Social inequality in tooth loss: separate and joint effects of household income and dental visits.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the separate and joint effects of household income and dental visits on tooth loss. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Participants from the Social Inequality in Cancer Cohort (SIC) were followed in registers for household income (2000), dental visits (2002-2009) and tooth loss (2010-2016). Logistic regression was used to assess the effect of household income and dental visits on tooth loss, and linear models were applied to assess the separate and joint effects of household income and dental visits. RESULTS: In total, 10.8% of the participants had tooth loss (⟨15 teeth present). Low household income and irregular dental visits showed significantly higher odds ratios for tooth loss. Compared to regular dental visits, irregular dental visits accounted for 923 (95% CI 840 - 1,005) extra cases of tooth loss per 10,000 persons, and compared to high household income, low household income accounted for 1,294 (95% CI 1,124 - 1,464) additional cases of tooth loss per 10,000 persons. Further, due to household income-dental visit interaction, we observed 581 (95% CI 233 - 928) extra cases of tooth loss per 10,000 persons. CONCLUSION: Low household income and irregular dental visits are important in relation to social inequality in tooth loss. Irregular dental visits are associated with higher risk of tooth loss among persons with low household income compared to persons with high household income. Such interaction may be explained by differences in susceptibility to tooth loss across household income groups.

Work assignments, delegation of tasks and job satisfaction among Danish dental hygienists.

INTRODUCTION: Recent legislation in Denmark has made it possible for dentists to delegate their tasks to dental hygienists. Previous studies have shown that Danish dental hygienists primarily were performing assignments within their own work field. These assignments include prophylaxis or instructing patients in oral health care. However, studies have also shown that Danish dental hygienists performed dental nurse assignments such as chair-side assistance, unit cleaning and disinfection of instruments. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) the range of work assignments performed by Danish dental hygienists, (ii) the types of dentist tasks performed by Danish dental hygienists and (iii) job satisfaction among Danish dental hygienists. DESIGN: Dental hygienists graduating in 2004-2007 were invited to participate in this study. METHODS: Participants answered an email-distributed questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding job satisfaction, assignments performed, postgraduate course attendance, receiving assistance from a dental nurse and which work assignments Danish dental hygienists wish to perform in the future. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that 90% of Danish dental hygienists were satisfied with their job and 52% were performing dentists' tasks. Among dentists' tasks performed by Danish dental hygienists, invasive caries therapy was the most frequently performed task. CONCLUSION: The type of assignments performed by Danish dental hygienists today appears to be changing compared to previous studies. From initially performing prophylaxis and chair-side assistance for the dentist, Danish dental hygienists today are performing a wider range of tasks which includes dentists' tasks.

Variation in quality report viewing by providers and correlation with NICU quality metrics.

BACKGROUND: To examine variation in quality report viewing and assess correlation between provider report viewing and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) quality. METHODS: Variation in report viewing sessions for 129 California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative NICUs was examined. NICUs were stratified into tertiles based on their antenatal steroid (ANS) use and hospital-acquired infection (HAI) rates to compare report viewing session counts. RESULTS: The number of report viewing sessions initiated by providers varied widely over a 2-year period (median=11; mean=25.5; s.d.=45.19 sessions). Report viewing was not associated with differences in ANS use. Facilities with low HAI rates had less frequent report viewing. Facilities with high report views had significant improvements in HAI rates over time. CONCLUSIONS: Available audit and feedback reports are utilized inconsistently across California NICUs despite evidence that report viewing is associated with improvements in quality of care delivery. Further studies are needed for reports to reach their theoretical potential.

