Validation of the Attitude Toward Living Liver Donation Questionnaire (PCID-DVH-Ríos) in Spanish-Speaking Populations: Characteristics and Psychometric Properties.

INTRODUCTION: Given the lack of a sufficient number of livers available for transplantation, living liver donation (LLD) is being developed in the Spanish-speaking world. Knowing the population's attitude toward this donation will help in designing more effective campaigns to increase the number of such donations. However, there are few validated questionnaires. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the psychometric characteristics of questionnaire PCID-DVH-Ríos [questionnaire of the International Collaborative Donor Project about Living Liver Donation ("Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donación de Vivo Hepático" in Spanish) developed by Dr. Ríos, in order to validate the questionnaire for the Spanish-speaking population. METHODS: The study population comprised native Spanish citizens. A sample of the population was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex (N = 600) according to the following: 1. being older than 18 years; 2. being Spanish; and 3. living in Spain. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire of attitude toward liver donation (PCID-DVH-Ríos). This questionnaire included items distributed into subscales or factors, an initial description of the data, an exploratory factor analysis, and an internal consistency analysis. RESULTS: The questionnaire consists of a total of 11 items, distributed into 3 subscales: 1. factor 1 (6 items); 2. factor 2 (3 items); and 3. factor 3 (2 items), presenting a total explained variance of 63.995%. The factors have an explained variance of F1: 38.461%; F2: 14.228%; and F3: 11.306%, respectively. The analysis of items and internal consistency supported the 3 factors' composition. The internal consistency of each factor is as follows: α1 = 0.80; α2 = 0.70; and α3 = 0.55, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The dimensions analyzed in the PCID-DVH-Ríos questionnaire on attitudes toward living liver donation show a good fit in relation to their factorial validity and internal consistency values.

Attitude Toward Organ and Tissue Xenotransplantation Questionnaire (PCID-XENOTx-Ríos): Characteristics and Psychometric Properties of the Validation in Spanish-Speaking Populations.

INTRODUCTION: Making xenotransplantation socially acceptable is the first step in working toward the promotion of this potential therapy option for providing transplant organs. However, most of the questionnaires used for this task are not validated. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire of attitud toward xenotransplantation PCID-XENOTx-Ríos (Questionnaire of Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante about Xenotransplantation developed by Dr. Ríos) to validate the questionnaire in the Spanish speaking population. METHODS: The study population was the native Spanish population living in southeast Spain. A sample of the population was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex (N = 600), using the following inclusion criteria: 1. being older than 18 years; 2. being Spanish; and 3. living in Spain. Instrument valuation. Attitude was assessed using the validated PCID-XENOTx-Ríos questionnaire to gauge attitudes toward organ and tissue xenotransplantation. The statistical analysis included an initial description of the data, an exploratory factor analysis, an items analysis, and an internal consistency analysis. RESULTS: The questionnaire consists of a total of 30 items, distributed in 4 subscales: 1. Factor 1: consequences (11 items); 2. Factor 2: associated risks (7 items); 3. Factor 3: transmission of infections (6 items); and 4. Factor 4: origins of transplantation (6 items). This structure presents a total explained variance of 61.18%. The internal consistency of each factor was as follows: α1 = 0.91; α2 = 0.92; α3 = 0.89; and α4 = 0.72. The analysis of items and internal consistency supported the 4 factors' composition. CONCLUSIONS: Dimensions analyzed in the PCID-XENOTx-Ríos questionnaire of attitudes toward organ and tissue xenotransplantation show a good fit in relation to their factorial validity and internal consistency values.

Psychometric Characteristics of the Attitude Questionnaire Toward the Donation of Organs for Transplant (PCID-DTO-RIOS).

INTRODUCTION: Most psychosocial attitude studies for donors are not evaluated and are not valid. Validated questionnaires are necessary to compare results and guarantee that they measure what they are intended to measure. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the psychometric characteristics of the attitude questionnaire toward the donation of one's own organs after death. We evaluated PCID-DTO RIOS (Questionnaire of "Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante" about organ donation and transplant; donación y trasplante de órganos in Spanish), developed by Dr Ríos, for its validation in a Spanish-speaking population. METHOD: A sample of 600 Spaniards over 18 stratified by age and gender according to the center were included. The PCID-DTO-RIOS was used, which allows determination of the factors that condition that attitude. Structured analysis was used in several stages, with an initial description of the data, exploratory factorial analysis, item analysis, and internal factor consistency. RESULTS: The 20 items of the questionnaire are grouped into 4 factors, which explain 63.203% of the total variance. By factors, this is distributed as follows: factor 1 (6 items) 26.287%; factor 2 (7 items) 24.972%; factor 3 (4 items) 6.834%; and factor 4 (3 items) 5.110%. The analysis of the items and the internal consistency measured through Cronbach α (α1 = .95, α2 = .80, α3 = .74, and α4 = .64) support the four-factor composition, with α = 0.834. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire PCID-DTO-RIOS is composed of 4 factors that explain a high percentage of the attitude toward the donation of one's own organs after death.

