The tadpole of Scinax camposseabrai (Bokermann) (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae).

The treefrog Scinax camposseabrai (Bokermann) is endemic to the Brazilian semiarid region and known from the municipalities of Maracás, Igaporã and Curaçá, in the state of Bahia, and from the municipality of Matias Cardoso, northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil (Frost 2019). It was removed from the synonymy of Scinax x-signatus (Spix), recognized as a valid species, and placed in the S. ruber clade (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005) by Caramaschi Cardoso (2006). Taxonomic changes proposed by Duellman et al. (2016) for the genus Scinax were discussed by Lourenço et al. (2016) and Faivovich et al. (2018), and we follow here their suggestion to consider Ololygon and Julianus (erected for the S. uruguayus group) as synonyms of Scinax. This large genus Scinax currently would include 123 species (Frost 2019), many of which have had their larval morphology formerly described. Here, we describe the external morphology of the previously unknown tadpoles of S. camposseabrai.

The tadpole of Dendropsophus novaisi (Bokermann, 1968) (Anura: Hylidae), with comments on natural history.

Several frog species descriptions from this century provide larval morphology, acoustical, molecular, ecological and behavioral information that, together, provide a better species characterization (e.g., Glos et al. 2005; Toledo et al. 2010; Vassilieva et al. 2016). For the majority of anuran species, basic information is still lacking, despite being fundamental to understand the evolution of a taxonomic unit as well as phylogenetic relationships established between taxa. Such information can be particularly useful for species groups with unresolved taxonomic issues, such as the Dendropsophus marmoratus group (Bokermann 1964; Heyer 1977; Caramaschi Jim 1983; Gomes Peixoto 1996).

Cytogenetic analysis of four species of Pseudis (Anura, Hylidae), with the description of ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes in P. tocantins.

Pseudis paradoxa paradoxa, P. p. platensis, P. bolbodactyla, P. fusca and P. tocantins were analyzed cytogenetically by conventional chromosomal staining, C-banding, silver staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization with an rDNA probe. Pseudis tocantins chromosomes were also stained with distamycin A/DAPI. All of the species had a diploid number of 2n = 24 chromosomes and the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) was located on pair 7. However, the karyotypes could be differentiated based on the morphology of chromosomal pairs 2 and 8, the region that the NORs occupied on the long arms of the homologous of pair 7, and the pattern of heterochromatin distribution. The subspecies P. p. paradoxa and P. p. platensis had identical karyotypes. Heteromorphism in NOR size was seen in P. p. paradoxa, P. p. platensis, P. bolbodactyla and P. fusca. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes (ZZ/ZW) were identified in P. tocantins. The W chromosome was subtelocentric and larger than the metacentric Z chromosomes. The differences observed in the C-banding pattern and in the position of the NOR on the sex chromosomes suggested that inversions and heterochromatinization were responsible for the morphological differentiation of these chromosomes.