[Expert judgement of face profile]. / Ekspertnaya otsenka profilya litsa.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to determinate the values of the parameters of the face profile that ensure the harmony of the architectonics of the facial composition, taking into account sexual dimorphism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 22 independent orthodontists were invited as experts (11 men, average age is 36.8±1.2 years; 11 women, average age is 35.3±2.2 years). Experts questioning implemented the preference vectors method using randomly arranged male and female face profile schemes with variable parameters. RESULTS: Male profile expert judgement average maximum was obtained for following indicator values: face convex angle 8°, nasolabial angle 105°, mentolabial angle - 135°, lip protrusion angle 130°, nasofacial angle 35°, projection nose length 17 mm and 19 mm, vertical ratio of upper lip height to lower lip with chin height 0.45 and 0.50. Female profile expert judgement average maximum was obtained for following indicator values: face convex angle 8° and 10°, nasolabial angle 95°, mentolabial angle 115°, lip protrusion angle 130°, nasofacial angle 35°, projection length nose - 17 mm, vertical ratio of upper lip height to lower lip with chin height 0.50. CONCLUSION: Facial profile attractiveness evaluation of Caucasian face profile showed gender dependence for face convex angle, nasolabial and mentolabial angles, projection nose length. Female profile compared to male profile is characterized by greater convexity, sharper nasolabial angle, marked supramental sulcus and shorter nose length. We have also determined that male face profile is characterized by wider range of indicators acceptable variations than female one.

[Treatment approach to patients with distal malocclusion complicated by temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome]. / Podkhody k lecheniyu patsientov s distal'noi okklyuziei zubnykh ryadov, oslozhnennoi sindromom bolevoi disfunktsii visochno-nizhnechelyustnogo sustava.

OBJECTIVE: Research is effective sequencing of measures for orthodontic treatment active period and unfavorable course of retention period predictors in patients with distal malocclusion, complicated by temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The retrospective study consists of 102 case reports of patients from 18 to 37 (average age is 26.75±3.25 years) with distal malocclusion (Angle Class II division 2 subdivision) associated with temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome. RESULTS: Cases of successful treatment were 30.4% (n=31), semi-successful - 42.2% (n=43), semi-unsuccessful - 18.6% (n=19), unsuccessful - 8.8% (n=9). ANOVA analysis of orthodontic treatment stages reveals main risk factors for pain syndrome recurrence in retention period. The ineffective morphofunctional compensation and unsuccessful orthodontic treatment predictors are: incomplete pain syndrome elimination, persistent masticatory muscles dysfunction, distal malocclusion recurrence, condylar process distal position recurrence, deep overbite, upper incisors retroinclination for more than 15°, single posterior tooth interference. CONCLUSION: Thus, pain syndrome recurrence prevention in retention orthodontic treatment period includes pain and masticatory muscles dysfunction elimination in pre-treatment period, physiological dental occlusion and condylar process central position in active period.

[Principles of complex dental caries treatment in children]. / Printsipy kompleksnogo lecheniya kariesa zubov u detei.

The aim of the research is implementation, approbation and clinical efficiency estimation of treatment schemes of dental caries in children with different dental caries activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 239 children aged 3 to 15 years (mean age 7.1±1.2 years). 120 children of the observation group (average age 7.2± 1.6 years) received complex treatment of dental caries according to the proposed protocols, 119 children of the control group (average age 7.0± 2.1 years) underwent symptomatic treatment of carious foci. The protocols of treatment of individuals in the observation group included: oral sanitation, local etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy, drug and drug-free therapy measures, professional oral hygiene. The effectiveness of the proposed treatment regimens was evaluated after 1, 2, 3 and 5 years. RESULTS: After 1 year of the use of therapeutic and prophylactic schemes, the beginning of the formation of a tendency to decrease the rate of increase in the intensity of surface caries in children in the observation group (3.03±1.56) compared with the control group (3.26±1.56) was determined. After 3 years of follow-up, a significant decrease in the level of increase in the intensity of surface caries was revealed in the individuals of the observation group (1.41±0.87) compared with the control group (2.61±0.75). After 5 years of follow-up, the consolidation of the formed tendency to decrease the level of increase in the intensity of surface caries with the use of complex protocols compared with the symptomatic treatment of carious foci in children was established: the growth rates were 1.57±098 and 2.91±1.02, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed protocols of therapeutic and preventive measures have shown their clinical effectiveness, consisting in a significant decrease in the increase in the intensity of caries of surfaces with various variants of the initial activity of the carious process.

