The relationship between MMP-2 rs243865, MMP-9 rs398242 and CXCL-12 rs1801157 gene polymorphisms with Japanese encephalitis disease and disease outcome in North Indian population.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of the most important causes of acute and uncontrolled inflammatory disease in Asia. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and chemokines play a detrimental role in the host response to JE disease, aetiology, and disease outcome. Evidently, MMPs are widely circulated in the brain and regulate various process including microglial activation, inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption as well as affects central nervous system (CNS). The present study was to assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of MMP-2, MMP-9 and chemokine (CXCL-12/SDF1-3') in the north Indian population. METHODS: We performed case-control study comprising of 125 patients and 125 healthy controls in north Indian population. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and gene polymorphism have been determined by PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: MMP-2, MMP-9 and CXCL-12 gene was not significantly associated with JE disease, but homozygous (T/T) genotype of MMP-2 was statically associated with disease outcome (p=0.05, OR=0.110). A/G and G/G genotype of CXCL-12 was significantly associated with severity of disease. (p=0.032, OR=5.500, p=0.037, OR= 9.167). The serum level of MMP-2 was observed significantly increased in JE patients with homozygous (T/T) genotype whereas increased MMP-9 level was associated with heterozygous genotype. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: MMP-2, MMP-9 and CXCL-12 gene polymorphism were not associated with JE susceptibility, but MMP-2 may be contributed to disease protection. CXCL-12 was associated with disease severity. In our concern this is the first report from northern India.

Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflamatory cytokine genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to Japanese encephalitis disease in the North Indian population.

BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the major cause of viral encephalitis in many regions of Asia. Cytokines, including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory are key regulators playing a detrimental role in the host response to JE infection, pathogenesis and disease outcome. Evidently, the host's cytokine response is genetically determined, representing the complexity of interindividual differences regarding immune response to viral infection. The current study assesses the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of classical interleukin IL-1ß and IL-10 with JEV susceptibility and disease severity in north Indian population. METHODS: We performed a case-control study using 85 JE patients and 85 healthy controls. Polymorphisms in the IL-1ß (-511 C/T) and IL-10 (-1082 A/G) genes were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. All continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables were expressed in percentage. RESULTS: The mRNA level of IL-1ß and IL-10 were found significantly increased in JE patients. In severe JE patients, IL-1ß mRNA level was significantly higher with heterozygous (C/T) and homozygous (C/C) genotype compared to wild (T/T) genotype and mRNA level of IL-10 was higher in heterozygous genotype (A/G) compared to wild genotype (A/A). The C/T and C/C genotypes of IL-1ß were significantly associated with higher risk of JE infection (p < 0.05, OR = 7.25 and 4.40) whereas, the A/G genotype of IL-10 was associated with a reduced risk of JEV infection (p < 0.05, OR = 0.30). The C allele of IL-1ß was associated with fever and neck stiffness (p < 0.05) and CT genotype was associated with disease severity and worse outcomes in JE patients. Along with this, IL-10 polymorphism was found associated with fever, and AG genotype was found to be associated with worse disease outcomes such as neurological sequelae (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Mutant allele and genotype at IL-1ß (-511 C/T) and IL-10 (-1082 A/G) gene polymorphism show increased expression of IL-1ß and IL-10 in JE patients which contribute to disease severity as well as adverse outcomes of disease. Overall this is the first report from northern India, which shows the association of IL-1ß and IL-10 polymorphisms with JEV infection.

Differential expression of circulating microRNAs in serum: Potential biomarkers to track Japanese encephalitis virus infection.

