Inversion of Molecular Chirality Associated with Ferroelectric Switching in a High-Temperature Two-Dimensional Perovskite Ferroelectric.

Controlling molecular chirality by external stimuli is of great significance in both fundamental research and technological applications. Herein, we report a high-temperature (384 K) molecular ferroelectric of a Cu(II) complex whose spontaneous polarization can be switched associated with flipping of molecular chirality. In this two-dimensional perovskite structure, the inorganic layer is separated by (NH3(CH2)2SS(CH2)2NH3)2+ organic cations skewed in a chiral conformation (P- or M-helicity in an individual crystal). As the stereodynamic disulfide bridge determines the molecular dipole moment along the polar axis, the chiral organic cation can be converted to its enantiomer as a consequence of an electric field-induced shift of the S-S moiety relative to its screw axis during the ferroelectric switching. The variation of the molecular chirality is examined with single-crystal X-ray diffraction and circular dichroism spectra. The simultaneous switching of molecular chirality and spontaneous polarization in this perovskite ferroelectric may lead to novel chiral electronic phenomena.

A novel risk factor of contrast associated acute kidney injury in patients after enhanced computed tomography: a retrospective study.

Background: Contrast associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a major cause of acute renal failure and the incidence of CA-AKI is still high in recent years. Risk stratification is traditionally based on glomerular filtration rate(GFR). Hence, the aim of this study was to explore the novel risk factors for CA-AKI after enhanced computed tomography (CT). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 632 in-hospital patients undergoing enhanced CT. The patients were divided into CA-AKI and no-CA-AKI groups. For comparative analyses, we applied one-to-four cohorts of those two groups using propensity score-matching methods addressing the imbalances of age, gender, weight, and smoking. The baseline clinical and biochemical data were compared. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the CA-AKI risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was adopted to test the value of RDW in predicting CA-AKI after enhanced CT. Results: 25 (3.96%) patients suffered from CA-AKI. Those subjects who developed CA-AKI had advanced age, severer renal functional injury, lower albumin, higher baseline RDW, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) than those without CA-AKI. It also exhibited more severe anemia including decreased hemoglobin and red blood cell count (all p < 0.05). The baseline RDW, albumin and PLR between the two groups were statistically significant different after PSM. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that baseline RDW, albumin and eGFR were correlated with CA-AKI after contrast-enhanced CT examination. The RDW exhibited moderated discrimination ability for predicting CA-AKI beyond eGFR, with an AUC of 0.803 (95% CI [0.702-0.90]) vs 0.765 (95% CI [0.70-0.83]). Conclusion: Increased baseline RDW and decreased eGFR are risk factors for CA-AKI after enhanced CT. RDW exhibited good predictive value and can be used as an early warning marker for patients suffering from CA-AKI after enhanced CT.

The integrated understanding of structural and functional connectomes in depression: A multimodal meta-analysis of graph metrics.

BACKGROUND: From the perspective of information processing, an integrated understanding of the structural and functional connectomes in depression patients is important, a multimodal meta-analysis is required to detect the robust alterations in graph metrics across studies. METHODS: Following a systematic search, 952 depression patients and 1447 controls in nine diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and twelve rest state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) studies with high methodological quality met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Regarding the dMRI results, no significant differences of meta-analytic metrics were found; regarding the rs-fMRI results, the modularity and local efficiency were found to be significantly lower in the depression group than in the controls (Hedge's g = -0.330 and -0.349, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested a lower modularity and network efficiency in the rs-fMRI network in depression patients, indicating that the pathological imbalances in brain connectomes needs further exploration. LIMITATIONS: Included number of trials was low and heterogeneity should be noted.

Shotgun metagenomics reveals both taxonomic and tryptophan pathway differences of gut microbiota in major depressive disorder patients.