[The results of orthodontic treatment using aligners from the perspective of quality of life of patients with dentoalveolar anomalies]. / Rezul'taty ortodonticheskogo lecheniya elainerami s pozitsii kachestva zhizni patsientov s zubochelyustnymi anomaliyami.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE: The impact of morphological and functional dental components on the quality of life of adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment using clear aligners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Morphological and functional results of orthodontic treatment with aligners as well as the dynamics of oral health related quality of life was assessed in 55 patients aged from 20 to 25 years. RESULTS: The study of the efficacy of orthodontic treatment with aligners showed significant improvement of morphological and functional features of dental arches as well as oral health related quality of life in the course of treatment. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic treatment with aligners is efficient for achieving morphological and functional improvement and enhances social adaptation of patients by increasing oral health related quality of life.

[Assessment of prognostic factors affecting the quality of life of children with congenital cleft lip and palate]. / Otsenka prognosticheskikh faktorov, vliyayushchikh na kachestvo zhizni detei s vrozhdennoi rasshchelinoi guby i neba.

Multi-stage therapy of children with congenital diseases of the maxillofacial region requires a multidisciplinary team of specialists coordinated consistently conducted treatment, not only providing a complete reconstruction of the maxillary bones, but also improving the quality of life of children. In our study, it was found that the most significant independent predictors of the total indicator of quality of life are indicators of structures and functions of the maxillofacial region, as well as the level of activity and participation of children in real life situations and the level of parental compliance.

[The association of psychological gender characteristics with quality of life and clinical aspects in patients with multiple sclerosis]. / Sviaz' gendernykh osobennostei patsientov s rasseiannym sklerozom s kachestvom zhizni i klinicheskimi osobennostiami zabolevaniia.

AIM: To study the association between psychological gender characteristics and illness duration, severity of disability, asthenia, depression, anxiety and quality of life in multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred patients (62 females and 38 males) with multiple sclerosis were studied. The following methods were used: The Mini-Mental State Examination, The Bem Sex Role Inventory adapted in Russia, The Expanded Disability Status Scale, The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20, The Beck Depression Inventory, The Spilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, The Short Form-36 (The Life Quality Questionnaire). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The majority of patients had an androgynous type of psychological gender, some of patients were feminine. It was shown that there was an association between the number of feminine and masculine traits and MS duration, worsening of disability characteristics and life quality, increase in asthenia, depression and anxiety.

[The effect of psychological gender on adherence to immunomodulatory therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis]. / Vliianie gendera bol'nykh rasseiannym sklerozom na priverzhennost' immunomoduliruiushchei terapii.

AIM: To study the association between psychological gender and adherence to immunomodulatory therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients (25 women and 9 men) with the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis were examined. The following methods were used: MMSE, The Bem Sex Role Inventory adapted in Russia, Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. During three months patients reported the first and the last immunomodulator injections dates from every new pack. Then the patients' self-reports systematization and analysis were performed, drug-taking compliance and timing compliance were calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Twenty-eight patients had an androgynous type of psychological gender and six persons were feminine. The association was determined between high compliance and such psychological gender peculiarities as a significantly large number of feminine traits than masculine ones and the low number of masculine characteristics in men.

[Lipoprotein (a) in patients with carotid atherosclerosis]. / Lipoprotein (a) u bol'nykh s karotidnym aterosklerozom.

AIM: To evaluate the role of lipoprotein (a) in an atherosclerotic lesion of precerebral arteries and stroke development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries established by duplex scanning, including 28 post stroke patients and 10 patients with asymptomatic atherosclerosis, were examined. Lipoprotein (a) was determined by immunosorbent assay in the serum and supernatant after 3-day cultivation of neutrophils. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was a correlation between serum lipoprotein (a) and endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the brachial artery, and the relationship of culture lipoprotein (a) with the severity of atherosclerotic lesions of precerebral arteries and prothrombin time. Thus, the effect of lipoprotein (a) on the atherogenesis may be mediated by endothelial dysfunction and the mechanism of realization of stroke development is prothrombogenic effects on hemostasis.

