Handling missing data through prevention strategies in self-administered questionnaires: a discussion paper.

BACKGROUND: Self-administered questionnaires are efficient and low-cost ways of collecting data with wide cohorts. Nonetheless, their use in studies can result in a high occurrence of missing data, which can affect the statistical power, representativeness and generalisability of the findings. Imputation methods have been considered efficient statistical techniques for managing missing data. However, they have also been associated with limits, such as the risk of under-estimation of the effect, lower statistical power and decrease of correlation among variables. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of using prevention strategies to avoid missing data before the data are analysed. AIM: To identify strategies for preventing the occurrence of missing data and to discuss their effects, as well as their methodological and statistical considerations. DISCUSSION: The article discusses prevention strategies related to the administration format and follow-up and reminders. Strategies such as the use of electronic tablets, email and telephone reminders are associated with lower rates of missing data in self-administered questionnaires. However, methodological and statistical limits, including the absence of a comparison group and statistical validation of the reported results, limits the capacity to establish robust consensus. CONCLUSION: Prevention strategies represent relevant and feasible avenues for handling missing data in a wide range of clinical, nursing and epidemiological research. More projects based on robust design are needed to ensure accurate and reliable data are collected from patients, families, communities and clinicians. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: It is important for clinicians and nurses to understand the phenomenon of missing data and the strategies available to prevent missing data, to collect data representing the patients' and families' perspectives and experiences.

Impact of Donor and Recipient Clinical Characteristics and Hepatic Histology on Steatosis/Fibrosis Following Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Deceased donor and recipient predictors of posttransplant steatosis/steatohepatitis and fibrosis are not well known. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence and assess donor and recipient predictors of steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis in liver transplantation recipients. METHODS: Using the immune tolerance network A-WISH multicenter study (NCT00135694), donor and recipient demographic and clinical features were collected. Liver biopsies were taken from the donor liver at transplant, and from recipients per protocol and for-cause (ie, abnormal transaminases and to rule out rejection) and were interpreted by a central pathologist. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-three paired donor/recipients liver biopsies at the time of transplant and posttransplant follow-up (median time 582 d; average time to last biopsies was 704 d [SD ± 402 d]) were analyzed. Donor steatosis did not influence recipient steatosis or fibrosis. Ten of 183 recipients had steatohepatitis on the last biopsy. Recipient body mass index at the time of liver biopsy was the most influential factor associated with posttransplant steatosis. Both donor and recipient metabolic syndrome features were not associated with graft steatosis. Untreated hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection was the most influential factor associated with the development of allograft fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In a large experience evaluating paired donor and recipient characteristics, recipient body mass index at the time of liver biopsy was most significantly associated with posttransplant steatosis. Untreated HCV etiology influenced graft fibrosis. Thus relative to untreated HCV, hepatic fibrosis in those with steatosis/steatohepatitis is less common though long-term follow-up is needed to determine the course of posttransplant fibrosis. Emphasis on recipient weight control is essential.

Suicide in children: Concept analysis using Rodgers's evolutionary approach.

TOPIC: Although the concept of suicide in children and adolescents is widely present in the literature, its conceptual definition varies according to context, discipline, and time. How this concept is defined impacts the delivery of care to children and adolescents regarding suicide prevention in mental health settings and in the community. PURPOSE: Using Rodgers's evolutionary method, we examined the antecedents, attributes, and consequences of "suicide in children" through temporal trends, and geographic locations. SOURCES: In total, 106 articles were included. Searches were performed using CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Medline, as well as Google Scholar as a complementary tool. CONCLUSIONS: Through a thematic analysis, we identified three themes: (1) developmental perspectives, (2) factors predicting suicide in children, and (3) the emancipation of children as active agents in society. Recent literature shows a movement toward acknowledging the voice of children and adolescents regarding suicide. We address clinical and future implications for the development of this concept.

Anthony and the Role of Silence in Portraiture in Clinical Settings.

This article describes one collaborative arts-based research project. Portrait artist Mark Gilbert and coinvestigators consider lessons for art and healing from one patient, Anthony, whose experience of head and neck cancer diagnosis, surgery, and recovery suggests how silence is ethically, artistically, and clinically significant.

Effect of early-stage autophagy inhibition in BRAFV600E autophagy-dependent brain tumor cells.

Autophagy is a multistage process. Progress within the field has led to the development of agents targeting both early (initiation) and late (fusion) stages of this process. The specific stage of autophagy targeted may influence cancer treatment outcomes. We have previously shown that central nervous system (CNS) tumors with the BRAFV600E mutation are autophagy dependent, and late-stage autophagy inhibition improves the response to targeted BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) in sensitive and resistant cells. Drugs directed toward initiation of autophagy have been shown to reduce tumor cell death in some cancers, but have not been assessed in CNS tumors. We investigated early-stage inhibition for autophagy-dependent CNS tumors. BRAFi-sensitive and resistant AM38 and MAF794 cell lines were evaluated for the response to pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of ULK1 and VPS34, two crucial subunits of the autophagy initiation complexes. Changes in autophagy were monitored by western blot and flow cytometry. Survival was evaluated in short- and long-term growth assays. Tumor cells exhibited a reduced autophagic flux with pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of ULK1 or VPS34. Pharmacologic inhibition reduced cell survival in a dose-dependent manner for both targets. Genetic inhibition reduced cell survival and confirmed that it was an autophagy-specific effect. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition were also synergistic with BRAFi, irrespective of RAFi sensitivity. Inhibition of ULK1 and VPS34 are potentially viable clinical targets in autophagy-dependent CNS tumors. Further evaluation is needed to determine if early-stage autophagy inhibition is equal to late-stage inhibition to determine the optimal clinical target for patients.

