery (1.8%, 1/56). The mortality rate in the AGIB group was significantly higher than that in the non-AGIB group (46.4% vs. 27.7%, OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.32-3.87, p = .002). However, the majority (76.9%) of deaths in COVID-19 inpatients with AGIB were not bleeding-related. CONCLUSIONS: Age, male sex, chronic liver disease, and chronic kidney disease are risk factors for AGIB among COVID-19 inpatients. Peptic ulcer disease is the most common cause. COVID-19 inpatients with AGIB have a higher risk of mortality, but a large percentage of deaths are not bleeding-related.

Since there is not enough information of sudden digestive tract bleeding among Asian populations with COVID-19, this study aimed to measure the proportion of existing cases, causes, medical treatments and deaths of sudden digestive tract bleeding in COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized during the Delta-variant pandemic in Vietnam. We collected medical records of 1567 COVID-19 patients from a specialty hospital in Vietnam from July to October 2021. Sudden digestive tract bleeding was present in 3.6% of COVID-19 inpatients. The risk of sudden digestive tract bleeding was higher in COVID-19 patients who were old, male, or had long-term liver or kidney disease. The most common cause of sudden digestive tract bleeding among COVID-19 inpatients were stomach ulcers. In addition, COVID-19 inpatients with sudden digestive tract bleeding had a higher risk of death, but a large proportion of deaths were not bleeding-related.

The effects of heat exposure on tropical farm workers in Malaysia: six-month physiological health monitoring.

Farmers in tropical countries have been impacted by slow-onset heat stress. By comparing the nature of farming activities performed by conventional farmworkers and agroecological farmers, this study examined the changes in physiological health in responses to heat exposure through a six-month longitudinal study. Throughout the six-month follow-up period, the heat stress index (HSI), physiological strain indices (PSI), and physiological health parameters (BMI, blood glucose level, blood cholesterol level, uric acid level) were measured and repeated every two-month. Physiological parameters were recorded twice daily, before and during their first lunch break. This study found that slow-onset heat stress affects farmers differently. The health of agroecological farmers is more resistant to slow-onset extreme temperatures. Pre-existing metabolic health effects from pesticide exposure make conventional farmers more susceptible to extreme temperatures, delaying their bodies' adaptation to rising temperatures.

Comparison of Optical and Electrical Sensor Characteristics for Efficient Analysis of Attachment and Detachment of Aptamer.

Nucleic acid aptamer-based research has focused on achieving the highest performance for bioassays. However, there are limitations in evaluating the affinity for the target analytes in these nucleic acid aptamer-based bioassays. In this study, we mainly propose graphene oxide (GO)-based electrical and optical analyses to efficiently evaluate the affinity between an aptamer and its target. We found that an aptamer-coupled GO-based chip with an electrical resistance induced by a field-effect transistor, with aptamers as low as 100 pM, can detect the target, thrombin, at yields as low as 250 pM within five minutes. In the optical approach, the fluorescent dye-linked aptamer, as low as 100 nM, was efficiently used with GO, enabling the sensitive detection of thrombin at yields as low as 5 nM. The cantilever type of mechanical analysis also demonstrated the intuitive aptamer-thrombin reaction in the signal using dBm units. Finally, a comparison of electrical and optical sensors' characteristics was introduced in the attachment and detachment of aptamer to propose an efficient analysis that can be utilized for various aptamer-based research fields.

Colorimetric determination of phenolic compounds using peroxidase mimics based on biomolecule-free hybrid nanoflowers consisting of graphitic carbon nitride and copper.

Hybrid nanoflowers consisting of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) and copper were successfully constructed without the involvement of any biomolecule, by simply mixing them at room temperature to induce proper self-assembly to achieve a flower-like morphology. The resulting biomolecule-free GCN-copper hybrid nanoflowers (GCN-Cu NFs) exhibited an apparent peroxidase-mimicking activity, possibly owing to the synergistic effect from the coordination of GCN and copper, as well as their large surface area, which increased the number of catalytic reaction sites. The peroxidase-mimicking GCN-Cu NFs were then employed in the colorimetric determination of selected phenolic compounds hydroquinone (HQ), methylhydroquinone (MHQ), and catechol (CC). For samples without phenolic compounds, GCN-Cu NFs catalyzed the oxidation of the peroxidase substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of H2O2, producing an intense blue color signal. Conversely, in the presence of phenolic compounds, the oxidation of TMB was inhibited, resulting in a significant reduction of the color signal. Using this strategy, HQ, MHQ, and CC were selectively and sensitively determined in a linear range up to 100 µM with detection limits down to 0.82, 0.27, and 0.36 µM, respectively. The practical utility of this assay system was also validated by using it to detect phenolic compounds spiked in tap water, yielding a good recovery of 97.1-108.9% and coefficient of variation below 3.0%, demonstrating the excellent reliability and reproducibility of this strategy. Colorimetric determination of phenolic compounds using peroxidase mimics based on biomolecule-free hybrid nanoflowers consisting of graphitic carbon nitride and copper.

