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1.
Race Justice ; 14(3): 413-422, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39184856

RESUMO

This research note provides new evidence consistent with systemic anti-Black racism in police killings across the United States. Data come from the Mapping Police Violence Database (2013-2021). I calculate race-specific odds and probabilities that victims of police killings exhibited mental illness, were armed with a weapon, or attempted to flee the scene at the time of their killing. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression techniques are applied to further account for the victim's age, gender, year of killing, and geographical clustering. I find that White victims are underrepresented, and Black victims overrepresented in the database. Relative to White victims, Black victims also have 60% lower odds of exhibiting signs of mental illness, 23% lower odds of being armed, and 28% higher odds of fleeing. Hispanic victims exhibit 45% lower odds of being armed relative to their White peers but are otherwise comparable. These patterns persist regardless of the victim's age, gender, year of killing, or geographical location (zip code, state, and neighborhood type). Thus, the threshold for being perceived as dangerous, and thereby falling victim to lethal police force, appears to be higher for White civilians relative to their Black or Hispanic peers. Current findings provide empirical support for political initiatives to curb lethal police force, as such efforts could help to reduce racial disparities in deaths by police nationwide.

2.
J Health Soc Behav ; : 221465241260103, 2024 Jul 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39077803

RESUMO

Scholars cite racist political-economic systems as drivers of health inequities in the United States (i.e., racial capitalism). But how does racial capitalism generate health inequities? I address this open question within the historical context of predatory lending during the 2008 financial crisis. Relevant hypotheses are tested with multiple waves of data from Black and White participants of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 8,877). Across socioeconomic strata, I find that Black participants report higher rates of foreclosure, eviction, repossession, delinquent bills, lost income, and new debts in the wake of the financial crisis. Using structural equation and quasi-experimental models, I then show that Black participants also self-report rapid health declines and increases in prescription drug abuse throughout this period, much of which is explained by chronic financial stress. I conclude that racial capitalism can generate health inequities by ensnaring Black Americans in a toxic web of financial exploitation and stress proliferation.

3.
Am J Prev Med ; 67(4): 477-484, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38906426

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: This study assesses the relationship between living in historically redlined communities and the incidence of violent victimization and examines differences in this relationship across race and ethnicity. METHODS: Data are from the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) from Waves I (1994-1995; ages 12-17), III (2001; ages 18-26), IV (2008-2009; ages 24-32), and V (2016-2018; ages 34-44). Multi-level, within-between regression models were used to assess the relationship between residence in historically redlined areas and violent victimization from adolescence to adulthood. The study includes 8,266 participants, and data analysis was conducted in 2024. RESULTS: Respondents who lived in redlined areas throughout adolescence and adulthood reported a 4.8% higher average probability of violent victimization relative to those who never lived in redlined areas. Respondents who moved from a non-redlined to a redlined area across waves also reported a 2.2% higher probability of victimization, on average. Although Black and Hispanic respondents were significantly more likely than their White peers to live in a redlined area and report violent victimization at each stage of the life course, the probability of experiencing victimization while living in a redlined area was similar between racial and ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the profound and enduring consequences of New Deal-era redlining policies for present-day safety, emphasizing the urgent need to confront and rectify historical injustices to enhance contemporary safety and well-being.


Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime , Violência , Humanos , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Longitudinais , Adulto , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Violência/etnologia , Estados Unidos , Adulto Jovem , Criança , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos
4.
Soc Forces ; 102(3): 817-838, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38229931

RESUMO

Does anti-Black racism harm White Americans? We advance hypotheses that address this question within the neighborhood context. Hypotheses are tested with neighborhood and survey data from a probability sample of White residents of Nashville, Tennessee. We find that regardless of neighborhood crime rates or socioeconomic compositions, Whites report heightened perceptions of crime and danger in their neighborhoods as the proportion of Black residents increases. Perceived neighborhood danger, in turn, predicts increased symptoms of psychophysiological distress. When stratified by socioeconomic status (SES), however, low-SES Whites also report perceptions of higher status when living near more Black neighbors, which entirely offsets their distress. We conclude that although anti-Black racism can ironically harm the health of White Americans, compensatory racist ideologies can also offset these harms, particularly for lower-status Whites. We situate our findings within broader discussions of anti-Black racism, residential segregation, and psychiatric disorders commonly observed among White Americans.