Extreme hyperbilirubinemia and rescue exchange transfusion in California from 2007 to 2012.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of statewide learning collaboratives that used national guidelines to manage jaundice on the serial prevalence of extreme hyperbilirubinemia (EHB, total bilirubin ⩾25 mg dl(-1)) and exchange transfusions introduced in California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative (CPQCC) hospitals in 2007. STUDY DESIGN: Adverse outcomes were retrieved from statewide databases on re-admissions for live births ⩾35 weeks' gestation (2007 to 2012) in diverse CPQCC hospitals. Individual and cumulative select perinatal risk factors and frequencies were the outcomes measures. RESULTS: For 3 172 762 babies (2007 to 2012), 92.5% were ⩾35 weeks' gestation. Statewide EHB and exchange rates decreased from 28.2 to 15.3 and 3.6 to 1.9 per 100 000 live births, respectively. From 2007 to 2012, the trends for TB>25 mg dl(-1) rates were -0.92 per 100 000 live births per year (95% CI: -3.71 to 1.87, P=0.41 and R(2)=0.17). CONCLUSION: National guidelines complemented by statewide learning collaboratives can decrease or modify outcomes among all birth facilities and impact clinical practice behavior.

Estimating the quality of neonatal transport in California.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a strategy to assess the quality of neonatal transport based on change in neonatal condition during transport. STUDY DESIGN: The Canadian Transport Risk Index of Physiologic Stability (TRIPS) score was optimized for a California (Ca) population using data collected on 21 279 acute neonatal transports, 2007 to 2009, using models predicting (2/3) and validating (1/3) mortality within 7 days of transport. Quality Change Point 10th percentile (QCP10), a benchmark of the greatest deterioration seen in 10% of the transports by top-performing teams, was established. RESULT: Compared with perinatal variables (0.79), the Ca-TRIPS had a validation receiver operator characteristic area for prediction of death of 0.88 in all infants and 0.86 in infants transported after day 7. The risk of death increased 2.4-fold in infants whose deterioration exceeded the QCP10. CONCLUSION: We present a practical, benchmarked, risk-adjusted, estimate of the quality of neonatal transport.

Recurrent venous thromboembolism after surgery-provoked versus unprovoked thromboembolism.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: The incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) varies depending on the nature of the initial provoking risk factor(s). OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence and time course of recurrent VTE after unprovoked VTE vs. VTE provoked by nine different types of surgery. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of linked California hospital and emergency department discharge records. Between 1997 and 2007, all surgery-provoked VTE cases had a first-time VTE event diagnosed within 60 days after undergoing a major operation. The incidence of recurrent VTE was compared during specified follow-up periods by matching each surgery-provoked case with three unprovoked cases based on age, race, gender, VTE event, calendar year and co-morbidity. RESULTS: The 4-year Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence of recurrent VTE was 14.7% (95%CI: 14.2-15.1) in the matched unprovoked VTE group vs. 7.6% (CI: 7.0-8.2) in 11 797 patients with surgery-provoked VTE (P < 0.001). The overall risk reduction was 48%, which ranged from 64% lower risk (P < 0.001) after coronary bypass surgery to 25% lower risk (P = 0.06) after disc surgery. The risk of recurrent VTE 1-5 years after the index event was significantly lower in the surgery group (HR = 0.47, CI: 0.41-0.53). Within the surgery-provoked group, the risk of recurrent VTE was similar in men and women (HR = 1.0, CI: 0.8-1.3). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of recurrent VTE after surgery-provoked VTE was approximately 50% lower than after unprovoked VTE, confirming the view that provoked VTE is associated with a lower risk of recurrent VTE. However, there was appreciable heterogeneity in the relative risk of recurrent VTE associated with different operations.

Cost, causes and rates of rehospitalization of preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To examine hospital readmissions for premature infants during the first year of life. STUDY DESIGN: The California maternal and newborn/infant hospital discharge records were examined for subsequent readmission during the first year of life for all newborns from 1992 to 2000. Discharge diagnoses, hospital days, demographic data and hospital charges for infants born preterm (<36 weeks gestation) were identified and evaluated. RESULT: About 15% of preterm infants required at least one rehospitalization within the first year of life (average cost per readmission 8,468 dollars, average annual cost in excess of 41 million dollars). Infants with gestational age <25 weeks had the highest rate of readmission (31%) and longest average length of stay (12 hospital days). The largest cohort, infants born at 35 weeks gestation, had the highest total cost of readmission (92.9 million dollars). The most common cause of rehospitalization was acute respiratory disease. There was no decrease in the number or cost of readmissions of premature infants for respiratory syncytial virus infections following the introduction of palivizumab in 1998. CONCLUSION: After initial discharge, premature infants continue to have significant in-patient health-care needs and costs.