[Interferon-induced depression and peripheral blood serotonin in patients with multiple sclerosis]. / Interferon-indutsirovannaia depressiia i soderzhanie serotonina v perifericheskoi krovi u bol'nykh rasseiannym sklerozom.

AIM: To study the dynamics of anxiety-depressive disorders and peripheral blood serotonin in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) during interferon-ß (IFN-ß) therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The level of anxiety and depression in 227 MS patients was measured by psychometric testing at baseline and during treatment. The concentration of serotonin in serum of patients was determined by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: The presence of emotional disorders in patients with MS was confirmed. Their relationship with personality characteristics of the patient, the course of the disease and social status was shown. The level of humoral serotonin was lower in patients with MS. The relationship between the serotonergic system deficiency in patients with MS and anxiety disorders was shown. Interferon-induced depression was not associated with serotonin metabolism. It is a multifactor condition influenced by the patient's initial emotional level, personality characteristics, psychological reaction to therapy and the unfavorable dynamics of the disease. CONCLUSION: IFN-ß does not appear to induce depression in MS patients.

[Inflammatory mechanisms of fatigue syndrome in Parkinson's disease].

OBJECTIVE: To study clinical characteristics of fatigue syndrome in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and a role of inflammation in its development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 98 patients with confirmed diagnosis of PD and 18 healthy people. Clinical examination included an analysis of anamnesis and objective somatic symptoms. The unified Parkinson's disease rating scale, The Hoehn and Yahr scale, the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) scale, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Vein's Autonomic Symptoms Questionnaire (VASQ) were used for quantitative assessment. Serum concentrations of IL-6 were measured in 65 patients and 18 controls using ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In PD patients, fatigue assessed with MFI-20 was recorded in 46 (47%) cases and fatigue as assessed with MFIS in 45 (46%) of cases. High frequency and severity of fatigue syndrome were observed. The most prominent components in the structure of fatigue were physical fatigue, reduced motivation and decreased activity. Signs of fatigue increased with disease progression. Correlation between fatigue and axial motor symptoms of PD is of interest. Patients had higher serum IL-6 levels compared to the controls. Concentrations of IL-6 were correlated with fatigue severity and its main components (general and physical fatigue, decreased activity) and with depression level.

[Bioethics in orthodontics].

The objective of the study was to reveal the necessity of implementation of bioethical principles in the treatment of patients with dentofacial anomalies. Scientific publications revealing the interrelation of basic bioethical principles and characteristics relevant during treatment of patients with dentofacial anomalies were monitored and analyzed. The patient's responsibility for the results of treatment, the revision of life values, the change of overall lifestyle contributes to the patient's recovery. An orthodontist must follow basic bioethical principles: benevolence, autonomy, causing no harm, and justice. Trust-based relations in the system "doctor-patient" allow the doctor to share the knowledge which contribute to the patient's recovery, so the necessity of implementation of bioethical principles (benevolence, autonomy, causing no harm, and justice) in the treatment of patients with dentofacial anomalies was revealed.

[The impact of internal TMJ disorders on quality of life of patients with malocclusion].

Articular disturbances of temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) combined with dentofacial anomalies (DFA) decrease the quality of life. The objective of the study was ti determine dental quality of life in patients with "internal disturbances" of TMJ combined with DFA. Questionnaire survey (Oral Health Impact Profile OHIP-14-RU) of 96 young patients was carried out. The patients were treated due to DFA combined with "internal disturbances" of TMJ. It should be pointed out that patients with hyperdivergent skeletal pattern have the most evident trend towards setting the quality of life to zero in dental sphere. Moreover, the trend is more evident in the case of patients with dento-alveolar types of occlusion anomalies. Patients with dento-alveolar type of open occlusion have maximum points in "Psychological discomfort", "Psychological disability", and "Social disability". Patients with distal occlusion and hyperdivergence of jaw bones have maximum points in "Psychological disability" and "Social incapacity". Patients with the combination of distal occlusion and deep incisal occlusion have maximum points in "Psychological discomfort" and "Social disability". Patients with "internal disturbances" of TMJ combined with DFA reveal a negative shift of questionnaire information. The maximal rates were revealed in "Psychological disability" and "Social disability", the minimal ones--in "Functional limitation" and "Handicap".

