Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera.

Catfish (Clarias magur) is a popular freshwater fish food worldwide. The processing of this fish generates a significant amount of waste, mainly in the form of viscera, which constitutes around 10-12% of the fish's total weight. This study was focused on extracting polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich oil from catfish viscera, aiming to enhance the extraction process and make the production of oil and handling of fish byproducts more cost-effective. The wet reduction method, a solvent-free approach, was used for extraction, with yield optimization done via the Box-Behnken design. The resulting oil was evaluated for its oxidative quality and chemical characteristics. The optimal conditions for the wet rendering process were as follows: viscera to water ratio, 1:0.5 (w/v); temperature, 90℃; and time, 20 min, yielding 12.40 g/100 g of oil. The oil extracted under optimal wet rendering conditions had quality and oxidative stability comparable to solvent extraction and fewer secondary oxidation compounds. This oil had a higher PUFA content, specifically a 4:1 ratio of omega 6 to omega 3. Such oil, derived from catfish viscera, is suitable for the food industry due to its solvent-free extraction method.

Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach.

This study aimed to efficiently utilize catfish heads, enhancing the oil extraction process while improving the cost-effectiveness of fish byproduct management. The study employed the wet rendering method, a solvent-free approach, utilizing a two-factor Taguchi orthogonal array design to identify critical parameters for optimizing oil yield and ensuring high-quality oil attributes. The extraction temperature (80-120°C) and time (5-25 min) were chosen as variables in the wet rendering process. Range analysis identified the extraction time as a more significant (p < 0.05) factor for most parameters, including oil yield, oil recovery, acid value, free fatty acids, peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The extraction temperature was more significant (p < 0.05) for oil color. Consequently, the wet rendering method was optimized, resulting in an extraction temperature of 80°C and an extraction time of 25 min, yielding the highest oil yield. This optimized wet rendering process recovered 6.37 g/100 g of oil with an impressive 54.16% oil recovery rate, demonstrating comparable performance to traditional solvent extraction methods. Moreover, Fourier transfer infrared spectra analysis revealed distinct peaks associated with triacylglycerols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The oil recovered under optimized conditions contained higher levels of PUFA, including oleic acid (189.92 µg/g of oil), linoleic acid (169.92 µg/g of oil), eicosapentaenoic acid (17.41 µg/g of oil), and docosahexaenoic acid (20.82 µg/g of oil). Volatile compound analysis revealed lower levels of secondary oxidation compounds under optimized conditions. This optimized wet rendering method offers practical advantages in terms of cost-efficiency, sustainability, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced oil quality, making it an attractive option for the fish processing industries. Future research possibilities may include the purification of the catfish head oil and its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Influence of Pre-Drying Treatments on Physico-Chemical and Phytochemical Potential of Dried mahua Flowers.

Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) flowers are boon for the local tribes of India and have been successfully utilized traditionally for the value addition, and are very prone for microbial spoilage. Local folks utilized malpractices of drying which deteriorates the quality attributes of the mahua flowers and ultimately fails to fetch a good price in the market. Present investigation was led to consider the impact of different pre-treatments i.e., blanching time; and dip of potassium meta-bisulfite (KMS) and citric acid (CA) on the physico-chemical and phytochemical potential of dried mahua flowers using response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum physico-chemical and phytochemicals attributes were observed under optimum conditions i.e., a blanching of 4.1 min followed by dipping in solution having 1285 ppm KMS and 0.77% citric acid. Qualitative analysis through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) supported the findings. Sugar and phytochemical profiling by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) proved the significant effect of each variable. No specific cluster formation was observed during cluster analysis of whole data indicating the significant and equal effect of all variable on the quality of dried mahua flowers. The optimized conditions will definitely help the local processors as well as the industrialist to maintain the quality attributes of the dried mahua.

Nutraceutical potential of tree flowers: A comprehensive review on biochemical profile, health benefits, and utilization.

A numerous types of tree flowers are present in nature and few of them such as Rhdodendron, Bauhinia, Mahua, Gulmohar, Palash, Sesbania, Woodfordia, Simbal, etc. are being utilized traditionally as food and medicine by the localities of India. These flowers are rich in phytochemical (flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, carotenoids, tannins, saponins) and possessing numerous health benefits (antioxidant activity, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer activity, anti-diabetic activity, hepatoprotective activity). However, because of the low availability (i.e. short blooming period and at limited places) and poor post-harvest life, these flowers are commonly utilized by the local people as food and medicines during their respective flowering times only. A few attempts have been made toward the utilization of some tree flowers (Mahduca longifolia, Rhododendron arboretum), but others are still unexplored and need to be exploited to achieve food and nutritional security as well increase the opportunity of employment and improvement in the socio-economic status of the local tribes. Therefore, to achieve this, the present review was aimed to review and document the status of common edible tree flowers, their phytochemicals potential and, health benefits as well as their utilization as food and medicines.

Microbial maceration: a sustainable approach for phytochemical extraction.

A rapid change in the lifestyle has witnessed poor health with the increased incidences of numerous diseases in the recent years, and ultimately increasing the demand of nutritious foods containing phytochemicals. A wide range of phytochemicals (secondary metabolites) is being synthesized in plants, which influence the human health upon consumption as dietary component. Recently, a number of the technologies (conventional and non-conventional methods) have been standardized by the different researchers for the extraction of these phytochemicals depending upon the raw material. However, selection of extraction method for commercial use depends upon various factors such as extraction efficiency, time required, and cost of operation. Considering these factors, microbial maceration is one of the viable approaches which is easy to handle, cost-effective, energy efficient, less hazardous and having high extraction rate. Recently, researchers have utilized this technique for the maceration of different plant-based substrates (such as legumes, cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables) and their respective wastes for the efficient extraction of numerous phytochemicals with increased efficiency. However, scale up studies and analysis of toxic compounds produced by microbes are still a lacking field and need to be explored further by the researchers and industrialists to bring it into reality. Therefore, the present review aims to document the recent findings related to microbial maceration in a crisp way to provide the complete information to the readers.