Japanese encephalitis is one of the serious vector-borne viral encephalitis diseases found worldwide and poses a major threat to public health. Most Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections are subclinical; only 1: 250 to 1:1000 infected persons develop clinical presentations. Delay in proper diagnosis of JE affects the timeliness of treatment initiation and increases the mortality rate in patients. Therefore, there is an extreme need to develop potential biomarkers, which might improve the diagnosis and can become the basis for development of new therapeutics. The microRNAs (miRNAs/or miRs) are small noncoding RNAs of 17-24 nucleotides that are known to regulate about 60% of human genes. Although miRNAs have been found to regulate various aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses, less information on circulating miRNAs in JE is known. The study of JEV infected human serum miRNAs will provide novel information for the diagnosis of JE as well as for the improvement of disease outcome. Total RNA, including miRNA, was extracted from serum followed by the complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis by using sequence-specific primers. cDNA was amplified using target-specific TaqMan MicroRNA Assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction data was normalized using both exogenous (cel-miR-39) and endogenous (hsa-miR-93) controls. We have found significantly altered expression of miR-155 and miR-21 in serum of JEV infected patients as compared to healthy controls, revealing their role as a a noninvasive biomarker in JE. A significant correlation between miRNAs and JE was observed that offers the basis for miRNAs to serve as a new component to develop possible therapeutic strategies for JE in near future.

Association of interleukin-6 (174 G/C) and interleukin-12B (1188 A/C) gene polymorphism with expression and risk of Japanese encephalitis disease in North Indian population.

BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis is an acute inflammatory disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). In this study we aim to determine the association of IL-6 (174) and IL-12B (1188A/C) gene polymorphisms with JEV susceptibility, disease severity and outcomes in north Indian population. METHODS: This study was performed an equal number of cases and control individuals (125). Gene polymorphism has been analyzed by PCR-RFLP and expression by ELISA. RESULTS: Homozygous(C/C) genotypes of IL-12B were significantly associated with protection in JE infection (p = 0.008, OR = 0.368) whereas IL-6 was not associated with JEV infection (p = 0.269, OR = 1.245). The C allele of IL-6 was associated with protection in JE disease and G/C genotype was associated with outcomes with recovered individuals. CONCLUSION: IL-12B gene polymorphism leads to increase level of IL-12B in JE patients, which can contribute to JE susceptibility and disease severity. IL-6 polymorphism has not been associated with susceptibility of JE. Overall, this is the first information from northern India shows association of IL-6 and IL-12B polymorphisms with JE disease.

Prevalence of ABCC3-1767G/A polymorphism among patients with antiretroviral-associated hepatotoxicity.

BACKGROUND: Plasma concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) regimens have considerably varied in individuals of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of variations in the expression of drug-metabolizing and transporter genes. Transporter genes play an important role in the disposition of drugs. Polymorphism in transporter gene (ABCC3) affects the MRP3 expression and varies the treatment outcome. METHOD: We examined the polymorphism of ABCC3-1767G/A gene in a total of 165 HIV patients (out of 165 HIV patients, 34 were with and 131 were without hepatotoxicity) and 156 healthy individuals using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, we found a decreased prevalence of ABCC3 1767GA, 1767GA+AA genotypes, and 1767A allele in patients with hepatotoxicity as compared to patients without hepatotoxicity (23.5% vs. 28.2% and 23.5% vs. 30.53%; 11.76% vs. 16.41%), while a higher prevalence of 1767AA genotype was observed in HIV patients in comparison with healthy controls (2.3% vs. 1.3%, odds ratio [OR] = 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23-15.03, p = .89). The frequency of ABCC3-1767AA genotype was dispersed higher in individuals with early and advanced HIV disease stage in comparison with healthy controls (5.3% vs. 1.3%, OR = 4.73, p = .70; 8.9% vs. 1.3%, OR = 1.89, p = .91). A higher occurrence of ABCC3-1767AA genotype was found in tobacco using HIV patients without hepatotoxicity compared with nonusers (4.7% vs. 1.1%, OR = 4.28, p = .52). The distribution of ABCC3-1767GA genotype was higher in nevirapine receiving HIV patients irrespective of their hepatotoxicity status as compared to nonusers (30.4% vs. 9.1%, OR = 3.34, p = .22; 29.4% vs. 16.7%, OR = 1.69, p = .77). In multivariate analysis, HIV patients receiving nevirapine and with hepatotoxicity was found to have a significant risk for severity of hepatotoxicity (OR = 4.56, 95% CI: 1.60-12.99, p = .004). CONCLUSION: ABCC3 1767G/A polymorphism was not significantly associated with susceptibility to ARV-associated hepatotoxicity, although ABCC3 1767AA genotype designated a risk for acquisition of hepatotoxicity and advancement of the disease. Nevirapine usage emerged as an independent risk factor for hepatotoxicity severity.