6.
J Racial Ethn Health Disparities ; 11(1): 137-149, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36598753

RESUMO

Wide inequities in stress and health have been documented between Black and White women and men in the United States. This study asks: How does religion factor into these inequities? We approach this open question from a biopsychosocial perspective, developing three hypotheses for the stress-coping effects of religiosity between groups. We then test our hypotheses with survey and biomarker data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (2011-2014), a probability sample of Black and White women and men from Davidson County, Tennessee. We find that Black women score the highest on all indicators of religiosity, followed by Black men, White women, and White men. We also find that increased divine control and religious coping predict higher levels of resiliency biomarkers for Black women only and lower levels for White respondents, especially White men. We discuss how our findings inform broader population health inequities and outline several avenues for future research.


Assuntos
Religião , Resiliência Psicológica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Estados Unidos , Brancos
7.
J Relig Health ; 62(6): 3801-3819, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37702852

RESUMO

Suicide is a public health problem and one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Research exploring the linkages between religion and spirituality has received intermittent attention. Data was derived from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (2011-2014), a cross-sectional probability survey of black and white adults from Davidson County, Tennessee (n = 1252). Results indicate that those with no perceived belief in divine control had a higher likelihood of suicidality. This study provides a fresh perspective on the links between religious factors and suicidality by (a) considering multiple religious and spiritual domains and (b) focusing on the association between irreligion and suicidality.


Assuntos
Suicídio , Adulto , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Ideação Suicida , Religião , Espiritualidade , Fatores de Risco
8.
Rev Relig Res ; 65(3): 317-343, 2023 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39034942

RESUMO

A growing body of work links neighborhood conditions -and particularly perceived neighborhood disorder-with diverse aspects of psychosocial functioning, including self-esteem or the global moral self-worth of the individual. Our work augments this literature by investigating the possible roles of (a) organizational religiosity (i.e., religious attendance, religious support), (b) non-organizational religiosity (i.e., prayer and religious coping practices), and (c) the sense of divine control as potential stress in mitigating the deleterious effects of neighborhood disorder on self-esteem. Data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (NSAHS, 2011-2014) are used to test a series of hypotheses regarding the possible stress-buffering effects of multiple religious domains. Findings from multivariable regression models indicate that: (a) perceived neighborhood disorder is inversely associated with self-esteem; (b) non-organizational religiosity and the sense of divine control each mitigate this pattern; and, interestingly, (c) organizational religiosity does not buffer the association between neighborhood disorder and self-esteem. Several study limitations, as well as a number of promising directions for future research, are identified.

9.
J Health Care Poor Underserved ; 33(3): 1291-1304, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36245164

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Addressing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is essential to reducing CVD burden in African Americans (AAs). Goal-striving stress (GSS), the stress associated with fears of failure, is particularly relevant to AAa in a society where their upward mobility is often blocked. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the association between GSS and incident hypertension, diabetes, and obesity among AAs. METHODS: Hazard regression models were used to assess the relationship between GSS and incident hypertension, diabetes, and obesity among 4,485 participants in the Jackson Heart Study. RESULTS: Among men, those with high (vs. low) GSS were 41% less likely to become obese over a mean period of eight years: 0.59 (0.36, 0.95) p=.03. DISCUSSION: Differences in health behaviors and in stress hormone responses may explain the stress-obesity association we found in men but not women. Future research should examine other factors that may explain this relationship.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus , Hipertensão , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Objetivos , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Hormônios , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco
10.
Rev Relig Res ; 64(4): 577-600, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36068851

RESUMO

Background: Although religious involvement tends to be associated with improved mental health, additional work is needed to identify the specific aspects of religious practice that are associated with positive mental health outcomes. Our study advances the literature by investigating how two unique forms of religious social support are associated with mental health. Purpose: We explore whether support received in religious settings from fellow congregants or religious leaders is associated with participants' mental health. We address questions that are not only of interest to religion scholars, but that may also inform religious leaders and others whose work involves understanding connections between religious factors and psychological outcomes within religious communities. Methods: We test several hypotheses using original data from the "Mental Health in Congregations Study (2017-2019)", a survey of Christian and Jewish congregants from South Texas and the Washington DC area (N = 1882). Surveys were collected using both paper and online surveys and included an extensive battery of religious and mental health measures. Results: Congregant support has more robust direct associations with mental health outcomes than faith leader support. Increased congregant support is significantly associated (p < 0.001) with fewer symptoms of psychological distress (ß = - 0.168), anxiety (ß = - 0.159), and anger (ß = - 0.190), as well as greater life satisfaction (ß = 0.269) and optimism (ß = 0.283). However, faith leader support moderates these associations such that congregant support is associated with better mental health only in cases where faith leader support is also high. When leader support is low, congregant support and mental health are not associated. Conclusions and Implications: At the conceptual level, our study adds to an extensive literature on the relationship between religious social support and mental health. Additionally, our work may provide important insights to religious leadership in terms of communications strategies, services, and resources that might enhance overall congregant mental health and well-being.

