Two Difficult Pandemics: Tuberculosis and COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The coinfection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 is called tuberculosis and COVID-19 coinfection (TB-COVID-19). We aimed to share the clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings and treatment processes of our patients with TB-COVID-19 coinfection in our tertiary reference hospital. METHODS: Patients aged 18 years and over and hospitalized in the tuberculosis service between March 2020 and September 2022 were included. All coinfected patients whose COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction results were positive while receiving tuberculosis treatment or who were diagnosed with tuberculosis while receiving treatment for COVID-19 were included. RESULTS: The number of patients was 39; 61.6% of males; the mean age was 52 ± 17.1 years; 20% were foreign nationals; 92.5% were Asian; 69.5% had a bacteriological diagnosis; 84.6% had pulmonary tuberculosis; 10% had received antituberculosis treatment before; and 87.5% were sensitive to the first-line antituberculosis drugs. The most common comorbidities were diabetes and hypertension. 87.5% of the patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis and were superinfected with COVID-19 while receiving tuberculosis treatment. 49.5% of patients had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. The most common presenting symptom was cough and sputum; the prominent laboratory parameter was C-reactive protein increase, and thorax computed tomography finding was consolidation, tree-in-bud, and cavitation. While 45.9% of the patients were still under treatment, 1 (2.5%) patient also resulted in mortality. CONCLUSION: In this study, attention was drawn to two infectious diseases seen with respiratory tract symptoms. The mortality rate was found to be low. Neither disease was found to be a factor aggravating the course of each other.

Evaluation of the Patients with the Diagnosis of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia: A Multicenter National Study.

Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by hypoplasia and degeneration of the cerebellum and pons. We aimed to identify the clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings of the patients with diagnosed PCH with confirmed genetic analysis. We collected available clinical data, laboratory, and imaging findings in our retrospective multicenter national study of 64 patients with PCH in Turkey. The genetic analysis included the whole-exome sequencing (WES), targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS), or single gene analysis. Sixty-four patients with PCH were 28 female (43.8%) and 36 (56.3%) male. The patients revealed homozygous mutation in 89.1%, consanguinity in 79.7%, pregnancy at term in 85.2%, microcephaly in 91.3%, psychomotor retardation in 98.4%, abnormal neurological findings in 100%, seizure in 63.8%, normal biochemistry and metabolic investigations in 92.2%, and dysmorphic findings in 51.2%. The missense mutation was found to be the most common variant type in all patients with PCH. It was detected as CLP1 (n = 17) was the most common PCH related gene. The homozygous missense variant c.419G > A (p.Arg140His) was identified in all patients with CLP1. Moreover, all patients showed the same homozygous missense variant c.919G > T (p.A307S) in TSEN54 group (n = 6). In Turkey, CLP1 was identified as the most common causative gene with the identical variant c.419G > A; p.Arg140His. The current study supports that genotype data on PCH leads to phenotypic variability over a wide phenotypic spectrum.

Genotoxicity responses of single and mixed exposure to heavy metals (cadmium, silver, and copper) as environmental pollutants in Drosophila melanogaster.

Heavy metals are now persistently present in living things' environments, in addition to their potential toxicity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to utilize D. melanogaster to determine the biological effects induced by different heavy metals including cadmium chloride (CdCl2), copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO 4.5 H2O), and silver nitrate (AgNO3). In vivo experiments were conducted utilizing three low and environmentally relevant concentrations from 0.01 to 0.5 mM under single and combined exposure scenarios on D. melanogaster larvae. The endpoints measured included viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and genotoxic effects using Comet assay and the wing-spot test. Results indicated that tested heavy metals were not toxic in the egg-to adult viability. However, combined exposure (CdCl2+AgNO3 and CdCl2+AgNO3+CuSO 4.5 H2O) resulted in significant genotoxic and unfavorable consequences, as well as antagonistic and/or synergistic effects on oxidative damage and genetic damage.

Determination of micronuclei frequency in Danio rerio for assessing genotoxicity induced by propineb.