Polymorphisms in miRNAs Gene (146a, 149, 196a) and Susceptibility to ARV-associated Hepatotoxicity.

BACKGROUND: Micro RNAs act as a regulatory layer for pharmacogenomics-related gene ex-pression. It could play a role in the efficacy and toxicity of the drug. The SNPs in miRNA genes are linked with different functional consequences. METHODS: Hence, we examined the miR (146a G/C, 149C/T, and 196aC/T) polymorphisms in 34 pa-tients with hepatotoxicity, 123 patients without hepatotoxicity, and 155 healthy controls using a PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: In patients with hepatotoxicity, miR196aCT genotype and combined genotype GCT showed a risk for hepatotoxicity severity with borderline significance (OR=2.08, P=0.07; OR=2.88, P=0.06). While comparing between patients with hepatotoxicity and healthy controls, the combined genotypes CCC and GCT have shown a susceptibility to hepatotoxicity severity (OR=2.89, P=0.05; OR=2.60, P=0.09). The miR196TT genotype was associated with the individuals of advanced HIV disease stage (OR=3.68, P=0.04). In HIV patients who consumed alcohol and did not have hepatotoxicity, the miR 196aCT genotype showed susceptibility to acquisition of hepatotoxicity with borderline significance (OR=2.36, P=0.06). DISCUSSION: The miR149TT and 196aTT genotypes showed a risk of acquisition of hepatotoxicity to nevirapine usage among HIV patients without hepatotoxicity (OR=4.19, P=0.07; OR=1.97, P=0.84). In HIV patients with and without hepatotoxicity, the miR 196aCT genotype showed a risk of acquisition of hepatotoxicity and its severity to the combined use of alcohol and nevirapine, respectively (OR=14.18, P=0.08; OR=2.29, P=0.08). In multivariate logistic regression, taking nevirapine, 196aCT genotype had an independent risk factor for hepatotoxicity severity (OR=5.98, P=0.005; OR=2.38, P=0.05).Conclusion: In conclusion, miR196aC/T polymorphism and combined genotypes GCT and CCC may facilitate the risk for acquisition of hepatotoxicity and its severity.

Identification and characterization of nonpolio enterovirus associated with nonpolio-acute flaccid paralysis in polio endemic state of Uttar Pradesh, Northern India.

Despite polio eradication, nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) detection amid polio surveillance, which is considered to have implications in paralysis, requires attention. The attributes of NPEV infections in nonpolio-AFP (NPAFP) cases from Uttar Pradesh (UP), India, remain undetermined and are thus investigated. A total of 1839 stool samples collected from patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) from UP, India, between January 2010 and October 2011 were analyzed as per the WHO algorithm. A total of 359 NPAFP cases yielded NPEVs, which were subjected to microneutralization assay, partial VP1 gene-based molecular serotyping and phylogenetic analysis. Demographic and clinical-epidemiological features were also ascertained. Echoviruses (29%) and Coxsackievirus (CV)-B (17%) were the most common viruses identified by the microneutralization assay. The molecular genotyping characterized the NPEVs into 34 different serotypes, corresponding to Enterovirus (EV)-A (1.6%), EV-B (94%) and EV-C (5.3%) species. The rarely described EV serotypes, such as EV-C95, CV-A20, EV-C105, EV-B75, EV-B101, and EV-B107, were also identified. NPEV-associated AFP was more prevalent in younger male children, peaked in the monsoon months and was predominantly found in the central part of the state. The NPEV strains isolated in the study exhibited genetic diversity from those isolated in other countries. These form part of a different cluster or subcluster existing in cocirculation, limited to India only. This study augments the understanding of epidemiological features and demonstrates the extensive diversity exhibited by the NPEV strains in NPAFP cases from the polio-endemic region. It also underscores the need or effective long-term strategies to monitor NPEV circulation and its associated health risks in the post-polio eradication era.

