Animating inter-organisational resilience communication: A participatory social network analysis of water governance in the UK.

Resilience as a concept and resilience assessment as a practice are being explored across a range of social, ecological and technical systems. In this paper, we propose a new method and visualisation approach for interrogating the communication of resilience within organisational networks, using participatory social network analysis and message passing. Through an examination of the UK water sector organisational network, represented by multiple co-produced network graphs, we identify organisations having a key role in the communication of resilience regulatory and evidence messages, as well as highlighting the potential role of complexity tools in strategy formulation. Animations are presented showing the dynamics of resilience communication, which is discussed. Reflections on the use of participatory social network analysis are explored, as the method opens new doors to potentially examine how network changes could alter communication. Key insights highlight that perceived responsibilities for resilience in the UK water sector rest with a small core of organisations; water customers play a limited role in the two-way communication of resilience and water sector organisations do not communicate widely on resilience with other sectors (such as energy). Additionally, who an organisations' neighbours are and what catalyses a message to be passed are important in determining how quickly messages spread. Results lead to a recommendation that high level governmental and policy organisations should engage to a greater extent with new resilience knowledge and consider the use of complexity tools in policy making. Policy in relation to resilience is not keeping pace with such knowledge, limiting the communication and learning of organisations who ardently follow policy and regulation. For inter-organisational cooperation to make a difference to water governance, such organisations need to be encouraged to communicate and embed the latest approaches in relation to resilience and complexity thinking and practice.

Clustering analysis of water distribution systems: identifying critical components and community impacts.

Large water distribution systems (WDSs) are networks with both topological and behavioural complexity. Thereby, it is usually difficult to identify the key features of the properties of the system, and subsequently all the critical components within the system for a given purpose of design or control. One way is, however, to more explicitly visualize the network structure and interactions between components by dividing a WDS into a number of clusters (subsystems). Accordingly, this paper introduces a clustering strategy that decomposes WDSs into clusters with stronger internal connections than external connections. The detected cluster layout is very similar to the community structure of the served urban area. As WDSs may expand along with urban development in a community-by-community manner, the correspondingly formed distribution clusters may reveal some crucial configurations of WDSs. For verification, the method is applied to identify all the critical links during firefighting for the vulnerability analysis of a real-world WDS. Moreover, both the most critical pipes and clusters are addressed, given the consequences of pipe failure. Compared with the enumeration method, the method used in this study identifies the same group of the most critical components, and provides similar criticality prioritizations of them in a more computationally efficient time.

[Determianation of trace copper, iron and lead in purified AgNO3 with liquid membrane enrichment].

In this paper a new method of preconcentrating microimpurity Cu, Fe and Pb in high pure AgNO3 using emulsion liquid membrane technique was developed for FAAS determination. The enrichment multiple was 25, recoveries were over 95%. Matrix silver does not interfere enrichment and determination.

[Cyto-dynamic observations on T lymphocytes and the CSF in Guillain-Barre syndrome].

We have examined by ANAL for 107 times in 45 cases and the cytology of CSF in 92 times for acute infectious polyneuritis. The count of T-lymphocytes in severe and most severe types had a marked decrease comparing with the light and moderate types. The patients with a course of disease less than seven days had a significant decreasing to comparing with the more than seven days. The immune complex (IgG, IgM, Cs) had a distinct decreasing. The cytology of CSF showed that the lymphocytes were decreasing but the monocytes and the macrophages increased. We considered that there were not only cellular immunity dysfunction, but also the humoral immunity dysfunction. Using of hormones in this disease is not suitable.