A synergetic screening approach with companion effector for combination therapy: application to retinoblastoma.

For many cancers, the lack of potency and the toxicity of current drugs limits the dose achievable in patients and the efficacy of treatment. Among them, retinoblastoma is a rare cancer of the eye for which better chemotherapeutic options are needed. Combination therapy is a compelling approach to enhance the efficacy of current treatment, however clinical trials to test rationally designed combinations of approved drugs are slow and expensive, and limited by our lack of in-depth knowledge of drug specificity. Since many patients already turn to nutraceuticals in hopes of improving their condition, we hypothesized that certain approved drugs could potentially synergize with widely consumed supplements. Following this hypothesis, we devised an alternative screening strategy aimed at taking advantage of a bait compound such as a nutraceutical with potential therapeutic benefits but low potency, by screening chemical libraries for approved drugs that synergize with this companion effector. As a proof of concept, we sought to identify approved drugs with synergetic therapeutic effects toward retinoblastoma cells in combination with the antioxidant resveratrol, popular as a supplement. We systematically tested FDA-approved drugs and known bioactives seeking to identify such pairs, which led to uncovering only a few additive combinations; but to our surprise, we identified a class of anticancer drugs widely used in the clinic whose therapeutic effect is antagonized with resveratrol. Our observations could explain in part why some patients do not respond well to treatment. Our results validate this alternative approach, and we expect that our companion effector strategy could significantly impact both drug discovery and the nutraceutical industry.

Oncoepigenomics: making histone lysine methylation count.

Increasing studies show that methylation of histone lysine residues is implicated in the development and progression of varying disease states such as schizophrenia, diabetes, and multiple human cancers. Targeting the specific enzymes responsible for these processes has fueled global investigation into the understanding and correction of epigenetic pathology. This review aims to assemble a timely account of the current progress against chromatin-modifying histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) to inform ongoing and future efforts into this promising field. In particular, we report on their role in tumor growth and progression and the development of small molecules that modulate these enzymes.