Assessment of enteroviruses from sewage water and clinical samples during eradication phase of polio in North India.

BACKGROUND: The Enterovirus (EV) surveillance system is inadequate in densely populated cities in India. EV can be shed in feces for several weeks; these viruses are not easily inactivated and may persist in sewage for long periods. Surveillance and epidemiological study of EV-related disease is necessary. METHODS: In this study, we compare the EV found in sewage with clinically isolated samples. Tissue culture was used for isolation of the virus and serotype confirmed by enterovirus neutralization tests. RESULTS: We found positive cases for enterovirus from clinical and sewage samples and identified additional isolates as echovirus 9, 11, 25 & 30 by sequencing. CONCLUSION: There is a close relation among the serotypes of enterovirus shed in stools and isolated from the environment but few serotypes which were detected in sewage samples were not found clinically and the few which were detected clinically not found in sewage because some viruses are difficult to detect by the cell culture method.This study will be helpful for the researchers who are working on polio and nonpolio enterovirus especially in the countries which are struggling for polio eradication.

Increased serum microRNA-29b expression and bad recovery in Japanese encephalitis virus infected patients; A new component to improve the disease recovery.

BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a neurotropic mosquito-borne Flavivirus, mainly prevalent in Asia. It is the most important causative agent of acute viral encephalitis in humans. Recently, micro RNAs are discovered as a key regulator of inflammatory and immune responses in various diseases including neurological and viral infections. Thus, this study was proposed to check whether changes in cellular miRNA expression due to JE virus infection, can be detected in circulation which would be helpful in diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: miRNAs (miR-29b and miR-146a) were analyzed in the serum of JEV infected patients using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: miR-146a was found significantly decreased (p = 0.0008) in JEV infected patients as compared to healthy controls whereas miR-29b was significantly increased (p = 0.001) in JEV patients recovered with neurological sequelae when compared to those recovered without sequelae. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, miRNA can be measured in serum. Studying microRNAs will provide novel information and help us to identify the components that can serve as biomarkers and can lead to new discovery in controlling disease recovery.

Association of ICAM-1 (K469E) and MCP-1-2518 A > G polymorphism with risk of Japanese encephalitis in North Indian population.

BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is most important cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. The pathogenesis of this is probably attributed to the host genetic makeup. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and monocytes chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) play a vital role in host defense mechanism against flavivirus causing encephalitis. We assessed the possible genetic association between ICAM-1 (K469E) and MCP-1-2518 A > G polymorphisms and Japanese Encephalitis in North Indian population. METHODS: We studied ICAM-1(K469E) and MCP-1-2518 A > G polymorphisms with the help of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Expression of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 were determined at mRNA and protein levels in JE patients and healthy controls by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Homozygous (E/E) genotype of ICAM-1 was associated with clinical severity (p = 0.015) and outcome (p = 0.04) of JE, whereas, heterozygous (A/G) genotype of MCP-1-2518 A > G was associated with outcome in JE patients (p = 0.01). Among severe cases of JE, a higher level of ICAM-1 was observed in patients with E allele (E/K + E/E) of ICAM-1 (K469E) than non-E allele (K/K). The level of MCP-1 was found significantly increased in JE patients with homozygous (G/G) genotype when compared to wild (A/A) genotype of MCP-1-2518 A > G (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: ICAM-1 (K469E) and MCP-1-2518 A > G polymorphisms lead to increased level of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in Japanese Encephalitis which may be associated with severity as well as an adverse outcome of the disease. ICAM-1 (K469E) polymorphism may affect host susceptibility to Japanese encephalitis in North Indian population.

Metabolomics of Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell During Echovirus 30 Infection.