BACKGROUND: The microbiota-gut-brain axis, especially the microbial tryptophan (Trp) biosynthesis and metabolism pathway (MiTBamp), may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, studies on the MiTBamp in MDD are lacking. The aim of the present study was to analyze the gut microbiota composition and the MiTBamp in MDD patients. METHODS: We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing of stool samples from 26 MDD patients and 29 healthy controls (HCs). In addition to the microbiota community and the MiTBamp analyses, we also built a classification based on the Random Forests (RF) and Boruta algorithm to identify the gut microbiota as biomarkers for MDD. RESULTS: The Bacteroidetes abundance was strongly reduced whereas that of Actinobacteria was significantly increased in the MDD patients compared with the abundance in the HCs. Most noteworthy, the MDD patients had increased levels of Bifidobacterium, which is commonly used as a probiotic. Four Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologies (KOs) (K01817, K11358, K01626, K01667) abundances in the MiTBamp were significantly lower in the MDD group. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between the K01626 abundance and the HAMD scores in the MDD group. Finally, RF classification at the genus level can achieve an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.890. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings enabled a better understanding of the changes in gut microbiota and the related Trp pathway in MDD. Alterations of the gut microbiota may have the potential as biomarkers for distinguishing MDD patients form HCs.

Shotgun metagenomics reveals both taxonomic and tryptophan pathway differences of gut microbiota in bipolar disorder with current major depressive episode patients.

BACKGROUND: The microbiome-gut-brain axis, especially the microbial tryptophan biosynthesis and metabolism pathway (MiTBamp), is closely connected to bipolar disorder with current major depressive episode (BPD). METHODS: We performed shotgun metagenomics sequencing (SMS) of faecal samples from 25 BPD patients and 28 healthy controls (HCs). Except for the microbiota taxa and MiTBamp analyses, we also built a classification model using the Random Forests (RF) and Boruta algorithm to find the microbial biomarkers for BPD. RESULTS: Compared to HCs, the phylum Bacteroidetes abundance was significantly reduced, whereas that of the Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were significantly increased in BPD patients. We also identified 38 species increased and 6 species decreased significantly in the BPD group. In the MiTBamp, we identified that two Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologies (KOs) (K00658 and K00837) were significantly lower in the BPD, and five KOs (K01696, K00382, K00626, K01667, and K03781) were significantly higher in the BPD group. We also identified significant genera and species which were closely related to these KOs. Finally, RF classification based on gut microbiota at the genus level can achieve an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.997. LIMITATIONS: The features of cross-sectional design, limited sample size, the heterogeneity of bipolar disorders, and a lack of serum/plasma tryptophan concentration measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings enable a better understanding of changes in gastrointestinal microbiome and MiTBamp in BPD. Alterations of microbes may have potential as biomarkers for distinguishing the BPD patients form HCs.

Short-term effects of air pollution on cause-specific mental disorders in three subtropical Chinese cities.

BACKGROUND: The effects of ambient air pollution on specific mental disorders are rarely studied, and the reported results are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To assess the short-term effect of ambient air pollution on the morbidity of mental disorders in three subtropical Chinese cities. METHODS: Daily concentrations of air pollution were averaged from 19 fixed monitoring stations across each city, and data on patients were collected from three psychiatric specialty hospitals. A time-series study combined with a generalized additive Poisson model was conducted to investigate the association between air pollution and mental disorders. The exposure-response relationships were explored and stratified analyses by age and sex were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 1,133,220 outpatient visits were recorded in three subtropical cities (Huizhou, Shenzhen, and Zhaoqing). The number of daily outpatient visits for mental disorders increased with higher air pollutant (PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2) concentrations, and the effect of NO2 appeared to be consistently significant across the three cities, with excess risk (ER) of 4.45% (95% CI: 2.90%, 6.04%) in Huizhou, 7.94% (95% CI: 6.28%, 9.62%) in Shenzhen, and 2.19% (95% CI: 0.51%, 3.89%) in Zhaoqing, respectively, at lag03. We also observed significant effect of PM2.5 at lag0 (ER = 1.20%, 95% CI: 0.28%, 2.13%), PM10 at lag0 (ER = 0.99%, 95% CI: 0.36%, 1.62%), and SO2 at lag0 (ER = 10.74%, 95% CI: 3.20%, 18.84%) in Shenzhen. For specific mental disorders, significant associations were found in all the air pollutants except between SO2 and affective disorder and between PM2.5 and schizophrenia. In addition, we found that air pollution exhibited stronger effects for males and adults (≥18 years). CONCLUSION: Acute exposure to air pollution, especially NO2, might be an important trigger of mental disorders.