Thyroid cancer in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare stage at diagnosis, treatment and survival among pregnant women with thyroid cancer to non-pregnant women with thyroid cancer, and to assess the impact of treatment on maternal and perinatal outcomes. METHODS: A database containing maternal and newborn discharge records linked to the California Cancer Registry was queried to obtain information on all thyroid cancers from 1991-1999. Women with thyroid cancer occurring during pregnancy were compared to age-matched non-pregnant women with thyroid cancer. RESULTS: 595 cases of thyroid cancers were identified (129 antepartum and 466 postpartum). About 64% of thyroid cancers were diagnosed at stage 2 among pregnant women versus 58% among non-pregnant controls. The odds of thyroid cancer were 1.5 times higher among Asian/Pacific Islanders than among Non-Hispanic White women. Pregnancy had no significant effect on mortality after diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Thyroidectomy during pregnancy was not associated with adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid cancer discovered during or after pregnancy does not appear to have a significant impact on the prognosis of the disease.

Obstetric anal sphincter lacerations.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of obstetric anal sphincter laceration and to identify characteristics associated with this complication, including modifiable risk factors. METHODS: A population-based, retrospective study of over 2 million vaginal deliveries at California hospitals was performed, using information from birth certificates and discharge summaries for 1992 through 1997. We excluded preterm births, stillbirths, breech deliveries, and multiple gestations. The main outcome measure was obstetric anal sphincter laceration (third and fourth degree). RESULTS: The frequency of anal sphincter lacerations was 5.85% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.82, 5.88), decreasing significantly from 6.35% (95% CI 6.27, 6.43) in 1992 to 5.43% (95% CI 5.35, 5.51) in 1997 (P <.01). Using logistic regression analysis, we identified primiparity as the dominant risk factor (odds ratio [OR] for women with prior vaginal birth 0.15; 95% CI 0.14, 0.15). Birth weight over 4000 g was also highly significant (OR 2.17; 95% CI 2.07, 2.27). Lacerations occurred more often among women of certain racial and ethnic groups: Indian women (OR 2.5; 95% CI 2.23, 2.79) and Filipina women (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.50, 1.77) were at highest risk. Episiotomy decreased the likelihood of third-degree lacerations (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.78, 0.85), but increased the risk of fourth-degree lacerations (OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.05, 1.19). Operative delivery increased the risk of sphincter laceration, with vacuum delivery (OR 2.30; 95% CI 2.21, 2.40) presenting a greater risk than forceps delivery (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.37, 1.52). CONCLUSION: Anal sphincter lacerations are strongly associated with primiparity, macrosomia, and operative vaginal delivery. Of the modifiable risk factors, operative vaginal delivery remains the dominant independent variable.

