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Background The vertebral arteries (VA) nourish the posterior cerebral circulation. Planning neck and cervical interventions like drilling and instrumentation, which involves VA manipulation, require an in-depth acquaintance with the normal and variant patterns encountered in the origin and course of the VA. Embryological events involved in forming these variant patterns can be correlated to their prior disposition in the lower vertebrate's understanding which becomes crucial while planning cervical interventions. Study design This is a single-center, retrospective study. Materials and methods The study involved 70 patients of both sexes and was done from September 2021 to February 2022 in the Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging at North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Meghalaya, India. The CT angiographies were studied for variations of VA under V1 - from origin to entrance into the foramen transversarium (FT), V2 - part inside FT, V3 - from its exit from FT till it pierces the cranial dura mater, and V4 - intracranial part. Further, VA was observed for its origin, dominance, level of entry in FT, and any associated anomalies. Results The VA was found mostly to be codominant. There was an opposite directional relationship between the basilar artery curvature and the dominance of VA. The association of ischemic events with hypoplastic VA was more on the left side (66.67%). Left VA originated from the aorta in 4.3% of subjects. One case presented a dual origin of VA. The abnormal origin of the LVA from the aorta showed a higher rate of abnormal entry into FT which was also found to be statistically significant. Conclusion Our study identifies and documents the anatomical variations present in VA specific to the population of northeast India by CT angiography and thus provides a much-needed reference for the healthcare professionals working in the field of Head and Neck interventions by providing opportunities further to understand these patterns for better diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes.
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Introduction The stature of an individual is an important parameter for establishing identification. The height of an individual can be indirectly estimated from different parts of the skeleton and such measurements are of great use in forensic science, anatomy, and anthropometry. This study was an attempt to formulate a linear regression equation for estimation of stature by measuring the ulnar length in the living adult Khasi population. Methods The study population consists of 164 subjects (Male: 118; Female: 46) between 25 and 45 years of age. The left and right ulnar lengths were measured from the tip of the olecranon process to the tip of the styloid process with the elbow flexed and palm spread over the opposite shoulder by a spreading caliper. The measurements of the stature of the volunteers were done in the standard anatomical standing position with a bared foot with the head in the Frankfort plane. The documented data were calculated by the standard statistical software. Results The height and ulnar length in males (160.85 ± 6.34 cm and 24.41 ± 1.10 cm, respectively) were found to be significantly (p < 0.001) higher than females (149.56 ± 2.95 cm and 22.58 ± 0.47 cm, respectively). Significant positive correlation coefficient (r) between height (cm) and ulnar length (cm) were observed in both males (r = 0.955, P < 0.001) and females (r = 0.915, P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion The length of the ulna provides an accurate and reliable means in estimating the height of an individual; being almost a percutaneous bone, its length can be measured easily. The regression formulae that were derived in this study will be useful for clinicians, human anatomists, archeologists, anthropologists, and forensic experts.
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INTRODUCTION: The estimation of relationship between the arm span and the standing height has been an important tool in anthropometric measurements especially in cases where direct measurement of stature is not possible. OBJECTIVE: To find the relationship between the arm-span and the standing height of both males and females in the population of Khasi tribal population of Meghalaya. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 400 numbers (272 males and 128 females) of healthy human volunteer subjects belonging to Khasi tribe of Meghalaya. The standing height and arm-span were measured for each individual and analyzed. RESULT: Of the 400 healthy volunteers, 272 (68%) were males and 128 (32%) were females with age ranged from 25 to 45 years. Height and arm span in males (159.68 ± 4.12 cm and 166.30 ± 4.27 cm, respectively) werefound to be significantly (p < 0.001) higher than females (149.96 ± 3.04 cm and 155.77 ± 3.13 cm respectively). The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between height (cm) and arm span (cm) showed significant positive correlation in both male (r = 0.988, P < 0.001) and female (r = 0.991, P < 0.001) study subjects. The regression equation was Height = 1.060 + 0.954 (Arm span); R2 = 0.976; SEE = 0.646 for male. For female subjects the regression equation was found as Height = 0.150 + 0.962 (Arm span); R2 = 0.983; SEE = 0.400. CONCLUSION: Arm-span can be used as one of the most reliable parameter in both males and females for obtaining the stature of an individual in alternative to the height.