Study protocol for a parallel-group, double-blinded, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial: the effect and safety of hybrid electroconvulsive therapy (Hybrid-ECT) compared with routine electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression.

BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most rapid and effective treatment for patients with depression, ECT can achieve remarkable antidepressant effects in the initial 3-4 sessions, but significant side effects limit its use. However, recent low-charge electrotherapy (LCE) studies have demonstrated antidepressant or antipsychotic effects with significantly fewer side effects. The aim of this study is to propose a novel two-step charge set strategy for ECT treatment, referred to as Hybrid-ECT, to decrease side effects by using a low charge while preserving treatment efficacy. METHODS/DESIGN: A randomized, double-blinded, standard-controlled, parallel-group design will be carried out. We plan to enroll 112 inpatients diagnosed with depression (unipolar or bipolar) and randomly assign them to conventional ECT (control group) or to Hybrid-ECT (treatment group, 3 ECT sessions followed by LCE sessions (approximately 2.8 joules per session)). We will evaluate participants across a wide variety of domains including clinical symptoms, cognitive, psychological and functional metrics. We will also perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and event-related potential (ERPs) assessments during treatment to explore brain function differences between ECT and LCE. DISCUSSION: This research proposes a simple but completely novel ECT strategy that aims to rapidly relieve depressive symptoms and minimize side effects. The mechanism of ECT and LCE will be further discussed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, Number: ChiCTR1900022905 (Registration date: April 30, 2019).

Similarly in depression, nuances of gut microbiota: Evidences from a shotgun metagenomics sequencing study on major depressive disorder versus bipolar disorder with current major depressive episode patients.

BACKGROUND: To probe the differences of gut microbiota among major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder with current major depressive episode (BPD) and health participants. METHODS: Thirty one MDD patients, thirty BPD patients, and thirty healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. All the faecal samples were analyzed by shotgun metagenomics sequencing. Except for routine analyses of alpha diversity, we specially designed a new indicator, the Gm coefficient, to evaluate the inequality of relative abundances of microbiota for each participant. RESULTS: The Gm coefficients are significant decreased in both MDD and BPD groups. The relative abundances of increased phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes were significantly in the MDD and BPD groups. At genus level, four of top five enriched genera (Bacteroides, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Oscillibacter and Streptococcus) were found increased significantly in the MDD and BPD groups compared with HCs. The genera Escherichia and Klebsiella showed significant changes in abundances only between the BPD and HC groups. At the species level, compared with BPD patients, MDD patients had a higher abundance of Prevotellaceae including Prevotella denticola F0289, Prevotella intermedia 17, Prevotella ruminicola, and Prevotella intermedia. Furthermore, the abundance of Fusobacteriaceae, Escherichia blattae DSM 4481 and Klebsiella oxytoca were significantly increased, whereas the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 = JCM 1222 was significantly reduced in BPD group compared with MDD group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of both MDD and BPD patients, and the nuances of bacteria may have the potentiality of being the biomarkers of MDD and BPD.

Low-charge electrotherapy for patients with schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomised controlled pilot clinical trial.

