Crystal and melt inclusion timescales reveal the evolution of magma migration before eruption.

Volatile element concentrations measured in melt inclusions are a key tool used to understand magma migration and degassing, although their original values may be affected by different re-equilibration processes. Additionally, the inclusion-bearing crystals can have a wide range of origins and ages, further complicating the interpretation of magmatic processes. To clarify some of these issues, here we combined olivine diffusion chronometry and melt inclusion data from the 2008 eruption of Llaima volcano (Chile). We found that magma intrusion occurred about 4 years before the eruption at a minimum depth of approximately 8 km. Magma migration and reaction became shallower with time, and about 6 months before the eruption magma reached 3-4 km depth. This can be linked to reported seismicity and ash emissions. Although some ambiguities of interpretation still remain, crystal zoning and melt inclusion studies allow a more complete understanding of magma ascent, degassing, and volcano monitoring data.

Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) care and its implementation by IMA.

Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) is extended maternal child health of family welfare or safe motherhood or child survival and safe motherhood programme. Unless IMA members take up implementation of RCH programme, population stabilisation in India will remain unfulfilled.

Serum phospholipid fractions measured by two dimensional thin layer chromatography in normal pregnancy.

Serum phospholipid fractions were quantitated by two dimensional thin layer chromatography in 85 apparently normal pregnant women at different gestational period. Fifteen healthy non-pregnant women matched for age served as controls. Normal chromatogram showed eight spots of serum phospholipid viz., phosphatidic acid (PA, 3.9 +/- 0.5%), cardiolipin (C, 7.2 +/- 0.4%), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 10.6 +/- 1.1%), phosphatidylglycerol (PG, 3.2 +/- 0.6%), lecithin (L, 34.5 +/- 1.8%), sphingomyelin (S, 31.0 +/- 1.4%), lysolecithin (LL, 8.6 +/- 1.2%) and phosphalidylionositol (PI, 1.0 +/- 0.2%). Serum total phospholipid which increased with gestational age, being lowest at 6 wk (220.2 +/- 4.8 mg/dl) and highest at 38 wk (290.3 +/- 4.5 mg/dl), started declining at term (275.8 +/- 5.8 mg/dl) and returned to levels in normal nonpregnant women (214.1 +/- 4.7 mg/dl) at 4 wk after delivery (217.2 +/- 3.3 mg/dl). PG was absent in both the first and second trimester and first appeared between 31-32 wk, i.e., in the third trimester of pregnancy when the mean per cent of PG was 0.7 +/- 0.4 per cent. During the first trimester when the L/S ratio was less than 1.2 the PI level was low (0.8 +/- 0.2%). Parallel to the increase in the L/S ratio to 2.0, the content of PI increased to 2.6 +/- 0.4 per cent. PG first appeared (0.7 +/- 0.4%) and PI concomitantly decreased (2.1 +/- 0.3%) when the L/S ratio exceeded 2.0 at 31-32 wk. Sequential analysis of maternal serum phospholipid fractions may be used as an additional tool in predicting gestational age of normal growing pregnancy.

INTRAMUSCULAR 15(S)15 METHYL PGF2α IN THE TREATMENT OF MISSED ABORTION.

Intramuscular 15(S)15 methyl PGF2α (Prostin 15M, Upjohn) was used for induction of labour in cases of missed abortion and intra-uterine fetal death. The patients received premedication to control the gastrointestinal side effects. Prostin 15M was given at a dose of 250 µg every three hours and escalated whenever required. The trial was interrupted in two out of 83 patients. Altogether 75 patients (92.6%) expelled the fetus with the treatment. The mean induction abortion interval was 14.7 hours. The primigravidae had a longer (18.2 hrs) interval than the multigravidae (13.8 hrs). The mean number of episodes of vomiting was 2.9 and of diarrhoea 3.5 per patient and treatment.

Diazepam therapy in eclampsia.

The single drug therapy of diazepam can be introduced to effectively control convulsions in eclampsia. This treatment will have particular application in rural obstetrics where eclampsia is seen in severe form. The dose schedule of diazepam, as described in this study, shows the therapy to have a stabilizing effect on hypertension and pulse rate. It causes neither respiratory depression nor oliguria. Diazepam is an effective muscle relaxant. Its depressive effect on the newborn is in no way inferior to that of lytic cocktail therapy. The drug is readily available at low cost, even in the remote rural areas, and can be easily administered by any doctor or midwife.

Scope of culdoscopic tubal clipping.

PIP: 3 methods of tubal ligation are reviewed and compared: 1) abdominal postpartum tubectomy, 2) vaginal incisional tubectomy, and 3) vaginal tubal clipping by culdoscopy. In this Indian study the abdominal postpartum tubectomy was used more widely because of the social convenience for the patient and less skill required by the physician. The vaginal tubectomy is more limiting because it requires a trained gynecologist. The vaginal tubal clipping by culdoscopy is more acceptable to women because it requires no anesthesia, only a minimal hospital stay, and requires no incision. The vaginal tubal clipping by culdoscopy is considered reversible by the same method. The Indian government has undertaken an increase in this program because it is safe and economical.^ieng

Psychological aspects of childbearing.

PIP: Various psychological aspects related to childbearing are discussed, most of which can be treated by the obstetrician but some of which will require the services of a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. The types of psychological reactions an obstetrician should be aware of are: 1) psychosomatic factors causing infertility; 2) normal emotional reactions to pregnancy; 3) emotion-caused diseases in pregnancy, such as excessive vomoting; 4) psychiatric symptoms that seem to develop in pregnancies characterized by severe anemia, toxemia, and infections; 5) neurotic symptoms, which most often appear in a first pregnancy, when the woman is still immature; 6) psychological preparation for painless childbirth; and 7) emotional reactions to legal abortion and sterilization. Cases of functional psychosis should be referred to a psychiatrist.^ieng