The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effect of Propineb fungicide at different concentrations (0.167, 0.335 and 0.670 mg L-1) and different treatment times (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) on Danio rerio. At the end of the treatment periods, blood was collected from the fish with a heparin injector; smear preparations were prepared, fixed and stained. In the prepared preparations, the numbers of cells with MN and erythrocyte nucleus abnormalities were examined. It was found that propineb increased micronucleus formation at all treatment times and concentrations and induced the formation of erythrocytes with morphological abnormal nuclei such as segmented, kidney-shaped, notched, vacuolated nuclei and binucleated. The increase in micronucleus formation and the number of erythrocytes with abnormal nuclei were found to be concentration and treatment time-dependent. In conclusion, in this study, Danio rerio erythrocytes were used to evaluate the genotoxic effects of propineb fungicide on aquatic organisms, which have an important place in environmental risk assessment criteria. Since fungicides used in agricultural control such as propineb may have the potential to be genotoxic to aquatic organisms, the results of toxicity tests should be taken into consideration in the selection and use of concentrations of these chemicals.

In vivo evaluation of the neurogenotoxic effects of exposure to validamycin A in neuroblasts of Drosophila melanogaster larval brain.

Agriculture commonly utilizes crop protection products to tackle infestations from fungi, parasites, insects, and weeds. Validamycin A, an inhibitor of trehalase, possesses antibiotic and antifungal attributes. Epidemiological evidence has led to concerns regarding a potential link between pesticide usage and neurodegenerative diseases. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been recognized as a reliable model for genetic research due to its significant genetic similarities with mammals. Here, we propose to use D. melanogaster as an effective in vivo model system to investigate the genotoxic risks associated with exposure to validamycin A. In this study, we performed a neurotoxic evaluation of validamycin A in D. melanogaster larvae. Several endpoints were evaluated, including toxicity, intracellular oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species), intestinal damage, larval behavior (crawling behavior, light/dark sensitivity assay, and temperature sensitivity assay), locomotor (climbing) behavior, and neurogenotoxic effects (impaired DNA via Comet assay, enhanced by Endo III and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase [FPG]). The results showed that exposure to validamycin A, especially at higher doses (1 and 2.5 mM), induced DNA impairment in neuroblasts as observed by Comet assay. Both larvae and adults exhibited behavioral changes and produced reactive oxygen species. Most importantly, this research represents a pioneering effort to report neurogenotoxicity data specifically in Drosophila larval neuroblasts, thus underscoring the importance of this species as a testing model in exploring the biological impacts of validamycin A. The in vivo findings from the experiments are a valuable and novel addition to the existing validamycin A neurogenotoxicity database.

The impact of diabetes mellitus on hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, a-single center cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Factors such as age, underlying hematological disease, chemotherapy and radiotherapy used, and bone marrow infiltration may cause mobilization failure. Several preclinical observed that diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to profound remodeling of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche, resulting in the impaired release of HSCs. We aim to examine the effect of DM on HSC mobilization and to investigate whether there is a relationship between complications developing in the DM process and drugs used to treat DM and mobilization failure. METHODS: In Erciyes University Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, 218 patients who underwent apheresis for stem cell mobilization between 2011 and 2021 were evaluated retrospectively. One hundred and nine patients had a diagnosis of DM, and 109 did not. RESULTS: Mobilization failure developed in 17 (15.6 %) of the patients in the DM group, while it developed in 7 (6.4 %) patients in the non-DM group (p = 0.03). CD34+ stem cell count was 8.05 (1.3-30.2) × 106/kg in the DM group, while it was 8.2 (1.7-37.3) × 106/kg in the other group (p = 0.55). There was no statistically significant relationship between glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels and the amount of CD34+ cells (p = 0.83 and p = 0.14, respectively). Using sulfonylurea was the only independent predictor of mobilization failure (OR 5.75, 95 % CI: 1.38-24.05, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: DM should be considered a risk factor for mobilization failure. Further research is needed fully to understand the mechanisms underlying the mobilization failure effects of sulfonylureas and to develop strategies to improve stem cell mobilization in diabetic patients.