A double-blind, randomised controlled pilot clinical trial was conducted to assess the potential effectiveness and safety of low-charge electrotherapy (LCE) for patients with schizophrenia. Bitemporal LCE (approximately 2.8 Joules) was administered three times a week. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score was set as the outcome measure. Any adverse event (AE) was recorded. Three visits occurred at baseline, post-treatment, and after one month of follow-up. Twelve patients were randomised to the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) group or LCE group (6 patients in each group). No patient withdrew during the study. The LCE group did not experience seizures during the trial. Patients in both groups showed significant improvements in clinical measures after treatment, and the reduction of all scale scores between the two groups was nonsignificant. The LCE group experienced significantly fewer AEs than the ECT group. Compared with ECT, LCE exerts similar antipsychotic effects while causing fewer AEs. Thus, LCE has the potential to be a safe and effective treatment for patients with schizophrenia, but further research is needed.

[A high level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a protective factor against transplant renal artery stenosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors associated with the occurrence of transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted in 26 recipients who developed TRAS and 40 concurrent renal recipients without TRAS. We also conducted a nested case-control study in 14 patients with TRAS (TRAS-SD group) and another 14 non-TRAS recipients who received the allograft from the same donor (non-TRAS-SD group). RESULTS: Compared with those in the concurrent recipients without TRAS, acute rejection (AR) occurred at a significantly higher incidence (P=0.004) and the warm ischemia time (WIT) was significantly longer (P=0.015) and the level of high?density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL--C) significantly lower (P=0.009) in the recipients with TRAS. Logistic regression analysis suggested that AR (P=0.007) and prolonged WIT (P=0.046) were risk factors of TRAS while HDL-C (P=0.022) was the protective factor against TRAS. In recent years early diagnosis of TRAS had been made in increasing cases, the interval from transplantation to TRAS diagnosis became shortened steadily, and the recipients tended to have higher estimated glomerular filtration rate at the time of TRAS diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Apart from the surgical technique, AR and prolonged WIT are also risk factors of TRAS while a high HDL-C level is the protective factor against TRAS. The improvement of the diagnostic accuracy by ultrasound is the primary factor contributing to the increased rate of early TRAS diagnosis in recent years.

[Early intervention of BK virus replication promotes stabilization of renal graft function].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the optimal time window for intervention of BK virus (BKV) replication and its effect on the outcomes of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the clinical data and treatment regimens was conducted among KTRs whose urine BKV load was ≥1.0×104 copies/mL following the operation between April, 2000 and April, 2015. KTRs with urine BKV load <1.0×104 copies/mL matched for transplantation time served as the control group. RESULTS: A total of 54 recipients positive for urine BKV were included in the analysis. According to urine BKV load, the recipients were divided into 3 groups: group A with urine BKV load of 1.0×104-1.0×107 copies/mL (n=22), group B with urine BKV load >1.0×107 copies/mL (n=24), and group C with plasma BKV load ≥1.0×104 copies/mL (n=8); 47 recipients were included in the control group. During the follow-up for 3.2-34.5 months, the urine and plasma BKV load was obviously lowered after intervention in all the 54 BKV-positive recipients (P<0.05). Eighteen (81.82%) of the recipients in group A and 19 (79.17%) in group B showed stable or improved estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after the intervention; in group C, 4 recipients (50%) showed stable eGFR after the intervention. In the last follow-up, the recipients in groups A and B showed similar eGFR with the control group (P>0.05), but in group C, eGFR was significantly lower than that of the control group (P=0.001). The recipients in group A and the control group had the best allograft outcome with stable or improved eGFR. CONCLUSION: Early intervention of BKV replication (urine BKV load ≥1.0×104 copies/mL) in KTRs with appropriate immunosuppression reduction can be helpful for stabilizing the allograft function and improving the long-term outcomes.