BACKGROUND: Echovirus 30 (E30) causes acute aseptic meningitis. Viral replication requires energy and macromolecular precursors derived from the metabolic network of the host cell. The effect of viral infection within a host cell metabolic activity remains unclear. METHODS: To gain an insight into cell-virus interaction during E30 infection we used a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. In a new approach to metabolomics, 1H NMR was used to measure the level of various cellular metabolites at different times of infection and morphological examination of the cells. Statistical analysis was done by using Confidence interval (CI) 95% and One-way ANOVA test. RESULTS: The1H NMR metabolite spectrum signals were observed between mock infected and virus infected cells. Both mock infected and virus infected cells utilized glucose through metabolic pathways and released metabolic end products. Upon infection, the concentration of Alanine, Lactate, Acetate, Glutamate, Tyrosine, Histidine, Phenylalanine, Creatine, Choline and Formate, increased. Interestingly, all of these augmented metabolites were decreased during later stage of infection. The cells showed wide-ranging lipid signals at the end of infection, which correlates with the morphological changes as apoptosis (programmed cell death) of cells was observed. A significant association was found between time interval (12 h, 24 h, and 48 h) and metabolites likewise Alanin, Lactate, Acetate, Glutamate, Tyrosine, Histidine, Phenylalanine, Creatine, Choline and Formate respectively released by cell during infection, which is highly significant (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Progressive breakdown and utilization of all cellular components were observed as the infection increased. This study is useful for monitoring the cellular metabolic changes during viral infection.

Susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is influenced by toll like receptor-2 (-196 to -174) polymorphism in a north Indian population.

BACKGROUND: Toll like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize molecular patterns of pathogens and play an important role in innate immunity. Recent studies have identified that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TLR gene impairs the response to TLR ligands in some individuals and is associated with susceptibility to various infectious diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the role of four SNPs in the TLR2 gene [-196 to -174 Ins/Del, 2258 G/A (Arg753Gln), 2029 C/T (Arg677Trp) and 1892 C/A (Pro631His)] with respect to susceptibility and progression to HIV-1 in North Indian individuals. METHODS: The study population consisted of 160 HIV-1 seropositive patients stratified on the basis of disease severity (stages I, II and III) and 270 HIV-1 seronegative individuals. The subjects were genotyped for TLR2 gene polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: In the present study, we found that the TLR2 Del mutant genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 2.138; p = 0.001] and allele (OR = 1.562; p = 0.002) was at a higher frequency in patients with HIV-1 infection compared to healthy controls and was significantly associated with the risk of HIV-1 infection and disease susceptibility. Furthermore, we also found that TLR2 Del homozygous genotype was at a lower frequency in stage III (19.35%) compared to stage I (50.87%; OR = 1.901) and stage II (43.05%; OR = 1.514) and was associated with a reduced risk of HIV-1 disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reports for the first time that the TLR2-196 to -174 Ins/Del polymorphism is a risk factor for HIV-1 transmission in HIV-1 infected North Indian individuals.

Detection of long term cellular immune response to Japanese encephalitis vaccination using IFN-γ ELIspot assay.

Vaccine is the most effective preventive measure against Japanese Encephalitis infection. Role of IFN-γ expressing T cells for JE virus clearance has been described as a part of cellular immunity. Vaccine induced immunity also involve the cellular immune response, therefore the study was aimed to observe induction and persistence of IFN-γ expressing T cells by IFN-γ ELISpot assay. The cell count increased significantly after 28 (P < 0.0001) days post vaccination, and remained higher at all time points (day 28, day 180, day 360) when compared with prevaccination. This study will be helpful for designing future vaccination strategy and improving vaccine efficacy.

Identifying sources, pathways and risk drivers in ecosystems of Japanese Encephalitis in an epidemic-prone north Indian district.