Living Kidney Donation Questionnaire (PCID-DVR-Ríos): Validation and Psychometric Characteristics in a Spanish-Speaking Population.

BACKGROUND: The attitude toward living kidney donation is important for certain promotion campaigns, however, there are few validated questionnaires in this regard. The aim of this work was to analyze the psychometric characteristics of the attitudes questionnaire about living renal donation, PCID-DVR-Ríos (Cuestionario del Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donación de Vivo Renal [Questionnaire of the International Collaborative Donor Project on Living Kidney Donation] developed by Dr Ríos) for the validation of the questionnaire in population of Spanish speakers. METHODS: The sample studied represented the population >18 years of age, native and resident of Spain, stratified by age and sex. The measurement instrument was the PCID-DVR-Ríos questionnaire. Analysis of data was structured in several stages: an initial description of the data, exploratory factor analysis, item analysis, and internal consistency of the factors. RESULTS: The questionnaire consists of 11 items, distributed in 3 factors of 6, 3, and 2 items. This structure accounts for 63.995% of the total variance. By factors, the variance is distributed as follows: factor 1: 38.461%; factor 2: 14.228%; and factor 3: 11.306%. The analysis of items and internal consistency supported the trifactorial composition. Each factor is internally consistent (α1 = .80; α2 = .70; α3 = .55). CONCLUSIONS: The analyzed dimensions of the PCID-DVR Ríos questionnaire to analyze attitude toward living kidney donation showed a good fit in terms of factorial validity and internal consistency values.

Burnout en deportistas: Prevalencia del síndrome a través de dos medidas / Burnout in athletes: Prevalence of the syndrome through two measures / Burnout em atletas: Prevalência da síndrome através de duas medidas

En este trabajo se ha estudiado la prevalencia del síndrome de burnout en una muestra de 442 deportistas y la relación entre padecer el síndrome, o algunas de sus dimensiones, y algunas variables significativas en el ámbito del deporte (género de los deportistas, edad, nivel competitivo y volumen de entrenamiento). Se aplicaron dos instrumentos de medida del burnout en deportistas, el Inventario de Burnout en Deportistas-Revisado (IBD-R) y el Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Para el análisis de datos (estadísticos descriptivos, distribución de frecuencias, pruebas t y análisis de varianza) se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS. Se han obtenido porcentajes similares sobre la prevalencia del síndrome con ambos cuestionarios. Cerca de un 4% padece el síndrome, existiendo ciertas diferencias en relación al género, nivel deportivo y volumen de entrenamiento. Los resultados nos hacen reflexionar acerca de la relevancia que tiene la prevaencia del síndrome en este entorno, y se plantean algunas estrategias de futuro encaminadas a su prevención (AU)

This work has studied the prevalence of the burnout syndrome in a sample of 442 athletes and the relationship between the syndrome, or some of its dimensions, and some significant variables in the field of sport (athletes gender, age, competitive level, and volume of training). Two instruments of measurement of burnout in athletes, the Burnout Inventory in Athletes (Inventario de Burnout en Deportistas-Revisado, IBD-R) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) have been applied. For data analysis (descriptive statistics, frequencies distribution, t test and analysis of variance) we used the statistical package SPSS. Similar percentages have been obtained on the prevalence of the syndrome with both questionnaires. About 4% of the athletes suffer from the syndrome, and there are certain differences in relation to gender, competitive level and volume of training. Results make us think about the relevance of its prevalence in sport context and some future strategies for its prevention (AU)

Este trabalho estudou a prevalência da síndrome de burnout em uma amostra de 442 atletas e da relação entre a síndrome, ou alguma de suas dimensões, e algumas variáveis significativas no domínio do desporto (atletas de gênero, idade, nível competitivo, e volume de treinamento). Dois instrumentos de medida de burnout em atletas, o Inventário de Burnout em Atletas (Inventario de Burnout en Deportistas-Revisado, IBD-R) eo atleta Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) foram aplicadas. Para análise dos dados (estatística descritiva, distribuição de freqüências, teste t e análise de variância) foi utilizado o pacote estatístico SPSS. Percentagens semelhantes foram obtidos sobre a prevalência da síndrome com ambos os questionários. Cerca de 4% dos atletas sofrem com a síndrome, e há certas diferenças em relação ao sexo, nível competitivo e volume de treinamento. Os resultados fazem-nos pensar sobre a relevância da sua prevalência em contexto desportivo e algumas estratégias futuras para a sua prevenção (AU)

[Impact of an educational intervention carried out in anti-vector campaign workers]. / Impacto de una intervención educativa en trabajadores de la campaña antivectorial.