[Long-term survival of high-risk kidney transplant patients].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the experiences in high-risk renal transplant recipients for ketter long-term survival. METHODS: From April 1991 to December 2008, a total of 921 kidney recipients with high-risk factors were divided into six groups as following: (1) pediatric patients (< 18 years old) (GI, n = 34); (2) retransplant recipients (GII, n = 169); (3) high sensitized patients (PRA> 30% or peak PRA > 50%)(GIII, n = 35); (4) elderly recipients (> 60 years old) (GIV, n = 297); (5) diabetic patients (GV, n = 112); (6) patients with HBV/HCV infection or HBV/HCV carrier (GVI, n = 274). Each group was compared to a control of 807 recipients without any above risk factor for patient and graft survival at 1, 3 and 5 years. Incidences of acute rejection (AR), chronic rejection (CR) and complication were analyzed and compared respectively between the studied subjects and the control group as well. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, patient/graft survivals were lower in GII, GIII and GVI (all P < 0.05), GIV had worse patient survival (P < 0.05); AR and CR incidences were greater in GI and GIII (all P < 0.05); GIV, GV and GVI had more complications. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests the benefits for long-term outcome in high-immunological risk renal transplant recipients of low acute selection incidence rate, and reduction of complication incidences is the key to long term results for non-immunological high risk recipients.

[Pulmonary infection in kidney transplant and liver transplant recipients].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the features of pulmonary infection (PI) in kidney transplant (Ktx) and liver transplant (Ltx) recipients for effective control measures. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted among Ktx recipients and Ltx recipients with PI during the period from Jan 2004 to Dec 2008. The clinical data concerning the infection was compared. RESULTS: Forty-five Ktx recipients and 23 Ltx recipients developed PI after the transplantation. The incidence of PI was 7.4% and 56.1% in (P<0.001), respectively, with severe PI occurring in 2.6% and 46.3% of the recipients (P<0.001). The median time from PI diagnosis to transplant was 230 days (29-1080 days) and 4 days (2-104 days) (P<0.001), the case-fatality rate for PI was 6.7% and 17.4% (P=NS), and the mortality rate was 0.5% and 9.8% (P<0.001) in Ktx and Ltx recipients, respectively; Gram-negative organisms were the most common in both Ktx and Ltx recipients, but Ltx recipients had significantly higher incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria (12.9% vs 37.0%, P=0.005). CONCLUSION: The knowledge of PI after the transplantation will benefit appropriate prophylactic and empirical treatment to improve the survival of Ktx and Ltx recipients.

[Multivariate analysis of the risk factors of cytomegalovirus pneumonia after renal transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors for cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia after renal transplantation and investigate the early precaution measures. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in a group of 28 patients undergoing renal transplantation who were readmitted because of CMV pneumonia between Jan, 2005 and Dec, 2007. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used to identity the significant risk factors. RESULTS: Seven factors, namely recipient age, acute graft rejection, pre-transplantation dialysis, delayed graft function recovery, recipient peak PRA level, donor CMV positivity and the use of MMF were found to significantly correlate to post-transplant CMV pneumonia. Multivariate logistic regression further confirmed that donor CMV IgG positivity, acute graft rejection and pre-transplantation dialysis for over 6 months were independent factors to predict the occurrence of CMV pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Acute graft rejection control, appropriate donor selection and shortened dialysis before the transplantation can be crucial factors to reduce the incidence of CMV pneumonia after renal transplantation.