Obstetrical deliveries associated with maternal malignancy in California, 1992 through 1997.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to characterize the rate of occurrence and nature of outcomes associated with obstetrical deliveries in women with malignant neoplasms among 3,168,911 women who delivered in California in 1992 through 1997. DESIGN: The study is a population-based retrospective review of infant birth and death certificates and maternal and neonatal discharge records. Cases of malignant neoplasms associated with obstetrical delivery were attributed to 1 of 3 categories, depending on the earliest documented hospital discharge diagnosis, as follows: "prenatal" if the diagnosis was first documented by hospitalization within 9 months preceding delivery, "at delivery" if the diagnosis was established from the delivery hospitalization, or "postpartum" if the diagnosis was first documented by hospitalization within 12 months after delivery. METHODS: Computer-linked infant birth and death certificates and maternal and neonatal discharge records were used to identify cases and outcomes. Cases of malignant neoplasms were identified by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes (140-208). Noninvasive neoplasms and carcinoma in situ neoplasms were excluded. In analysis of outcomes, the Mantel-Haenszel estimate for adjusted odds ratios was used. RESULTS: Among 3,168,911 obstetrical deliveries over the 6-year span, a total of 2247 cases of primary malignancy were identified. The observed rate of occurrence for primary malignant neoplasms was 0.71 per 1000 live singleton births. Most cases (53.3%) were first documented in the postpartum period as follows: prenatal, 587 cases (0.18 per 1000); at delivery, 462 cases (0.15 per 1000); and postpartum, 1198 cases (0.38 per 1000). The most frequently documented primary malignant neoplasms associated with obstetrical delivery were breast cancer (423 cases, 0.13 per 1000), thyroid cancer (389 cases, 0.12 per 1000), cervical cancer (266 cases, 0.08 per 1000), Hodgkin's disease (172 cases, 0.05 per 1000), and ovarian cancer (123 cases, 0.04 per 1000). Odds ratios for a variety of demographic factors identified maternal age as the most significant risk factor for development of malignant neoplasms (age greater than 40 vs 20-25, odds ratio 5.7, CI 4.6-6.9). Age-adjusted odds ratios for maternal cancer of any type suggested significantly elevated risks for cesarean delivery (odds ratio 1.4, CI 1.3-1.6), blood transfusion (odds ratio 6.2, CI 4.5-8.5), hysterectomy (odds ratio 27.4, CI 20.8-36.1), and maternal postpartum hospital stay greater than 5 days (odds ratio 30.6, CI 27.9-33.6), but not for postpartum maternal death (odds ratio 0.8, CI 0.6-1.0). Odds ratios also suggested significantly elevated risks for premature newborn (odds ratio 2.0, CI 1.8-2.2), very low birth weight (odds ratio 2.9, CI 2.2-3.8), and newborn hospital stay longer than 5 days (odds ratio 2.6, CI 2.4-3.0), but not for neonatal death (odds ratio 1.6, CI 0.8-3.1) or infant death (odds ratio 1.2, CI 0.5-3.3). However, several types of malignant neoplasms did confer significant elevations in risk for neonatal death. Hospital charges for both maternal and neonatal care were significantly elevated in the maternal malignant neoplasm group. CONCLUSION: A lower than expected occurrence rate of obstetrical delivery associated with maternal malignancy was seen when compared with previously published hospital-based reports. Malignant neoplasms associated with obstetrical delivery were most frequently first documented in the postpartum period. Maternal and neonatal morbidity were significantly increased, yet the risk of in-hospital maternal death was not significantly elevated. A significant increase in risk of neonatal death for infants of mothers with cervical cancer was found.

Newborn discharge timing and readmissions: California, 1992-1995.

CONTEXT: Hospital stays for newborns and their mothers after uncomplicated vaginal delivery have decreased from an average of 4 days in 1970 to 1.1 days in 1995. Despite the lack of population-based research on the quality-of-care implications of this trend, federal legislation passed in 1996 mandated coverage for 48-hour hospital stays after uncomplicated vaginal delivery. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of very early discharge (defined as discharge on the day of birth) on the risk of infant readmission during the neonatal period in a California healthy newborn population. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study, based on a linked dataset consisting of the birth certificate, newborn, and maternal hospitalization record, and linked infant readmission records for all healthy, vaginally delivered, and routinely discharged California newborns from 1992 to 1995. OUTCOME MEASURES: Very early discharge and infant readmission during the first 28 days of life. RESULTS: The percentage of infants discharged very early or early (after a 1-night stay) increased from 71% in 1992 to 85% in 1995. The percentage of infants discharged very early increased from 5.0% in 1992 to 5.7% in 1993 and 7.0% in 1994, then decreased to 6.7% in 1995. Characteristics that have been previously associated with suboptimal pregnancy outcomes were found to decrease the likelihood of very early discharge, eg, maternal complications, primiparity, and Hispanic, African American, South East Asian, or other Asian race/ethnicity. The rate of readmission in the neonatal period initially decreased from 27.6 infants per 1000 in 1992 to 25.67 infants per 1000 in 1994, then increased to 30.2 infants per 1000 in 1995. For infants discharged early, no statistically significant increase in the risk of readmission was observed, compared with infants discharged after a 2+-night stay. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for readmission was statistically significantly higher for infants who were discharged very early, compared with infants discharged early (OR: 1.27), first order births (OR: 1.21), infants born to mothers who experienced complications (OR: 1.11), infants with Medicaid insurance (OR: 1.23), and infants born to mothers who received adequate plus prenatal care (OR: 1.15). The risk was statistically significantly lower for female infants (OR: 0.75). The proportion of infants rehospitalized for dehydration and low-risk infections over the 4 study years combined was statistically significantly higher in infants discharged very early (4.37 per thousand and 10.30 per thousand, respectively), compared with infants discharged early (3.59 per thousand and 8.16 per thousand, respectively) or after a 2+-night stay (2.91 per thousand and 7.95 per thousand, respectively). The proportion of infants rehospitalized for dehydration increased statistically significantly from 2.89 per thousand in 1992 to 4.52 per thousand in 1995. CONCLUSIONS: One-night stays with adequate antenatal and postnatal care outside the hospital do not increase the risk of readmission for healthy, vaginally delivered infants born in California. However, the decision to discharge infants on the day of birth should be applied conservatively because of the increased risk of infant readmission associated with very early discharge.

