Protocol of a scoping review of outcome domains in dermatology.

INTRODUCTION: Core outcome sets (COSs) are agreed outcomes (domains (subdomains) and instruments) that should be measured as a minimum in clinical trials or practice in certain diseases or clinical fields. Worldwide, the number of COSs is increasing and there might be conceptual overlaps of domains (subdomains) and instruments within disciplines. The aim of this scoping review is to map and to classify all outcomes identified with COS projects relating to skin diseases. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct a scoping review of outcomes of skin disease-related COS initiatives to identify all concepts and their definitions. We will search PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library. The search dates will be 1 January 2010 (the point at which Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) was established) to 1 January 2024. We will also review the COMET database and C3 website to identify parts of COSs (domains and/or instruments) that are being developed and published. This review will be supplemented by querying relevant stakeholders from COS organisations, dermatology organisations and patient organisations for additional COSs that were developed. The resulting long lists of outcomes will then be mapped into conceptually similar concepts. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was supported by departmental research funds from the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University. An ethics committee review was waived since this protocol was done by staff researchers with no involvement of patient care. Conflicts of interests, if any, will be addressed by replacing participants with relevant conflicts or reassigning them. The results will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals, social media posts and promotion by COS organisations.

Why different types of patients seek cosmetic treatments.

The extent to which demographics drive patients to pursue minimally invasive cosmetic procedures is not well-understood. The aim of this project was to better understand how patient demographics impact motivations for cosmetic procedures, irrespective of the procedure desired. Patient-level information from the Cosmetic Motivation Database was evaluated using linear regression analyses to determine whether geographic region, age, gender, race, and education independently influence patients to pursue any cosmetic treatment or consultation. Patients in the Midwest reported fewer motivations related to cosmetic appearance, mental/emotional health, physical health, social life, and school/work success than those in the South. Patients younger than 45 years reported more mental/emotional health and cost/convenience motives compared to older patients. Men noted fewer motives related to cosmetic appearance, mental/emotional health, and cost/convenience but more related to school/work success. Non-White patients reported more cost/convenience motives. Participants with up to a high school diploma cited more mental/emotional health, physical health, social life, and school/work success motivations than those with post-bachelor's education. College graduates cited more school/work success motives than those with graduate-level education. In summary, patient's gender, education, age, location, and race affect why they seek cosmetic treatments. Future research may study younger and less educated patients to improve their access to treatment.

Association of neurotoxin treatment likelihood with sex of television journalists.

Neurotoxin procedures have been increasing in popularity since they were approved for cosmetic use in 2002, with predominately women being treated. Our objectives were to determine likelihood of neurotoxin treatment in television journalists based on demographics and social media popularity. Likelihood of neurotoxin treatment was determined from by grading forehead and glabellar rhytides in videos using a standardized scale. A greater percentage of women vs. men were "likely/highly likely" to have had glabellar (23% vs. 17%, respectively) and forehead neurotoxins (42% vs. 13%, respectively) neurotoxins (both P < 0.05). A greater proportion of anchors vs. non-anchors were "likely/highly likely" to have had glabellar neurotoxins (37% vs. 11%; P < 0.05). In sum, we found that women broadcasters are more likely to pursue neurotoxin treatments compared to male broadcasters and uncovered potential gender-based aesthetic treatment biases in the media industry.

Hypervalent iodine reactions utilized in carbon-carbon bond formations.

Advances in hypervalent iodine chemistry have put the field on the precipice of a second golden age; the first being pioneered in the 1990s. During that period, C-C bond forming reactions would be published but rarely with the intended goal of developing a C-C bond forming methodology. More recently, the development of hypervalent iodine-guided electrophilic substitution, arylations using hypervalent iodine, and photoredox reactions with hypervalent iodine have shown great progress in the area of C-C bond formation.

Hypervalent iodine-guided electrophilic substitution: para-selective substitution across aryl iodonium compounds with benzyl groups.

The reactivity of benzyl hypervalent iodine intermediates was explored in congruence with the reductive iodonio-Claisen rearrangement (RICR) to show that there may be an underlying mechanism which expands the reasoning behind the previously known C-C bond-forming reaction. By rationalizing the hypervalent iodine's metal-like properties it was concluded that a transmetallation mechanism could be occurring with metalloid groups such as silicon and boron. Hypervalent iodine reagents such as Zefirov's reagent, cyclic iodonium reagents, iodosobenzene/BF3, and PhI(OAc)2/BF3 or triflate-based activators were tested. A desirable facet of the reported reaction is that iodine(I) is incorporated into the product thus providing greater atom economy and a valuable functional group handle for further transformations. The altering of the RICR's ortho-selectivity to form para-selective products with benzyl hypervalent iodine intermediates suggests a mechanism that involves hypervalent iodine-guided electrophilic substitution (HIGES).