Photodynamic augmentation of oncolytic virus therapy for central nervous system malignancies.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a clinical therapeutic modality potentially effective for cancers that evade conventional therapies, including central nervous system malignancies. Rationally designed combinatorial strategies can augment the efficacy of OVs by boosting tumor-selective cytotoxicity and modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer not only mediates direct neoplastic cell death but also primes the TME to sensitize the tumor to secondary therapies, allowing for the combination of two potentially synergistic therapies with broader targets. Here, we created G47Δ-KR, clinical oncolytic herpes simplex virus G47Δ that expresses photosensitizer protein KillerRed (KR). Optical properties and cytotoxic effects of G47Δ-KR infection followed by amber LED illumination (peak wavelength: 585-595 nm) were examined in human glioblastoma (GBM) and malignant meningioma (MM) models in vitro. G47Δ-KR infection of tumor cells mediated KR expression that was activated by LED and produced reactive oxygen species, leading to cell death that was more robust than G47Δ-KR without light. In vivo, we tested photodynamic-oncolytic virus (PD-OV) therapy employing intratumoral injection of G47Δ-KR followed by laser light tumor irradiation (wavelength: 585 nm) in GBM and MM xenografts. PD-OV therapy was feasible in these models and resulted in potent anti-tumor effects that were superior to G47Δ-KR alone (without laser light) or laser light alone. RNA sequencing analysis of post-treatment tumor samples revealed PD-OV therapy-induced increases in TME infiltration of variable immune cell types. This study thus demonstrated the proof-of-concept that G47Δ-KR enables PD-OV therapy for neuro-oncological malignancies and warrants further research to advance potential clinical translation.

Genotoxicity mechanism of food preservative propionic acid in the in vivo Drosophila model: gut damage, oxidative stress, cellular immune response and DNA damage.

Propionic acid is a short-chain fatty acid that is the main fermentation product of the enteric microbiome. It is found naturally and added to foods as a preservative and evaluated by health authorities as safe for use in foods. However, propionic acid has been reported in the literature to be associated with both health and disease. The purpose of this work is to better understand how propionic acid affects Drosophila melanogaster by examining some of the effects of this compound on the D. melanogaster hemocytes. D. melanogaster was chosen as a suitable in vivo model to detect potential risks of propionic acid (at five concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM) used as a food preservative. Toxicity, cellular immune response, intracellular oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, ROS), gut damage, and DNA damage (via Comet assay) were the end-points evaluated. Significant genotoxic effects were detected in selected cell targets in a concentration dependent manner, especially at two highest concentrations (5 and 10 mM) of propionic acid. This study is the first study reporting genotoxicity data in the hemocytes of Drosophila larvae, emphasizing the importance of D. melanogaster as a model organism in investigating the different biological effects caused by the ingested food preservative product.

Drosophila melanogaster as a dynamic in vivo model organism reveals the hidden effects of interactions between microplastic/nanoplastic and heavy metals.

Plastic waste in different environments has been constantly transforming into microplastic/nanoplastic (MNPLs). As they may coexist with other contaminants, they may behave as vectors that transport various toxic trace elements, including metals. Because the impact of exposure to such matter on health still remains elusive, the abundant presence of MNPLs has lately become a pressing environmental issue. Researchers have been utilizing Drosophila melanogaster as a dynamic in vivo model in genetic research for some time. The fly has also recently gained wider recognition in toxicology and nanogenotoxicity studies. The use of nanoparticles in numerous medical and consumer products raises serious concern, since many in vitro studies have shown their toxic potential. However, there is rather limited in vivo research into nanomaterial genotoxicity using mice or other mammalians owing to high costs and ethical concerns. In this context, Drosophila, thanks to its genetic tractability, short life span, with its entire life cycle lasting about 10 days, and distinct developmental stages, renders this organism an excellent model in testing toxic effects mediated by MNPLs. This review therefore aims to encourage research entities to employ Drosophila as a model in their nanogenotoxicity experiments focusing on impact of MNPLs at the molecular level.

Interactions of Ingested Polystyrene Microplastics with Heavy Metals (Cadmium or Silver) as Environmental Pollutants: A Comprehensive In Vivo Study Using Drosophila melanogaster.