Purification and characterisation of epithiospecifier protein from Brassica napus: enzymic intramolecular sulphur addition within alkenyl thiohydroximates derived from alkenyl glucosinolate hydrolysis.

Epithiospecifier protein (ESP), a ferrous ion dependent protein, has a potential role in regulating the release of elemental sulphur, nitriles, isothiocyanates and cyanoepithioalkanes from glucosinolates. Two classes of ESP polypeptides were purified with molecular masses of 39 and 35 kDa, and we show that the previously reported instability was conditionally dependent. The 39 kDa polypeptide was made up of two distinct isozymes (5.00, 5.14) whilst several were present for the 35 kDa form of ESP (5.40-5.66). An anti-ESP antibody reacted with both the 39 and 35 kDa ESP forms in Brassica napus and strongly with a polypeptide corresponding to the 35 kDa ESP form in Crambe abyssinica, but did not detect any ESP in Sinapis alba or Raphanus sativus. A cytochrome P-450 mediated iron dependent epoxidation type mechanism is suggested for ESP.

Adequacy of prenatal care among women with psychiatric diagnoses giving birth in California in 1994 and 1995.

OBJECTIVE: Although poor prenatal care is detrimental to maternal and infant health, few studies have assessed the adequacy of prenatal care among women with psychiatric diagnoses. This investigation examined the association between chart-recorded psychiatric and substance use diagnoses at the time of delivery and adequacy of prenatal care among all women delivering babies in California hospitals during 1994 and 1995. METHODS: The authors undertook an archival analysis of data from the California Health Information for Policy Project (CHIPP), which consists of linked hospital discharge and birth certificate data for 1,094,178 deliveries in 1994 and 1995. The associations between International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification psychiatric and substance abuse diagnoses and level of prenatal care were examined. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between maternal diagnostic category and inadequate prenatal care while controlling for payment source, age, education, race, marital status, and parity (previous births). RESULTS: Women who received psychiatric and substance use diagnoses demonstrated significantly increased risk of inadequate prenatal care compared with women without those diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric diagnoses were associated with an increased risk of inadequate prenatal care; the association between psychiatric and substance use diagnoses and poor prenatal care persisted even after the analysis controlled for known risk factors. Future investigations will need to elucidate the processes of prenatal care for women with psychiatric disorders so that preventive interventions can be developed.

Behaviour of approximal carious lesions assessed by clinical examination after tooth separation and radiography: a 2.5-year longitudinal study in young adults.

This study aimed to record and monitor over a 2.5-year period the occurrence of cavitation and lesion depth progression in approximal surfaces with radiographic caries at baseline. In total, 66 approximal sites (in 29 students), where at least one of the contacting surfaces had radiographic caries, were selected to take part in the study. A clinical examination undertaken before and after tooth separation in order to assess the presence/absence of cavitation was repeated every sixth month. To monitor lesion progression bite-wing radiographs were taken every sixth month, too. After each series of examinations, surfaces judged to be prone for disease progression were referred to operative caries treatment. In surfaces with radiographic dentinal caries at baseline the cavitation prevalence following tooth separation found at the various recall examinations ranged from 20 to 44%. In surfaces with radiographic enamel caries at baseline this prevalence ranged from 4 to 8% at the various recall examinations. In dentinal lesions found with an intact surface at baseline, the risk of cavitation development during the first 1.5-year period was assessed to be up to 22%. After this period no new cavitations were found in previously intact dentinal lesions. In intact enamel lesions the risk of cavitation formation was found to be 3% during the first 1-year period. After this period no new cavitations developed in previously intact enamel lesions. Three of 7 lesions, which showed radiographic caries progression from the outer one third to the inner two thirds of the dentine during the observation period, had intact surfaces at baseline. On the basis of these results it is recommended to re-examine carefully intact, dentinal lesions by repeated clinical examination after tooth separation and by radiography about 1-1.5 years after baseline.