11.
Demography ; 59(5): 1791-1819, 2022 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36069268

RESUMO

This study addresses two questions. First, why do Black Americans exhibit worse health outcomes than White Americans even at higher levels of socioeconomic status (SES)? Second, are diminished health returns to higher status concentrated among Black Americans with darker skin color? Novel hypotheses are tested with biosocial panel data from Add Health, a nationally representative cohort of Black and White adolescents who have transitioned to adulthood. We find that White and light-skin Black respondents report improved health after achieving higher SES, on average, while their darker-skin Black peers report declining health. These patterns persist regardless of controls for adolescent health status and unmeasured between-person heterogeneity. Moreover, increased inflammation tied to unfair treatment and perceptions of lower status helps to account for patterns of diminished health returns for dark-skin Black groups. Our study is the first to document skin tone heterogeneity in diminished health returns and one of few studies to identify life course stress processes underlying such disparities. We consider additional processes that could be examined in future studies, as well as the broader health and policy implications of our findings.


Assuntos
Pigmentação da Pele , População Branca , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , População Negra , Humanos , Classe Social
12.
Soc Forces ; 100(4): 1503-1532, 2022 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35847476

RESUMO

At all levels of socioeconomic status, Black Americans can expect to live shorter and sicker lives than their White counterparts. This study advances the perspective that anti-Black stigma from Whites precludes Blacks from reaping the full health rewards of higher status, particularly within the context of neighborhoods. To test this hypothesis, I merge census data with rich survey and biomarker data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study, a representative sample of Black and White adults from Davidson County, Tennessee (n = 1,252). Initially, I find that Blacks who reside in higher-status and mostly White communities exhibit lower levels of neuroendocrine stress hormones, relative to their peers living in disadvantaged Black neighborhoods. But Blacks in higher-status areas also report more perceived discrimination. In turn, perceived discrimination is associated with chronic bodily pain, as well as elevated stress hormones and blood pressure tied to high goal-striving stress, or fears of being blocked from reaching life goals. After accounting for racism-related stressors, Blacks exhibit comparable levels of physiological distress regardless of neighborhood context. The inverse is true for Whites, who report fewer stressors in higher-status neighborhoods, and less physiological distress than Blacks overall. Findings are discussed within the context of social evolutionary theories of the human brain and are dovetailed with broader racial health disparities in the United States.

13.
J Sci Study Relig ; 60(3): 645-652, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35950085

RESUMO

This research note advances the religious coping literature by testing whether belief in an evil world conditions the stress-moderating role of scripture reading. Hypotheses are tested with original data from a survey of Black, Hispanic, and White American churchgoers from South Texas (2017-2018; n = 1,115). Our findings show that reading scripture for insights into the future attenuates the positive association between major life events and psychological distress, but only for congregants who do not believe the world is fundamentally evil and sinful. For congregants who believe the world is evil, scripture reading amplifies the association between life events and distress. Whether scriptural coping is beneficial for mental health could be contingent on a believer's broader assumptions about the nature of the world we live in.

14.
J Health Soc Behav ; 61(1): 24-42, 2020 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32020811

RESUMO

Population health scientists have largely overlooked anticipatory stressors and how different groups of people experience and cope with anticipatory stress. I address these gaps by examining black-white differences in the associations between an important anticipatory stressor-goal-striving stress (GSS)-and several measures of psychophysiology. Hypotheses focusing on racial differences in GSS and psychophysiology are tested using self-report and biomarker data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (2011-2014), a cross-sectional probability survey of black and white working-age adults from Davidson County, Tennessee (n = 1,252). Compared to their white peers, blacks with higher GSS report greater self-esteem and fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, increased GSS also predicts elevated levels of high-effort coping (i.e., John Henryism), neuroendocrine stress hormones, and blood pressure for blacks but not whites. I discuss the implications of these findings for scholars interested in the stress process and broader black-white health inequalities in the United States.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Objetivos , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Autoimagem , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos , População Branca/psicologia
15.
Popul Res Policy Rev ; 39(2): 365-373, 2020 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33716366

RESUMO

Does childrearing affect the biological functioning of parents? To address this question, we analyze cross-sectional survey and biomarker data from Vanderbilt University's Nashville Stress and Health Study, a probability sample of non-Hispanic white and black working-age adults from Davidson County, Tennessee (2011-2014; n = 1,252). Multivariable regression analyses reveal a linear dose-response relationship between the number of children living in a respondent's home and (a) increased allostatic load, and (b) decreased leukocyte telomere length. We found no differences in biological functioning between childless respondents and empty-nest parents. These findings also withstood controls for a battery of socioeconomic factors. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

