Nicotine upregulates its own receptors through enhanced intracellular maturation.

Chronic exposure to nicotine elicits upregulation of high-affinity nicotinic receptors in the smoker's brain. To address the molecular mechanism of upregulation, we transfected HEK293 cells with human alpha4beta2 receptors and traced the subunits throughout their intracellular biosynthesis, using metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation techniques. We show that high-mannose glycosylated subunits mature and assemble into pentamers in the endoplasmic reticulum and that only pentameric receptors reach the cell surface following carbohydrate processing. Nicotine is shown to act inside the cell and to increase the amount of beta subunits immunoprecipitated by the conformation-dependent mAb290, indicating that nicotine enhances a critical step in the intracellular maturation of these receptors. This effect, which also takes place at concentrations of nicotine found in the blood of smokers upon expression of alpha4beta2 in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, may play a crucial role in nicotine addiction and possibly implement a model of neural plasticity.

Rapsyn escorts the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor along the exocytic pathway via association with lipid rafts.

The 43 kDa receptor-associated protein rapsyn is a myristoylated peripheral protein that plays a central role in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering at the neuromuscular junction. In a previous study, we demonstrated that rapsyn is specifically cotransported with AChR via post-Golgi vesicles targeted to the innervated surface of the Torpedo electrocyte (Marchand et al., 2000). In the present study, to further elucidate the mechanisms for sorting and assembly of postsynaptic proteins, we analyzed the dynamics of the intracellular trafficking of fluorescently labeled rapsyn in the transient-expressing COS-7 cell system. Our approach was based on fluorescence, time-lapse imaging, and immunoelectron microscopies, as well as biochemical analyses. We report that newly synthesized rapsyn associates with the trans-Golgi network compartment and traffics via vesiculotubular organelles toward the cell surface of COS-7 cells. The targeting of rapsyn organelles appeared to be mediated by a microtubule-dependent transport. Using cotransfection experiments of rapsyn and AChR, we observed that these two molecules codistribute within distal exocytic routes and at the plasma membrane. Triton X-100 extraction on ice and flotation gradient centrifugation demonstrated that rapsyn and AChR are recovered in low-density fractions enriched in two rafts markers: caveolin-1 and flotillin-1. We propose that sorting and targeting of these two companion molecules are mediated by association with cholesterol-sphingolipid-enriched raft microdomains. Collectively, these data highlight rapsyn as an itinerant vesicular protein that may play a dynamic role in the sorting and targeting of its companion receptor to the postsynaptic membrane. These data also raise the interesting hypothesis of the participation of the raft machinery in the targeting of signaling molecules to synaptic sites.