Living organisms are now constantly exposed to microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPLs), and besides their toxic potential, they can also act as carriers of various hazardous elements such as heavy metals. Therefore, this study explored possible interactions between polystyrene microplastics (PSMPLs) and two metal pollutants: cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and silver nitrate (AgNO3). To better understand the extent of biological effects caused by different sizes of PSMPLs, we conducted in vivo experiments with five doses (from 0.01 to 10 mM) that contained polystyrene particles measuring 4, 10, and 20 µm in size on Drosophila larvae. Additional experiments were performed by exposing larvae to two individual metals, CdCl2 (0.5 mM) and AgNO3 (0.5 mM), as well as combined exposure to PSMPLs (0.01 and 10 mM) and these metals, in an attempt to gain new insight into health risks of such co-exposure. Using transmission electron microscopy imaging, we managed to visualize the biodistribution of ingested PSMPLs throughout the fly's body, observing the interactions of such plastics with Drosophila intestinal lumen, cellular uptake by gut enterocytes, the passage of plastic particles through the intestinal barrier to leak into the hemolymph, and cellular uptake by hemocytes. Observations detected size and shape changes in the ingested PSMPLs. Egg-to-adult viability screening revealed no significant toxicity upon exposure to individual doses of tested materials; however, the combined exposure to plastic and metal particles induced aggravated genotoxic effects, including intestinal damage, genetic damage, and intracellular oxidative stress (ROS generation), with smaller sized plastic particles + metals (cadmium and silver) causing greater damage.

Hazard Assessment of the Effects of Acute and Chronic Exposure to Permethrin, Copper Hydroxide, Acephate, and Validamycin Nanopesticides on the Physiology of Drosophila: Novel Insights into the Cellular Internalization and Biological Effects.

New insights into the interactions between nanopesticides and edible plants are required in order to elucidate their impacts on human health and agriculture. Nanopesticides include formulations consisting of organic/inorganic nanoparticles. Drosophila melanogaster has become a powerful model in genetic research thanks to its genetic similarity to mammals. This project mainly aimed to generate new evidence for the toxic/genotoxic properties of different nanopesticides (a nanoemulsion (permethrin nanopesticides, 20 ± 5 nm), an inorganic nanoparticle as an active ingredient (copper(II) hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] nanopesticides, 15 ± 6 nm), a polymer-based nanopesticide (acephate nanopesticides, 55 ± 25 nm), and an inorganic nanoparticle associated with an organic active ingredient (validamycin nanopesticides, 1177 ± 220 nm)) and their microparticulate forms (i.e., permethrin, copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), acephate, and validamycin) widely used against agricultural pests, while also showing the merits of using Drosophila-a non-target in vivo eukaryotic model organism-in nanogenotoxicology studies. Significant biological effects were noted at the highest doses of permethrin (0.06 and 0.1 mM), permethrin nanopesticides (1 and 2.5 mM), CuSO4·5H2O (1 and 5 mM), acephate and acephate nanopesticides (1 and 5 mM, respectively), and validamycin and validamycin nanopesticides (1 and 2.5 mM, respectively). The results demonstrating the toxic/genotoxic potential of these nanopesticides through their impact on cellular internalization and gene expression represent significant contributions to future nanogenotoxicology studies.

Protective effects of resveratrol against genotoxicity induced by nano and bulk hydroxyapatite in Drosophila melanogaster.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a naturally occurring calcium phosphate mineral predominantly used for its biocompatibility in a number of areas such as bone grafting, prosthesis coating in dentistry, and targeted drug delivery. Since the nano form of HAp (nHAp) has gained popularity attributed to a re-mineralizing effect in dental repair procedures, concerns have been raised over safety and biocompatibility of these nanoparticles (NP). This study, therefore, aimed to (1) investigate mechanisms of potential genotoxicity and enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated by bulk and nano forms of HAp and (2) test in vivo whether resveratrol, a type of natural phenol, might mitigate the extent of potential DNA damage. The size of nHAp was determined to be 192.13 ± 9.91 nm after dispersion using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Drosophila melanogaster was employed as a model organism to determine the genotoxic potential and adverse effects of HAp by use of (comet assay), mutagenic and recombinogenic activity (wing spot test), and ROS-mediated damage. Drosophila wing-spot tests demonstrated that exposure to nontoxic bulk and nHAp concentrations (1, 2.5, 5 or 10 mM) produced no significant recombination effects or mutagenicity. However, bulk and nHAp at certain doses (2.5, 5 or 10 mM) induced genotoxicity in hemocytes and enhanced ROS production. Resveratrol was found to ameliorate the genotoxic effects induced by bulk HAp and nHAp in comet assay. Data demonstrate that treatment with nano and bulk Hap-induced DNA damage and increased ROS generation D. melanogaster which was alleviated by treatment with resveratrol.