Outcomes of immunosuppression minimization and withdrawal early after liver transplantation.

The Immune Tolerance Network ITN030ST A-WISH assessed immunosuppression withdrawal in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C or nonimmune nonviral liver disease. Of 275 recipients enrolled before transplantation, 95 were randomly assigned 4:1 to withdrawal (n = 77) or maintenance (n = 18) 1- to 2-years posttransplant. Randomization eligibility criteria included stable immunosuppression monotherapy; adequate liver and kidney function; ≤Stage 2 Ishak fibrosis; and absence of rejection on biopsy. Immunosuppression withdrawal followed an 8-step reduction algorithm with ≥8 weeks per level. Fifty-two of 77 subjects (67.5%) reduced to ≤50% of baseline dose, and 10 of 77 (13.0%) discontinued all immunosuppression for ≥1 year. Acute rejection and/or abnormal liver tests were treated with increased immunosuppression; 5 of 32 rejection episodes required a methylprednisolone bolus. The composite end point (death or graft loss; grade 4 secondary malignancy or opportunistic infection; Ishak stage ≥3; or >25% decrease in glomerular filtration rate within 24 months of randomization) occurred in 12 of 66 (18%) and 4 of 13 (31%) subjects in the withdrawal and maintenance groups. Early immunosuppression minimization is feasible in selected liver recipients, while complete withdrawal is successful in only a small proportion. The composite end point comparison was inconclusive for noninferiority of the withdrawal to the maintenance group.

Prevalence and Impact of De Novo Donor-Specific Antibodies During a Multicenter Immunosuppression Withdrawal Trial in Adult Liver Transplant Recipients.

The development of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) donor-specific antibody/antibodies (DSA) is not well described in liver transplant (LT) patients undergoing immunosuppression (IS) withdrawal protocols despite the allograft risk associated with de novo DSA (dnDSA). We analyzed the development of dnDSA in 69 LT patients who received calcineurin inhibitor monotherapy and were enrolled in the ITN030ST study. Of these 69 patients, 40 stable patients were randomized to IS maintenance (n = 9) or IS minimization (n = 31). Nine of the 31 IS minimization patients achieved complete withdrawal and were free of IS. Among patients who achieved stable IS monotherapy 1 year after transplantation, the prevalence of dnDSA was 18.8%. Acute rejections and the biopsy-proven findings disqualifying patients from IS withdrawal attempt were factors associated with dnDSA development (P = 0.011 and P = 0.041, respectively). Among randomized patients, dnDSA prevalence was 51.7% after IS minimization and 66.7% in IS-free patients. dnDSA prevalence in patients on IS maintenance was 44.4%. dnDSA development during IS minimization was a risk factor for acute rejection (P = 0.015). The majority of dnDSA were against HLA-DQ antigens (78.7%). Conclusion. During the first year following transplantation, acute rejections increase the risk of developing dnDSA, so dnDSA positivity should be considered for IS withdrawal eligibility; during IS minimization, dnDSA development was associated with acute rejection, which prevented further IS withdrawal attempts.

An ectopically expressed serum miRNA signature is prognostic, diagnostic, and biologically related to liver allograft rejection.

The ability to noninvasively diagnose acute cellular rejection (ACR) with high specificity and sensitivity would significantly advance personalized liver transplant recipient care and management of immunosuppression. We performed microRNA (miRNA) profiling in 318 serum samples from 69 liver transplant recipients enrolled in the Immune Tolerance Network immunosuppression withdrawal (ITN030ST) and Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation (CTOT-03) studies. We quantified serum miRNA at clinically indicated and/or protocol biopsy events (n = 130). The trajectory of ACR diagnostic miRNAs during immunosuppression withdrawal were also evaluated in sera taken at predetermined intervals during immunosuppression minimization before and at clinically indicated liver biopsy (n = 119). Levels of 31 miRNAs were significantly associated with ACR diagnosis with two miRNAs differentiating ACR from non-ACR (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 90%, 95% confidence interval = 82%-96%) and predicted ACR events up to 40 days before biopsy-proven rejection. The most differentially expressed miRNAs were low or absent in the blood of healthy individuals but highly expressed in liver tissue, indicating an ectopic origin from the liver allograft. Pathway analyses of rejection-associated miRNAs and their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) showed induction of proinflammatory and cell death-related pathways. Integration of differentially expressed serum miRNA with concordant liver biopsy mRNA demonstrates interaction between molecules with a known role in transplant rejection. CONCLUSION: Distinct miRNA levels profiled from sera at the time of clinical allograft dysfunction can be used to noninvasively diagnose ACR. Predictive trajectories of the same profile during supervised immunosuppression minimization diagnosed rejection up to 40 days prior to clinical expression. The rejection-associated miRNAs in sera appear to be ectopically expressed liver and specific immune cell miRNAs that are biologically related, and the consequences of immune-mediated damage to the allograft. (Hepatology 2017;65:269-280).

Portrait of a process: arts-based research in a head and neck cancer clinic.

The role of art in medicine is complex, varied and uncertain. To examine one aspect of the relationship between art and medicine, investigators analysed the interactions between a professional artist and five adult patients with head and neck cancer as they cocreated portraits in a clinical setting. The artist and four members of an interdisciplinary team analysed the portraits as well as journal entries, transcripts of portrait sessions and semistructured interviews. Over the course of 5 months, 24 artworks evolved from sittings that allowed both the patients and the artist to collaborate around stories of illness, suffering and recovery. Using narrative inquiry and qualitative arts-based research techniques five emergent themes were identified: embracing uncertainties; developing trusting relationships; engaging in reflective practices; creating shared stories; and empowerment. Similar themes are found in successful physician-patient relationships. This paper will discuss these findings and potential implications for healthcare and medical education.