Emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in otorhinolaryngology.

SUMMARY: Emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in otorhinolaryngology (ENT) are an area of growing epidemiological and clinical interest. The aim of this section is to comprehensively report on the epidemiology of key infectious disease in otorhinolaryngology, reporting on their burden at the national and international level, expanding of the need of promoting and implementing preventive interventions, and the rationale of applying evidence-based, effective and cost- effective diagnostic, curative and preventive approaches. In particular, we focus on i) ENT viral infections (HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, Human Papilloma virus), retrieving the available evidence on their oncogenic potential; ii) typical and atypical mycobacteria infections; iii) non-specific granulomatous lymphadenopathy; iv) emerging paediatric ENT infectious diseases and the prevention of their complications; v) the growing burden of antimicrobial resistance in ENT and the strategies for its control in different clinical settings. We conclude by outlining knowledge gaps and action needed in ENT infectious diseases research and clinical practice and we make references to economic analysis in the field of ENT infectious diseases prevention and care.

Medical and surgical treatments for tinnitus: the efficacy of combined treatment with sulodexide and melatonin.

AIM: Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of an apparent acoustic stimulus. A widespread and highly debilitating disease difficult to cure. Several treatments have been advocated for tinnitus in the last years, including surgery, pharmacotherapy, counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, sound therapy, but unfortunately without definitive conclusions. The surgery treatments could represent an important therapeutic choice on specific subgroups of tinnitus with defined causes but obviously this approach represent an invasive treatment and it should be considered with extreme caution and then, alternative pharmacological options should be investigated. METHODS: In this retrospective study 30 patients with tinnitus were treated with sulodexide (250 LSU BID, in the morning and in the evening) and melatonin (3 mg in the evening before going to sleep) for 80 days. The evaluations were performed comparing different parameters at basal (T0) and after 40 days (T1) and 80 days (T2) of treatment. RESULTS: The results of Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and acufenometry showed a significative improvement of tinnitus after treatment with sulodexide and melatonin. In particular, THI total score was reduced from 37±20 to 27±18 (P<0.001) and 21±19 (P<0.001) at T1 and T2, respectively. The percentage of patients with improved symptoms (i.e. reduced score at THI) was 76.7% at T1 and 90.0% at T2. Finally a significant improvement was also detected in the tone audiometry test. No side effects were observed during the treatment period. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the combined use of sulodexide, a natural glycosaminoglycan with antithrombotic, profibrinolytic and vascular anti-inflammatory properties used in the treatment of many vascular diseases, included the vertigo of vascular origin and melatonin, a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland and related to multiple physiological functions, confirms to an important and promising therapeutically option in the tinnitus management.

A rare case of oncocytic Schneiderian papilloma with intradural and intraorbital extension with notes of operative techniques.

Epithelial cells of cylindrical cell papilloma are oncocytes, which arise from the sinonasal respiratory epithelium, hence the term Oncocytic Schneiderian papilloma.This is a rare and benign neoplasm of the nose and paranasal sinuses and it should be considered in the work-up of all unilateral nasal polypoid lesions. Clinically behaviour is comparable to inverted papillomas for local recurrence and malignancy coexistence. We report a case arisen from the nasoethmoidal space that extended to the anterior skull base through a bone dehiscence with intradural invasion and orbital space involvement. Surgical therapy is the treatment of choice, the endonasal endoscopic approach can be used in most of the cases and this surgical technique is safe and suitable also in presence of an extra nasal extension. We describe our experience for management of this kind of lesions and some notes on our operative technique.

Correlation between nasal mucociliary clearance time and gastroesophageal reflux disease: our experience on 50 patients.

OBJECTIVES: It is increasingly suggested that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) could play an important role in chronic rhinosinusitis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the nasal mucociliary clearance time in GERD patients and if any correlations could be assumed. METHODS: Fifty GERD patients endoscopically diagnosed underwent an ear, nose and throat evaluation. The saccharin test and the 20-Item Sino-nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20) were administered to 50 participants who correspond to our inclusion criteria. The saccharin test is a validated proof to verify the nasal mucociliary clearance time and the SNOT-20 is a disease-specific, health-related quality of-life questionnaire widely used for the assessment of rhinosinusitis. RESULTS: Thirty-seven (74%) patients showed a significant increment in their saccharin test values in comparison with the others subjects (23.79+/-5.58 vs 8.15+/-2.06min; P=0.0001). This group of patients reported only typical gastroesophageal symptoms (GES) without any other complaint. Gastroesophageal endoscopic findings revealed some interesting and unexpected results in this subgroup. The remainder of patients considered (13/50; 26%) showed normal values for nasal mucociliary clearance time and they referred only typical extraesophageal symptoms (EES). In any case and in both groups rhinosinusitis complaints were present. The SNOT-20 test results were normal in all patients even if a significant difference for GES group could be highlighted (19.3 vs 7.4; P<0.005). CONCLUSION: This study supports the assumption of possible and important correlations between nasal mucociliary clearance time and GERD. GERD could be an altering factor for nasal function also in absence of laryngo-pharyngeal symptoms although to verify this interesting hypothesis more validated data are necessary.

Barotraumatic orbital emphysema of rhinogenic origin in a breath-hold diver: a case report.

Orbital emphysema is a well-recognized complication of fractures involving the orbit. Commonly, it occurs when high pressure develops in nasal cavity as during nose blowing, coughing or Valsalva's maneuver and usually occurs in the subcutaneous tissues. We report the case of a young breath-hold diver who developed spontaneous, non compressive orbital emphysema during underwater fishing, with a maximal depth of 25-30 meters in the Sardinian sea. He was otherwise healthy, without previous cranio-facial trauma and nasosinusal diseases or surgery were not present in the history. When he was referred to our attention the patient presented right eyelid ptosis but diplopia and vision impairment were absent. Computer tomography scans showed subcutaneous air in the right upper eyelid and around the eyeball, particularly near the orbit's roof but optic nerve area, intraconal, was free of air. A dehiscence in lamina papyracea was evident. In our opinion, this has been the point of air entry into the orbit. A supportive therapy was advised and two weeks later the emphysema was recovered completely and the subject was symptoms free. The literature has been revised and to our knowledge no previous cases of barotraumatic orbital emphysema, in a breath-hold diver, are referred.

Collagenous colitis in symptomatic subjects without endoscopic morphologic evidence: case report.

Collagenous colitis (CC) is a rare pathology and, even though various etiopathogenetic hypotheses have been put forward, the etiology and pathology are still not well defined. We report the case of a female patient suffering from chronic watery diarrhoea, positive for guaiac-based fecal occult blood test and morphologically negative to endoscopic investigation, but histologically classifiable as CC. This case report suggests that the clinical history must lead towards the execution of a colonoscopy with bioptic samples done even on apparently normal mucosa. Furthermore, the clinic should always signal a suspect CC to the anatomopathologist in order to have a correct diagnosis.