Retail food outlets and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of longitudinal studies.

CONTEXT: The community food environment covers the type, quantity, density, location, and access to retail food outlets, and its influence on eating behavior, obesity, and metabolic syndrome has been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evidence on longitudinal associations between objectively measured retail food outlets and metabolic syndrome components in children, adolescents, and adults. DATA EXTRACTION: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. DATA SOURCES: The Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Scielo, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Lilacs databases were searched without any restriction on publication dates. DATA ANALYSIS: Of the 18 longitudinal studies included, significant associations were reported in 9 between retail food outlets and metabolic syndrome components in adults (6 positive associations, 2 negative, and 1 both positive and negative), and in 3 studies of children and adolescents (2 negative associations and 1 both positive and negative). Six studies with adults found no association. CONCLUSION: Limited evidence was found for longitudinal associations between retail food outlets and metabolic syndrome components. In future studies, researchers should consider the use of standardized retail food outlet measurements and accurate analysis to better understand the influence of the community food environment on metabolic syndrome. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no: CRD42020177137.

Agreement of body adiposity index (BAI) and paediatric body adiposity index (BAIp) in determining body fat in Brazilian children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate agreement of the body adiposity index (BAI) and paediatric body adiposity index (BAIp) in estimating body fat compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and to propose cut-off points for these indices to classify excess adiposity in Brazilian children and adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Measures of weight, height, hip circumference, BMI and body fat percentage (%BF) assessed by DXA were taken, and BAI and BAIp were calculated. The Bland-Altman plot was used to estimate agreement between the methods, and the receiver-operating characteristic curve to determine the cut-off points for BAI and BAIp per age and sex in comparison with DXA. SETTING: Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. SUBJECTS: Children and adolescents aged 8-19 years (n 1049). RESULTS: Of the children and adolescents, 52·4 % were girls. BAI and BAIp had satisfactory performance by the receiver-operating characteristic curve, except for the 18-19 years age group, whose BAIp had better predictive capacity than BAI. The agreement analysis showed that BAI overestimated %BF by 2·64 %, on average, using DXA; while BAIp underestimated %BF by 3·37 %. CONCLUSIONS: BAI and BAIp showed low agreement with the body fat obtained by DXA, requiring caution when interpreting body composition data in children and adolescents.

EFFECT OF EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID AND DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATIONS TO CONTROL COGNITIVE DECLINE IN DEMENTIA AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

INTRODUCTION: there is a lack of consensus on the benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementations on cognition in dementia and/or Alzheimer's disease (AD) elderly. OBJECTIVE: this study presents a systematic review of the results of randomized clinical trials about this topic. The adopted search criteria were randomized clinical trials involving elderly over 65 years of age with no limit to the year of publication of the study. RESULTS: we identified 139 articles, and from the eligible ones a reverse search was conducted. The quality of the trials was assessed using the Jadad scale. Of the four selected studies, three were related to mild to moderate AD elderly, of both genders. Mini Mental State Examination, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive, and Clinical Dementia Rate were the main tests used to assess cognitive performance. CONCLUSION: EPA and/or DHA supplementations did not affect scores obtained on the cognitive tests. However, supplementation with EPA and/or DHA improved verbal fluency and attention in patients who had only very mild dementia or AD or presented APOEε4 negative genotype. In case of advanced AD elderly patients, EPA and/or DHA supplementations did not reduce cognitive decline rates.

Introducción: no existe consenso sobre los benefícios de la suplementación con ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) sobre la cognición de las personas mayores con demencia y/o Alzheimer. Objetivo: esta revisión sistemática muestra los resultados de ensayos clínicos randomizados al respecto. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de ensayos clínicos randomizados llevados a cabo en personas mayores de 65 años, sin estabelecer límites en cuanto al año de publicación. Resultados: se identificaron 139 artículos y a partir de los artículos candidatos se llevó a cabo una búsqueda inversa. La calidad de los ensayos clínicos aleatorios se evaluó mediante la escala de Jadad. De los cuatro estudios seleccionados, tres valoraban ancianos, con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Alzheimer de leve a moderada, en ambos sexos. Mini Examen del Estado Mental, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Escala de Evaluación Cognitiva y Tasa Clínica de Demencia fueron los principales test utilizados para estudiar el rendimiento cognitivo. Conclusión: la suplementación de EPA y/o DHA no afectó las puntuaciones en las pruebas cognitivas. Sin embargo, la suplementación con EPA y/o DHA mejoró la cognición en los dominios de fluidez y de atención verbales en pacientes que únicamente presentaban demencia leve o enfermedad de Alzheimer o el genotipo APOEε4 negativo. En los pacientes ancianos con enfermedad de Alzheimer avanzada, la suplementación con EPA y/o DHA no redujo las tasas de deterioro cognitivo.