Rationale, design and methodology of APPROACH-IS II: International study of patient-reported outcomes and frailty phenotyping in adults with congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have received increasing prominence in cardiovascular research and clinical care. An understanding of the variability and global experience of PROs in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD), however, is still lacking. Moreover, information on epidemiological characteristics and the frailty phenotype of older adults with CHD is minimal. The APPROACH-IS II study was established to address these knowledge gaps. This paper presents the design and methodology of APPROACH-IS II. METHODS/DESIGN: APPROACH-IS II is a cross-sectional global multicentric study that includes Part 1 (assessing PROs) and Part 2 (investigating the frailty phenotype of older adults). With 53 participating centers, located in 32 countries across six continents, the aim is to enroll 8000 patients with CHD. In Part 1, self-report surveys are used to collect data on PROs (e.g., quality of life, perceived health, depressive symptoms, autonomy support), and explanatory variables (e.g., social support, stigma, illness identity, empowerment). In Part 2, the cognitive functioning and frailty phenotype of older adults are measured using validated assessments. DISCUSSION: APPROACH-IS II will generate a rich dataset representing the international experience of individuals in adult CHD care. The results of this project will provide a global view of PROs and the frailty phenotype of adults with CHD and will thereby address important knowledge gaps. Undoubtedly, the project will contribute to the overarching aim of improving optimal living and care provision for adults with CHD.

Exposure to boron trioxide nanoparticles and ions cause oxidative stress, DNA damage, and phenotypic alterations in Drosophila melanogaster as an in vivo model.

Boron trioxide nanoparticles (B2 O3 NPs) have recently been widely used in a range of applications including electronic device technologies, acousto-optic apparatus fields, and as nanopowder for the production of special glasses. We propose Drosophila melanogaster as a useful in vivo model system to study the genotoxic risks associated with NP exposure. In this study, we have conducted a genotoxic evaluation of B2 O3 NPs (size average 55.52 ± 1.41 nm) and its ionic form in D. melanogaster. B2 O3 NPs were supplied to third instar larvae at concentrations ranging from 0.1-10 mM. Toxicity, intracellular oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, ROS), phenotypic alterations, genotoxic effect (via the wing somatic mutation and recombination test, SMART), and DNA damage (via Comet assay) were the end-points evaluated. B2 O3 NPs did not cause any mutagenic/recombinogenic effects in all tested non-toxic concentrations in Drosophila SMART. Negative data were also obtained with the ionic form. Exposure to B2 O3 NPs and its ionic form (at two highest concentrations, 2.5 and 5 mM) was found to induce DNA damage in Comet assay. Additionally, ROS induction in hemocytes and phenotypic alterations were determined in the mouths and legs of Drosophila. This study is the first study reporting genotoxicity data in the somatic cells of Drosophila larvae, emphasizing the importance of D. melanogaster as a model organism in investigating the different biological effects in a concentration-dependent manner caused by B2 O3 NPs and its ionic form. The obtained in vivo results contribute to improvement the genotoxicity database on the B2 O3 NPs.

Drosophila as a Suitable In Vivo Model in the Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials.

Nanotechnology is often praised as the future technology that will revolutionize the world as we know it, because nanomaterials (NMs) offer numerous practical applications for a wide range of fields such as medicine, cosmetics, food preservation, paintings, and industry. Produced by nanotechnology, NMs are in the front line of this innovative applied science, while nanoparticles (NPs) refer to materials existing in the natural world and measuring 1-100 nanometers in at least one dimension. The recent surge in the number of endeavors to utilize NMs makes it imperative to identify hazards and risk factors involved as we have yet to know harmful effects of this uncharted territory on the environment and public health. While researchers generally choose to carry out in vitro experiments in an effort to assess toxicity of NMs, in vivo approaches seem to yield better evidence that is more relevant to risk assessment. In that context, Drosophila melanogaster stands out as the most dynamic model organism for biological experiments, since 75% of the genes responsible for human diseases are known to have homologs in D. melanogaster, which facilitates research into various pathologies. This book chapter aims to present the full picture of studies on separate NMs that employed in vivo approaches (toxicity, genotoxicity, internalization, cell uptake, tissue distribution, etc.) using D. melanogaster, attempting to offer an in-depth analysis of risks involved in exposure to NMs, as well as many advantages of other animal models used by nanogenotoxicology studies.

