Radiomics and liver: Where we are and where we are headed?

Hepatic diffuse conditions and focal liver lesions represent two of the most common scenarios to face in everyday radiological clinical practice. Thanks to the advances in technology, radiology has gained a central role in the management of patients with liver disease, especially due to its high sensitivity and specificity. Since the introduction of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiology has been considered the non-invasive reference modality to assess and characterize liver pathologies. In recent years, clinical practice has moved forward to a quantitative approach to better evaluate and manage each patient with a more fitted approach. In this setting, radiomics has gained an important role in helping radiologists and clinicians characterize hepatic pathological entities, in managing patients, and in determining prognosis. Radiomics can extract a large amount of data from radiological images, which can be associated with different liver scenarios. Thanks to its wide applications in ultrasonography (US), CT, and MRI, different studies were focused on specific aspects related to liver diseases. Even if broadly applied, radiomics has some advantages and different pitfalls. This review aims to summarize the most important and robust studies published in the field of liver radiomics, underlying their main limitations and issues, and what they can add to the current and future clinical practice and literature.

Radiomics in colorectal cancer patients.

The main therapeutic options for colorectal cancer are surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy in non-metastatic disease. However, the evaluation of the overall adjuvant chemotherapy benefit in patients with a high risk of recurrence is challenging. Radiological images can represent a source of data that can be analyzed by using automated computer-based techniques, working on numerical information coded within Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine files: This image numerical analysis has been named "radiomics". Radiomics allows the extraction of quantitative features from radiological images, mainly invisible to the naked eye, that can be further analyzed by artificial intelligence algorithms. Radiomics is expanding in oncology to either understand tumor biology or for the development of imaging biomarkers for diagnosis, staging, and prognosis, prediction of treatment response and diseases monitoring and surveillance. Several efforts have been made to develop radiomics signatures for colorectal cancer patient using computed tomography (CT) images with different aims: The preoperative prediction of lymph node metastasis, detecting BRAF and RAS gene mutations. Moreover, the use of delta-radiomics allows the analysis of variations of the radiomics parameters extracted from CT scans performed at different timepoints. Most published studies concerning radiomics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mainly focused on the response of advanced tumors that underwent neoadjuvant therapy. Nodes status is the main determinant of adjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, several radiomics model based on MRI, especially on T2-weighted images and ADC maps, for the preoperative prediction of nodes metastasis in rectal cancer has been developed. Current studies mostly focused on the applications of radiomics in positron emission tomography/CT for the prediction of survival after curative surgical resection and assessment of response following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Since colorectal liver metastases develop in about 25% of patients with colorectal carcinoma, the main diagnostic tasks of radiomics should be the detection of synchronous and metachronous lesions. Radiomics could be an additional tool in clinical setting, especially in identifying patients with high-risk disease. Nevertheless, radiomics has numerous shortcomings that make daily use extremely difficult. Further studies are needed to assess performance of radiomics in stratifying patients with high-risk disease.

Liver involvement in patients with COVID-19 infection: A comprehensive overview of diagnostic imaging features.

During the first wave of the pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has been considered mainly as a pulmonary infection. However, different clinical and radiological manifestations were observed over time, including involvement of abdominal organs. Nowadays, the liver is considered one of the main affected abdominal organs. Hepatic involvement may be caused by either a direct damage by the virus or an indirect damage related to COVID-19 induced thrombosis or to the use of different drugs. After clinical assessment, radiology plays a key role in the evaluation of liver involvement. Ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to evaluate liver involvement. US is widely available and it is considered the first-line technique to assess liver involvement in COVID-19 infection, in particular liver steatosis and portal-vein thrombosis. CT and MRI are used as second- and third-line techniques, respectively, considering their higher sensitivity and specificity compared to US for assessment of both parenchyma and vascularization. This review aims to the spectrum of COVID-19 liver involvement and the most common imaging features of COVID-19 liver damage.

Radiological Reporting of Urgencies Related to Medical Devices: Commentary on a Possible Systematic Approach.

Most medical devices are routinely recognized on radiological images and described as normal findings in the radiological report, but sometimes they can cause patient access to the emergency department. Multiple possible complications have been described and most of them require prompt recognition by radiologists for proper clinical management. This commentary proposes a systematic approach to radiological reporting of the most common emergent complications related to medical devices with the intent to avoid the omission of important findings in the final radiological report.

Radiological features and management of retained needles.

The identification of retained needles is essential because of their sharp structure with possible life-threatening complications. However, radiological evaluation could be challenging, especially in case of needles' relatively poor conspicuity and small dimension. This pictorial essay focuses on clinical issues (needle features, retention mechanisms and associated complications) and technical aspects (choice of the best diagnostic modality and technique) that can lead the radiologist to an earlier and proper diagnosis of needle retention in order to provide the best treatment for the patient.

Magnetic Resonance, Vendor-independent, Intensity Histogram Analysis Predicting Pathologic Complete Response After Radiochemotherapy of Rectal Cancer.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is finding an intensity based histogram (IBH) signature to predict pathologic complete response (pCR) probability using only pre-treatment magnetic resonance (MR) and validate it externally in order to create a workflow for the external validation of an MR IBH signature and to apply the model out of the environment where it has been tuned. The impact of pCR and the final predictors on the survival outcome were also evaluated. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Three centers using different MR scanners were involved in this retrospective study. The first center recruited 162 patients for model training, and the second and third centers provided 34 plus 25 patients for external validation. Patients provided written consent. Accrual period was from May 2008 to December 2014. After surgery pathologic response was defined. T2-weighted MR scans acquired before chemoradiation therapy (CRT) were used for analysis addressed on primary lesions. Images were pre-processed using Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) filter with multiple σ, and first order intensity histogram-based features (kurtosis, skewness, and entropy) were extracted. Features selection was performed using Mann-Whitney test. Tumor staging (cT, cN) was added to build a logistic regression model and predict pCR. Model performance was evaluated with internal and external validation using area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) and calibration with Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The linear cross-correlation matrix (Pearson's coefficient) and the variance inflation factor (VIF) were used to check the correlation and the co-linearity among the final predictors. The amount of the information added through the radiomics features was estimated by using the DeLong's test, and the impact of pCR and the final predictors on survival outcomes were evaluated through the Kaplan-Meier curves by using the log-rank test and the multivariate Cox model. RESULTS: Candidate-to-analysis features were skewness (σ = 0.485, P value = .01) and entropy (σ = 0.344, P value < .05). Logistic regression analysis showed as significant covariates cT (P value < .01), skewness-σ = 0.485 (P value = .01), and entropy-σ = 0.344 (P value < .05). Model AUCs were 0.73 (internal) and 0.75 (external). CONCLUSIONS: This MR-based, vendor-independent model can be helpful for predicting pCR probability in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients only using pre-treatment imaging.