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) has caused repeated outbreaks in endemic pockets of India. This study was conducted in Kushinagar, a highly endemic district, to understand the human-animal-ecosystem interactions, and the drivers that influence disease transmission. Utilizing the ecosystems approach, a cross-sectional, descriptive study, employing mixed methods design was employed. Four villages (two with pig-rearing and two without) were randomly selected from a high, a medium and a low burden (based on case counts) block of Kushinagar. Children, pigs and vectors were sampled from these villages. A qualitative arm was incorporated to explain the findings from the quantitative surveys. All human serum samples were screened for JE-specific IgM using MAC ELISA and negative samples for JE RNA by rRT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In pigs, IgG ELISA and rRT-PCR for viral RNA were used. Of the 242 children tested, 24 tested positive by either rRT-PCR or MAC ELISA; in pigs, 38 out of the 51 pigs were positive. Of the known vectors, Culex vishnui was most commonly isolated across all biotopes. Analysis of 15 blood meals revealed human blood in 10 samples. Univariable analysis showed that gender, religion, lack of indoor residual spraying of insecticides in the past year, indoor vector density (all species), and not being vaccinated against JE in children were significantly associated with JE positivity. In multivariate analysis, only male gender remained as a significant risk factor. Based on previous estimates of symptomatic: asymptomatic cases of JE, we estimate that there should have been 618 cases from Kushinagar, although only 139 were reported. Vaccination of children and vector control measures emerged as major control activities; they had very poor coverage in the studied villages. In addition, lack of awareness about the cause of JE, lack of faith in the conventional medical healthcare system and multiple referral levels causing delay in diagnosis and treatment emerged as factors likely to result in adverse clinical outcomes.

Prevalence and species spectrum of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates at a tertiary care center.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection associated with pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease has been increasing globally. Despite an increase in incidence rate of NTM infection, its prevalence, species diversity, and circulation pattern in India is largely unknown. This study sought to investigate the overall burden and diversity of NTM among both pulmonary and extrapulmonary clinical isolates from a Northern Indian population. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, from January 2013 to December 2015. A total of 4620 clinical samples were collected from patients suspected to have pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Preliminary diagnosis was performed using Ziehl-Neelsen staining followed by liquid culture in BacT/ALERT three-dimensional system. A total of 906 positive cultures obtained were differentiated as either NTM or Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using a biochemical and MPT64 antigen test. Further identification of NTM species was confirmed with a line probe assay. RESULTS: Out of 906 cultures isolates, 263 (29.0%) were confirmed as NTM and 643 (71.0%) were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. A total of 79.4% of the NTM were recovered from pulmonary and 18.2% from extrapulmonary specimens. The diversity of NTM species was high (13 species) and predominated by Mycobacterium abscessus (31.3%) followed by Mycobacterium fortuitum (22%), Mycobacterium intracellulare (13.6%), Mycobacterium chelonae (9.1%), however, M. abscessus and M. fortuitum were the predominant species in both types of clinical isolates. Men (60.4%) and older patients aged greater than 55years were the predominated risk group for NTM infection. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence and species diversity of NTM suggests the need for immediate and accurate characterization of NTM for proper treatment and management of patients.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria mimic of MDR-TB infection in Pott's disease.

A 34 year-old woman presented with history of progressive back pain which was diagnosed as Pott's disease with recurrent paravertebral abscess, and had received a total of 23 months of antitubercular treatment for lumbar infection. The patient was non-responsive to treatment and was referred to a higher centre where the infection was finally identified as non-tuberculous mycobacterium (Mycobacterium fortuitum) by genotypic testing. The drugs were initiated according to results of drug susceptibility testing by the broth microdilution method. We describe here an unusual case of M. fortuitum infection that presented as Pott's disease identified by molecular test which was followed by treatment and successful cure of the disease.

Analysis of TLR4 (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) gene polymorphisms and mRNA level in patients with dengue infection: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Dengue is a systemic viral infection that spreads to humans by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. The secreted NS1 protein of dengue virus activates macrophages and human PBMCs via TLR4 and induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines which is responsible for the pathogenesis of disease. Mutations in TLR4 gene have been associated with the increased susceptibility to many viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of TLR4 Asp299Gly (rs4986790) and Thr399Ile (rs4986791) gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to dengue infection. METHODS: A total of 120 dengue infected (57; DHF/DSS and 63; DF) and 200 healthy controls were included in the study. TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile gene polymorphisms was studied by PCR-RFLP. Expression of TLR4 mRNA was evaluated by rRT-PCR. RESULTS: Individuals with heterozygous genotype for TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms had increased susceptibility to dengue infection (OR-1.70, 95% CI=1.01-2.86 P=0.042 and OR-2.17, 95% CI=1.10-4.28, P=0.024, respectively). The frequency of Gly and Ile alleles were higher in dengue patients as compared to controls (OR-1.67, 95% CI=1.05-2.64, P=0.029 and OR-2.20, 95% CI=1.19-4.07, P=0.011, respectively). IIe/Gly haplotype was associated with the risk of the disease when compared with controls (OR=3.15, 95% CI=1.09-9.09, P=0.035). The mRNA expression was higher in DF when compared with DHF/DSS and controls (P=0.040 and 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSION: A higher expression of TLR4 mRNA was associated with DF. The TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile gene polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility of dengue infection probably by altering the immune response.