Amniotic fluid embolism: decreased mortality in a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk factors and pregnancy outcomes associated with 53 cases of amniotic fluid embolism that occurred in California during the 2-year period January 1, 1994 to December 31, 1995. METHODS: Data were obtained from a computerized database that contains linked records from the vital statistics birth certificate and hospital discharge summaries of both mother and newborn. This database covered all singleton deliveries that occurred in 328 civilian acute-care hospitals in California, which represented 98% of all deliveries in California. All cases of amniotic fluid embolism were examined for other pregnancy complications. RESULTS: There were 1,094,248 deliveries during that 2-year period. Fifty-three singleton gestations had the diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism, for a population frequency of one per 20,646 deliveries. Fourteen women with amniotic fluid embolism died, for a maternal mortality rate of 26.4%. There were 35 (66%) diagnoses of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 38 (72%) diagnoses of hemorrhage, and 25 (47%) diagnoses of obstetric shock. Among the 14 women who died, the frequency of DIC (79%) and hemorrhage (71%) was not different compared with that of the survivors (62% and 72%, respectively), but obstetric shock was higher (86%, P = .02) than in survivors (33%). The average maternal length of stay for survivors was 6.5 days (range 3-27 days, median 5 days). The cesarean rate was 60% and the frequency of fetal distress was 49%. CONCLUSION: In this population-based study of reported cases of amniotic fluid embolism, the maternal mortality rate (26.4%) was significantly less than previously reported and might reflect a more accurate population frequency. In addition, patients who survived and patients who died had similar pregnancy complications, suggesting that amniotic fluid embolism was present in all cases and not limited to those who died.

Associated factors in 1611 cases of brachial plexus injury.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with brachial plexus injury in a large population. METHODS: A computerized data set containing records from hospital discharge summaries of mothers and infants and birth certificates was examined. The deliveries took place in more than 300 civilian acute care hospitals in California between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1995. Cases of brachial plexus injury were evaluated for additional diagnoses and procedures of pregnancy, such as mode of delivery, gestational diabetes, and shoulder dystocia. Those complications were stratified by birth weight and analyzed, using bivariate and multivariate techniques to identify specific risk factors. RESULTS: Among 1,094,298 women who delivered during the 2 years, 1611 (0.15%) had diagnoses of brachial plexus injury. The frequency of diagnosis increased with the addition of gestational diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7, 2.1), forceps delivery (OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.7, 4.3), vacuum extraction (OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.4, 3.1), and shoulder dystocia (OR 76.1, 95% CI 69, 84). In cases of brachial plexus injury, the frequency of shoulder dystocia increased from 22%, when birth weight ranged between 2.5 and 3.5 kg, to 74%, when birth weight exceeded 4.5 kg. The frequency of diagnosis of other malpresentation (nonbreech) (OR 73.6, 95% CI 66, 83) was increased for all birth weight categories. Severe (OR 13.6, 95% CI 8.3, 22.5) and mild (OR 6.3, 95% CI 3.9, 10.1) birth asphyxia were increased. Prematurity (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.67, 0.98) and fetal growth restriction (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.03, 0.40) were protective against brachial plexus injury. CONCLUSION: In macrosomic newborns, shoulder dystocia was associated with brachial plexus injury, but in low- and normal-weight infants, "other malpresentation" was diagnosed more frequently than shoulder dystocia. Our study findings suggest that brachial plexus injury has causes in addition to shoulder dystocia and might result from an abnormality during the antepartum or intrapartum period.