16.
Sleep Health ; 5(6): 592-597, 2019 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31706800

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To explore (a) how perceptions of personal and divine control over one's sleep schedule combine in distinct ways to predict sleep quality among college students and (b) whether health behaviors and psychological distress mediate the associations between perceptions of sleep control and sleep quality. METHODS: We surveyed 1251 students attending a public university in South Texas. All measures were derived from self-reports. Binary logistic regression techniques were used to predict the odds of reporting high-quality sleep in the past month. Mediation analyses were used to decompose the estimated effects of perceptions of sleep control on sleep quality via smoking, drinking, and psychological distress. RESULTS: Compared to participants who reported both low personal control and low divine control over their sleep schedules, students who reported both high personal control and high divine control exhibited 148% greater odds of reporting high-quality sleep (odds ratio = 2.48; 95% confidence interval = 1.434-4.294). These same participants also showed the highest predicted probabilities of reporting high-quality sleep (22%) compared to students with other sleep control orientations. Mediation analyses indicated that reduced psychological distress partially accounted for these differences, whereas smoking and drinking behaviors did not. CONCLUSION: College students who felt they and God both shared full control over their sleep schedules reported the highest quality sleep, which was partially explained by their lower average levels of psychological distress.


Assuntos
Controle Interno-Externo , Religião , Sono , Estudantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Texas/epidemiologia , Universidades , Adulto Jovem
17.
Sleep Health ; 4(4): 325-330, 2018 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30031524

RESUMO

Although numerous empirical studies show that religious involvement is associated with better health and longer life expectancies, researchers have virtually ignored possible links between religious involvement and sleep. To spark greater attention to this important and understudied area of sleep research, we review previous population-based studies, propose an initial conceptual model of the likely pathways for these associations, and offer several avenues for future research. Our review and critical examination suggest that religious involvement is indeed a social determinant of sleep in the United States. More religious adults in particular tend to exhibit healthier sleep outcomes than their less religious counterparts. This general pattern can be seen across large population-based studies using a narrow range of religion measurements and sleep outcomes. Our conceptual model, grounded in the broader religion and health literature, suggests that religious involvement may be associated with healthier sleep outcomes by limiting mental, chemical, and physiological arousal associated with psychological distress, substance use, stress exposure, and allostatic load. As we move forward, researchers should incorporate (1) more rigorous longitudinal research designs, (2) more sophisticated sleep measurements, (3) more complex conceptual models, (4) more comprehensive measurements of religion and related concepts, and (5) more measures of religious struggles to better assess the "dark side" of religion. Research along these lines would provide a more thorough understanding of the intersection of religious involvement and population sleep.


Assuntos
Religião , Sono , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Estados Unidos
18.
J Relig Health ; 57(6): 2362-2377, 2018 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29564619

RESUMO

Does religious involvement (i.e., attendance and salience) mitigate the association between combat casualty exposure and sleep disturbance among US military veterans? To address this question, we analyze cross-sectional survey data from the public-use version of the 2011 Health Related Behaviors Survey of Active Military Personnel. Results from multivariate regression models indicate: (1) Combat casualty exposure was positively associated with sleep disturbance; (2) religious salience both offset and moderated (i.e., buffered) the above association; and (3) religious attendance offset but did not moderate the above association. We discuss study implications and limitations, as well as some avenues for future research.


Assuntos
Distúrbios de Guerra/complicações , Militares/psicologia , Religião , Privação do Sono/complicações , Privação do Sono/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/complicações , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Veteranos/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Distúrbios de Guerra/epidemiologia , Distúrbios de Guerra/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Privação do Sono/psicologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos
19.
Religions (Basel) ; 8(9)2017 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35991943

RESUMO

Several decades of scholarly research have revealed the significant toll of discrimination experiences on the well-being of African Americans. Given these findings, investigators have become increasingly interested in uncovering any potential resources made available to African Americans for mitigating the psychosocial strains of discrimination. The current study contributes to this literature by testing whether various indicators of religious involvement - e.g. church attendance, prayer, and religious social support - buffer the noxious effects of major discrimination experiences on the mental health outcomes (i.e. depression and life satisfaction) of African Americans. We analyze data from the African American subsample (n=627) of Vanderbilt University's Nashville Stress and Health Study, a cross-sectional probability sample of adults living in Davidson County, Tennessee between the years 2011 and 2014. Results from multivariate regression models indicated: (1) experiences of major discrimination were positively associated with depression and negatively associated with life satisfaction, net of religious and sociodemographic controls; and (2) religious social support offset and buffered the adverse effects of major discrimination on both mental health outcomes, particularly for those respondents who reported seeking support the most often. We discuss the implications and limitations of our study, as well as avenues for future research.

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