Association of ICAM-1 K469E polymorphism with dengue infection in North Indian population.

Dengue infection is caused by flavivirus is one of the leading cause of mortality. There are certain factors which play role in the transformation of a mild form of the disease (DF) into a severe form (DHF) but the most important ones are: viral strain virulence, host genetics, and host immune status. In severe dengue infection, plasma leakage occurs due to vascular endothelial cell activation through expression of adhesion molecule like intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). A total of 100 dengue patients (DF; n = 53 and DHF/DSS; n = 47) and 200 healthy controls were included in the study. ICAM-1 K469E genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR- RFLP). Expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was done by Real time reverse transcription- PCR (rRT-PCR). Patients with homozygous genotype (EE) have 3.22 fold risk (P = 0.008) of developing severe form of disease (DHF/DSS) as compared to other genotypes. Patients with DHF/DSS exhibit higher expression of ICAM-1 mRNA as compared to dengue fever and controls (P = 0.001 and < 0.001). Patients (DHF/DSS) with homozygous (EE) genotype exhibit higher expression of ICAM-1 mRNA when compared with wild type (KK) genotype (P = 0.005). This study suggests a possible association between the ICAM-1 polymorphism and the disease severity.

Correlations of polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinase-1, -2, and -7 promoters to susceptibility to malignant gliomas.

BACKGROUND: Oligodendrogliomas are infiltrative astrocytic tumors. They constitute about 1-5% of intracranial tumors. These have been graded into benign and malignant grades. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter regions of MMP genes may influence tumor development and progression. This study was done to explore the correlations of the promoter SNPs in MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-7 genes susceptibility in development and progression of oligodendrogliomas. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the association of MMP1 (-1607A > G), MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) and MMP-7(-181A > G) gene polymorphism in oligodendrogliomas (grade I, II, III). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present case control study, we enrolled a total of 30 cases of oligodendrogliomas (grade I to III) confirmed by histopathology and 30 healthy cases as control. Polymorphism for MMP-1 gene (-1607A > G), MMP-2 (-1306 C/T), MMP-7(-181A > G) were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: Frequencies of MMP-1 (-1607A > G) genotypes and 2G alleles were significantly associated with the cases of oligodendrogliomas (30%) in relation to healthy controls (13%). [OR = 6.89; P = 0.02; 95%CI= (1.33-35.62)] and [OR = 2.66; P =0.01; 95% CI= (1.26-5.64)]. A significant association of MMP-2 (-1306C/T) polymorphism with oligodendroglioma (P = 0.54) was not found, suggesting that MMP-2 (-1306C/T) polymorphism is not associated with increased oligodendroglioma susceptibility. Frequencies of MMP-7(-181A > G) genotypes and 2G alleles were significantly associated with the cases of oligodendrogliomas (33.33%) in relation to healthy controls (13.33%). [OR = 5.65; P = 0.02; 95%CI= (1.26-25.36)] and [OR = 2.49; P =0.01; 95% CI= (1.17-5.27)]. CONCLUSIONS: MMP-1 (-1607 A > G), MMP-7(-181A > G) genotypes and 2G alleles were significantly associated with oligodendroglioma (grade I, II, III), but MMP-2 (-1306C/T) polymorphism is not associated with increased oligodendroglioma susceptibility.