[Complex treatment approach for preschool children with impaired nasal breathing].

During the treatment of children with impaired nasal breathing (INB) cooperation of medical specialists is needed in order to reveal risk factors. The objective of the study was to prove the necessity of complex approach to the treatment of children with risk factors for INB. Multi-variant analysis of somatic and dental health of 170 children aged 4-6 was performed. The dental health was examined gradually in several steps, including physical examination. The following risk factors of antenatal and postnatal development of a child were revealed: genetic predisposition, complication of pregnancy, birth defects, somatic pathology, mastication dyspraxia, respiratory impairment, and various speech impediments. The following dentofacial anomalies prevailed: disorder of abrasion of primary dentition tubercle, development discord of cranio-facial area. The necessity of doctors' cooperation was proved during the treatment of children with impaired nasal breathing. Accurate execution of proposed treatment schemes allows eliminating risk factors promptly and decreasing the pathology severity.

[Additional methods of diagnosis of unstable atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries]. / Dopolnitel'nye metody diagnostiki nestabil'noi ateroskleroticheskoi bliashki v sonnykh arteriiakh.

The method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to study the concentration of interleukins (OL)-6, 10, C-reactive protein (CRP) in blood serum of 61 patients presenting with atherosclerotic lesions of carotid arteries (CA). The obtained findings were compared with the morphological peculiarities of the biopsy materials of the atherosclerotic plaques (ASP) obtained while carrying out carotid endarterectomy (CEA). An increased concentration of IL-6 and CRP in blood serum of patients with unstable ASPs was revealed. It was shown that measuring cytokines and CRP in blood serum may be used as an additional method for diagnosis of unstable nature of ASP in the CAs in order to determine the indications for carotid endarterectomy.

[Brain-derived and ciliary neurotrophic factors in patients with multiple sclerosis]. / Mozgovoi i tsiliarnyi neirotroficheskie faktory u bol'nykh rasseiannym sklerozom.

Objective. To study serum concentrations of BDNF and CNTF in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and compare them to clinical characteristics of MS. Material and methods. We examined 43 patients with confirmed diagnosis of MS according to McDonald's criteria with remitting type of disease course. Patients were in a stable condition and did not receive hormone treatment during the last 30 days. Serum concentrations of BDNF and CNTF were measured using ELISA. Results. Mean serum BDNF concentration was 7.9 (5.21; 14.7) ng/ml that was significantly lower (p=0.0001) compared to control values and was correlated with depression severity (r= -0.31, p=0.04) and physical asthenia (r= -0.32, p=0.04). CNTF concentration was 69.9 (31.2; 123.3) pg/ml (CNTF was not found in healthy people) and was correlated with the results of cognitive function assessment (the PASAT test) (r= -0.30, p=0.046). Conclusion. The difference in BDNF and CNTF serum concentrations between MS patients and healthy people and correlations with some clinical characteristics of MS provide evidence for the involvement of these factors in MS pathogenesis.

Non-thermal Plasma Causes p53-Dependent Apoptosis in Human Colon Carcinoma Cells.

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) consists of a huge amount of biologically active particles, whereas its temperature is close to ambient. This combination allows one to use NTP as a perspective tool for solving different biomedical tasks, including antitumor therapy. The treatment of tumor cells with NTP caused dose-dependent effects, such as growth arrest and apoptosis. However, while the outcome of NTP treatment has been established, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between NTP and eukaryotic cells have not been thoroughly studied thus far. In this work, the mechanisms and the type of death of human colon carcinoma HCT 116 cells upon application of non-thermal argon plasma were studied. The effect of NTP on the major stress-activated protein p53 was investigated. The results demonstrate that the viability of HCT116 cells upon plasma treatment is dependent on the functional p53 protein. NTP treatment caused an increase in the intracellular concentration of p53 and the induction of the p53-controlled regulon. The p53-dependent accumulation of active proapoptotic caspase-3 was shown in NTP-treated cells. The study was the first to demonstrate that treatment of human colon carcinoma cells with NTP results in p53-dependent apoptosis. The results obtained contribute to our understanding of the applicability of NTP in antitumor therapy.