Effective Cryopreservation of a Bioluminescent Auxotrophic Escherichia coli-Based Amino Acid Array to Enable Long-Term Ready-to-Use Applications.

Amino acid arrays comprising bioluminescent amino acid auxotrophic Escherichia coli are effective systems to quantitatively determine multiple amino acids. However, there is a need to develop a method for convenient long-term preservation of the array to enable its practical applications. Here, we reported a potential strategy to efficiently maintain cell viability within the portable array. The method involves immobilization of cells within agarose gel supplemented with an appropriate cryoprotectant in individual wells of a 96-well plate, followed by storage under freezing conditions. Six cryoprotectants, namely dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sucrose, and trehalose, were tested in the methionine (Met) auxotroph-based array. Carbohydrate-type cryoprotectants (glycerol, sucrose, and trehalose) efficiently preserved the linearity of determination of Met concentration. In particular, the array with 5% trehalose exhibited the best performance. The Met array with 5% trehalose could determine Met concentration with high linearity (R2 value = approximately 0.99) even after storage at -20 °C for up to 3 months. The clinical utilities of the Met and Leu array, preserved at -20 °C for 3 months, were also verified by successfully quantifying Met and Leu in spiked blood serum samples for the diagnosis of the corresponding metabolic diseases. This long-term preservation protocol enables the development of a ready-to-use bioluminescent E. coli-based amino acid array to quantify multiple amino acids and can replace the currently used laborious analytical methods.

Isogenies on twisted Hessian curves.

Elliptic curves are typically defined by Weierstrass equations. Given a kernel, the well-known Vélu's formula shows how to explicitly write down an isogeny between Weierstrass curves. However, it is not clear how to do the same on other forms of elliptic curves without isomorphisms mapping to and from the Weierstrass form. Previous papers have shown some isogeny formulas for (twisted) Edwards, Huff, and Montgomery forms of elliptic curves. Continuing this line of work, this paper derives explicit formulas for isogenies between elliptic curves in (twisted) Hessian form. In addition, we examine the numbers of operations in the base field to compute the formulas. In comparison with other isogeny formulas, we note that our formulas for twisted Hessian curves have the lowest costs for processing the kernel and our X-affine formula has the lowest cost for processing an input point in affine coordinates.

Fundamental Solutions and Gegenbauer Expansions of Helmholtz Operators in Riemannian Spaces of Constant Curvature.

We perform global and local analysis of oscillatory and damped spherically symmetric fundamental solutions for Helmholtz operators (-Δ±ß 2) in d-dimensional, R-radius hyperbolic H R d and hyperspherical S R d geometry, which represent Riemannian manifolds with positive constant and negative constant sectional curvature respectively. In particular, we compute closed-form expressions for fundamental solutions of (-Δ±ß 2) on H R d , (-Δ±ß 2) on S R d , and present two candidate fundamental solutions for (-Δ - ß 2) on S R d . Flat-space limits, with their corresponding asymptotic representations, are used to restrict proportionality constants for these fundamental solutions. In order to accomplish this, we summarize and derive new large degree asymptotics for associated Legendre and Ferrers functions of the first and second kind. Furthermore, we prove that our fundamental solutions on the hyperboloid are unique due to their decay at infinity. To derive Gegenbauer polynomial expansions of our fundamental solutions for Helmholtz operators on hyperspheres and hyperboloids, we derive a collection of infinite series addition theorems for Ferrers and associated Legendre functions which are generalizations and extensions of the addition theorem for Gegenbauer polynomials. Using these addition theorems, in geodesic polar coordinates for dimensions greater than or equal to three, we compute Gegenbauer polynomial expansions for these fundamental solutions, and azimuthal Fourier expansions in two-dimensions.