Characterization of cord blood CD3+ TCRVα7.2+ CD161high T and innate lymphoid cells in the pregnancies with gestational diabetes, morbidly adherent placenta, and pregnancy hypertension diseases.

PROBLEM: Although pregnant women with gestational diabetes (GD), morbidly adherent placenta (MAP), and pregnancy hypertension (pHT) diseases lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), little is known about their effect on mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and innate lymphoid cells (ILC) in the umbilical cord. This study aimed to quantify and characterize MAIT cells and ILCs in the cord blood of pregnant women with GD, MAP, and pHT diseases. METHOD OF STUDY: Cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) were isolated by Ficoll-Paque gradient. CD3+ TCRVα7.2+ CD161high cells and ILC subsets were quantified by flow cytometry. CBMCs were stimulated with PMA/Ionomycin and Golgi Plug for 4 h and stained for IFN-γ, TNF-α, and granzyme B. The stained cells were analyzed on FACS ARIA III. RESULTS: Compared with healthy pregnancies, in the cord blood of the pHT group, elevated number of lymphocytes was observed. Moreover, the absolute number of IFN-γ producing CD4+ or CD4- subsets of CD3+ TCRVα7.2+ CD161high cells as well as those producing granzyme B were significantly elevated in the pHT group compared to healthy controls suggesting increased MAIT cell activity in the pHT cord blood. Similarly, in the MAP group, the absolute number of total CD3+ TCRVα7.2+ CD161high cells, but not individual CD4+ or negative subsets, were significantly increased compared with healthy controls' cord blood. Absolute numbers of total CD3+ TCRVα7.2+ CD161high cells and their subsets were comparable in the cord blood of the GD group compared with healthy controls. Finally, the absolute number of total ILCs and ILC3 subset were significantly elevated in only pHT cord blood compared with healthy controls. Our data also reveal that IFN-γ+ or granzyme B+ cell numbers negatively correlated with fetal birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: CD3+ TCRVα7.2+ CD161high cells and ILCs show unique expansion and activity in the cord blood of pregnant women with distinct diseases causing IUGR and may play roles in fetal growth restriction.

In vivo effects of 1,4-dioxane on genotoxic parameters and behavioral alterations in Drosophila melanogaster.

1,4-Dioxane (DXN) is used as solvent in different consumer products including cosmetics, paints, surfactants, and waxes. In addition, DXN is released as an unwanted contaminating by-product as a result of some reactions including ethoxylation of alcohols, which occurs with in personal care products. Consequently, DXN pollution was detected in drinking water and is considered as an environmental problem. At present, the genotoxicity effects attributed to DXN are controversial. The present study using an in vivo model organism Drosophila melanogaster aimed to determine the toxic/genotoxic, mutagenic/recombinogenic, oxidative damage as evidenced by ROS production, phenotypic alterations as well as behavioral and developmental alterations that are closely related to neuronal functions. Data demonstrated that nontoxic DXN concentration (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1%) induced mutagenic (1%) and recombinogenic (0.1, 0.25, or 0.5%) effects in wing spot test and genotoxicity in hemocytes using comet assay. The nontoxic concentrations of DXN (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1%) significantly increased oxidative stress, climbing behavior, thermal sensivity and abnormal phenotypic alterations. Our findings show that in contrast to in vitro exposure, DXN using an in vivo model Drosophila melanogaster this compound exerts toxic and genotoxic effects. Data suggest that additional studies using other in vivo models are thus warranted.

Formation and characterization of mechanochemically generated free lignin radicals from olive seeds.

In this study, formation and quantification of mechanochemically generated free radicals of lignin were evaluated after the extraction of lignin from olive seeds and detailed lignin characterization was performed. Lignin was extracted from crushed olive seeds as an insoluble solid using Klason method. Isolated lignin was mechanochemically grinded under cryo conditions using Cryomill and particlesizes were determined by using Zeta Sizer, structural changes were followed by XRD and FTIR-ATR; thermal stabilities were tracked by TGA and DSC. In order to enable solubility demanding studies (such as 1H­NMR and GPC), acylation of lignin was accomplished. ESR measurements were completed to prove the nature of the radicals. Free radicals cavenging activity of olive seed lignin was determined and quantified using 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Number of created mechanoradicals (per gram of olive seed lignin) was calculated from the corresponding UV­Vis spectra. Finally, morphological changes of the lignin over cryomilling was evaluated using SEM.