INTRODUCTION: Aedes aegypti is a common vector in Cuba, which damages human health. Santiago de Cuba is one of the provinces with high number of mosquito foci in a sustained way. Therefore, it is very important, from the social viewpoint, to carry out educational interventions with anti-vector campaign workers in Mella municipality in this province. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on dengue, Aedes aegypti and monitoring actions with anti-vector program workers from Mella municipality in Santiago de Cuba. METHODS: a quasi-experimental research was conducted before and after the educational intervention from November to December, 2010. Lectures and workshops were given in each of the three health areas of the municipality. The sample was made up of 64 workers. The addressed topics were dengue, Aedes aegypti and actions to control them. An Excel database was created. Wilconxon's sign tests were applied to check changes in knowledge. SPSS statistical processor was used (11.5 version). RESULTS: before the educational interveption, the knowledge on dengue was broader than those on the rest of the addressed topics. After the intervention, except for the responses about the disease, the rest of the topics increased their initial assessment values. The topic Aedes aegypti had the highest number of satisfactory answers (100 %), followed by actions to control the vector (90 %). CONCLUSIONS: the educational strategy was effective, since it achieved high impact on the increase of knowledge of the anti-vector campaign workers in Mella municipality, Santiago de Cuba province.

[Psychopharmacology and psychiatric aspects of pain]. / Aspectos psiquiátricos y psicofarmacología del dolor.

The psychological and psychopathological aspects of pain serve to emphasize the therapeutic importance of psychopharmacological drugs in the treatment of this frequent symptom. Using the classification of psychotropic drugs made by Delay and Deniker, the author analyses the practical applications of some psycholeptics, some psychoanaleptics, and even some psychodysleptics in anti-pain therapeutics. The analysis of some statistics on the frequency of pain in different patient samples, from general medicine as well as from psychiatry, helps to comment upon the great advance implied by the psychopharmacological revolution.

[Cardiac neurosis. Study of 100 cases with a healthy heart]. / Neurósis cardíaca. Estudio de cien casos con corazón sano.

One-hundred records taken at chance from the archives of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología de México, with the diagnosis of healthy heart, were studied. The following factors of these patients were analyzed: age, sex, civil status, socio-economic level, occupation, family antecedents, personal antecedents, smoking, alcoholism, presence of cardiac murmurs, arrhythmias, and electrocardiogram. In 80 of these patients there existed a clear neurotic alteration. The main symptoms which they suffered were: dyspnea, pain, palpitations, dizziness, and headaches. We found that the influence of the medical environment and living with cardiac patients in a neurotic individual were predisposing factors of a cardiac neurosis. In many cases the physician is responsable if he hesitates or does not advice properly. It can be concluded that it is necessary to establish a rehabilitation program for these patients since the illness is serious and invalidating and very frecuent, with repercussions at the familiar, social, and economic levels.

Pharmacopsychiatry and iatrogenic Parkinsonism.

Through the study of the pharmacological and clinical actions of chlozapine, a new drug used in psychiatry, we are questioning one of the traditional statements on the therapeutic action of antipsychotics: the affirmation that those must have, concomitantly, antipsychotic action and intense extrapyramidal effects (drug-induced parkinsonism). Combining our own investigations and those of other authors, the generally accepted concepts on the possible biochemical mechanisms involved in the etiology of endogenous psychosis are criticized. Although there is evidence of alterations of the dopaminergic system in schizophrenia and also changes due to the action of neuroleptics, we cannot reject, given the dissociation of effects obtained with chlozapine, the possibility that the repercussion on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system be only one of the many probably mechanisms of action of psychotropic drugs. Thus, such anatomical and neurochemical systems could be involved only in a secondary manner in the biochemical alterations typical of schizophrenia.

[Drug therapy profile of viloxazine. Open clinical trial with 34 patients]. / Perfil farmacoterapéutico de la viloxacina. Ensayo clínico abierto en 34 pacientes.

In an open study with viloxazine in 34 patients we obtained nine excellent results, twelve improvements, eight patients worsened, and five maintained a status quo. The most frequent side effects were gastrointestinal, in particular nausea and vomiting. There was no drug interference with neuroleptics and anxiolitics used simultaneously in the treatment of the patients studied. From this study we can ascertain the existence of three therapeutic dimensions of viloxazine: anxiolytic, energizing, and antidepressive. Doses of 50 to 150 mg., of 150 to 250 or 300 mg., and up to dosages of 400 mg. per diem respectively produce and in that order, the above-mentioned effects.