[The theoretical substantiation of myofunctional correction of sagittal occlusion abnormalities and temporomandibular joint dysfunction].

Simulation in 3D-model of skeletal forms of sagittal malocclusion revealed tendency in tonus' modification of muscles of mastication in formation of distal and mesial occlusion. It's shown that distal occlusion is characterized by hypotonic condition of muscles of mastication, except posterior fibers of temporal muscle. Mesial occlusion is characterized by complex combination of muscle tone with prevalence of hypotonic condition of anterior fibers of temporal muscle, superficial portion of masseter muscle and medial pterygoid muscle. We have detected that using of myofunctional devices in treatment of sagittal malocclusion, temporomandibular joint dysfunction promotes of tone increasing of muscles of mastication.

[Acute and remote biochemical and physiological effects of exhaustive weightlifting exercise].

The goal of the work was a study of exhaustive weightlifting exercise effect on prolonged changes in physiological and biochemical variables characterized functional status of skeletal muscles. An exercise gave rise to significant blood lactate concentration increase that was indicative of an anaerobic metabolism to be a predominant mechanism of muscle contraction energy supply. A reduction of m. rectus femoris EMG activity (amplitude and frequency), tonus of tension and an increase in tonus of relaxation were found immediately after exercise. Both EMG amplitude and frequency were increased 1 day post-exercise. However, after 3 days of recovery, EMG amplitude and frequency were decreased again and, in parallel, blood serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was significantly increased. After 9 recovery days, all measured variables with the exception of CK were normalized. A significant reverse correlation was found between blood serum lactate concentration and m. rectus femoris EMG activity at the same time points. Blood serum CK activity and m. rectus femoris EMG and tonus variables were observed to be significantly reversely correlated on the 3rd post-exercise day. Presented data demonstrate that exhaustive exercise-induced muscle injury resulted in phase alterations in electrical activity and tonus which correlated with lactate concentration and CK activity in blood serum.

[Effectiveness of aromatase inhibitors in comparison with metformin for neoadjuvant treatment in patients with endometrial cancer].

We compared the efficacy of endometrial cancer neoadjuvant treatment in 38 patients receiving nonsteroid (letrozol, anastrozol) or steroid (ekzemestan) aromatase inhibitors and 12 patients receiving metformin. The changes in glucose metabolism were revealed in 26.3% of patients treated with aromatase inhibitors and 16.7% of patients treated with metformin. However, comparison of endometrial thickness (M-echo signal) data, postoperative data on favorable differentiation grade changes rate and proliferative activity (Ki-67 expression) revealed the superiority of 2-4 weeks aromatase inhibitors course in comparison with 2-9 (average 5.3 +/- 0.7) weeks metformin treatment.

[Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of aromatase inhibitors in the neoadjuvant treatment of patients with endometrial carcinoma].

Clinical and experimental effects of neoadjuvant treatment of endometrial cancer patients with non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors: letrozole (femara, n=10, 2.5 mg/day, 14 days), anastrozole (arimidex, n=15,1 mg/day, 28 days) and exemestane (aromazine, n=13, 25 mg/day, 14 days) were compared. Administration of anastrozole was mostly frequently followed by pain relief in the lower abdomen and/or decreased rates of uterine discharge. Endometrial wall thickness (M-echo signal) decreased significantly in 60% of patients receiving anastrozole, exemestane - 58.3% and letrozole - 40%. Substantial drop in intratumoral aromatase and blood estradiol levels occurred more frequently after anastrozole and letrozole while progesterone receptor levels in tumor were markedly lower after exemestane administration. Assay of blood LH (except letrozole), FSH and cholesterol appeared to be of less relevance. On the contrary, significance of assessment of marker Ki-67 expression, which, in the case of anastrozole, dropped in 6 out of 12 patients after a 28-day course, could hardly be underestimated.