[Analysis of natural killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in Chinese].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the genotypes of natural killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes and their frequencies in Chinese subjects and explore the mechanism of the actions of nature killer cells. METHODS: The DNA samples were obtained from 67 randomly selected unrelated Chinese Han individuals for genotyping of the KIR genes using PCR with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP), and the frequencies of the KIR genes in these Chinese subjects were compared with the reported frequencies in populations of other nationalities. RESULTS: Sixteen KIR genes were identified in these Chinese subjects, and 87.5% of these genes were expressed at frequencies above 0.35. Fourteen functional KIR genes combined into 25 KIR genotypes, among which the most frequent genotype KIR-2DL1-2DL3-2DL4-3DL1-3DL2-3DL3-2DS4 showed a frequency of 0.373, while the frequencies of all the other genotypes were no greater than 0.09. Comparison of the KIR combinations in Chinese Han population with those of Japanese, Korean, and Caucasians populations identified 8.93% of the KIR combinations shared by all these populations; the Chinese, Koreans and Caucasians shared 5.36% common KIR combinations, whereas only 1.79% common combinations were found in Chinese and Caucasians. In this study, 16 new gene combinations were identified (25.28%). CONCLUSION: This study shows the high-frequency distribution of a single KIR gene polymorphism. The KIR combination KIR-2DL1-2DL3-2DL4-3DL1-3DL2-3DL3-2DS4 has the highest frequency in Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Caucasian populations, indicating that inhibitory signal transduction pathway plays an important role in the function of the natural killer cells. This study provide clues for new approaches for improving the prognosis of kidney transplantation by enhancing or inhibiting the function of the natural killer cells instead of life-time usage of immunosuppressive agents.

[Expression of Notch1 on peripheral lymphocytes before and after acute graft rejection following renal transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes in Notch1 expression on peripheral lymphocytes after acute graft rejection after renal transplantation. METHODS: Twenty renal transplant recipients experiencing acute graft rejection and 20 without acute rejection were enrolled in this study. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of Notch1 on peripheral lymphocytes of the patients before operation, at the occurrence of acute rejection and after anti-rejection therapy. The rates of Notch1-positive lymphocytes measured at different time points were compared between the two groups. RESULT: In patients with acute graft rejection, Notch1 expression at the time of rejection onset was significantly higher than that before operation (t=4.245, P=0.000) and that of patients with graft rejection (t=3.839, P=0.000), and was obviously decreased after anti-rejection therapy (t=3.102, P=0.004). Patients without graft rejection showed no significant changes in Notch1 expression after the transplantation (P=0.409). Notch1 expression was comparable between the recipients receiving Tac therapy and those with CsA therapy (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Monitoring Notch1 expression on the peripheral lymphocytes after renal transplantation may help in the diagnosis of acute graft rejection and prediction of the effect of an anti-rejection therapy.

[Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation in polycystic kidney and hepatic disease with kidney and liver failure].

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical experiences concerning simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation in polycystic kidney and hepatic disease with kidney and liver failure. METHODS: This study involved 8 cases of simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation in polycystic kidney and hepatic disease with kidney and liver failure. There were 5 male and 3 female patients, aged from 41 to 67 years old with a mean of 52.8 years old. Six cases transplanted kidney after liver with orthotopic liver transplantation, and 2 cases transplanted liver after kidney with piggy-back liver transplantation. The acute rejections, complications, liver function, kidney functions, and survival rates of patient/liver/kidney were recorded. RESULTS: Within the follow-up of 28 to 65 months, all 8 patients are still alive with normal liver and kidney functions: 2 living more than 5 years, 2 living more than 4 years and 4 living more than 2 years. 2 cases of pleural effusion and 1 case of pneumonia were complications after operation, which had been cured successfully. No acute rejection of allograft was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation is a safe and effective treatment for polycystic kidney and hepatic disease with kidney and liver failure.

[Effect of trichostatin A on proliferation and interleukin-2 expression of mouse T cells in mixed lymphocyte culture].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of trichostatin A (TSA) on proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression of mouse T cells in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), and explore its effect on T cell-mediated immune response. METHODS: BALB/c and C57BL mouse MLC was treated with different concentrations of TSA for different durations, and the lymphocyte inhibition ratio was measured by MTT assay. With CTX as the control, one-way MLC system of BALB/c and C57BL mouse was treated with the same concentrations of TSA, and IL-2 expression in the T cells was observed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: TSA inhibited the proliferation of T cells in the MLC in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. It also reduced the IL-2 expression in one-way MLC dose-dependently, showing it significantly differed from the effect of CTX (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA can inhibit the proliferation and reduce IL-2 expression of the T cells in MLC of mice, and therefore inhibit the T cell-mediated immune response.