Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Adolescents and Young Adult Population on the Use of E-Cigarettes or Personal Vaporizer.

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cig) or personal vaporizers (PV) has increased in recent years, especially among adolescents and adults, increasing risk factors for their health or being a starting point for other risk behaviours. The aim of our study is to learn the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of the adolescent and young adult population on the use of e-cigarettes or PVs. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 375 subjects. The use of e-cigs or PVs was measured using a self-administered questionnaire. Overall, 13.33% of the respondents used e-cigarettes or PVs. A correlation could be established between vape use and age, with 14-18-year-olds being the highest users (25.9%). Additionally, 90.13% of the respondents answered that e-cig or PV use was harmful to health. Other behaviours, such as consumption of energy drinks (ED), increases the probability of vaping by 3.08 times (CI = 1.55-6.29; p = 0.001). Subjects aged 23-26 years and 27-34 years are less likely to vape than subjects aged 14-18 years (OR = 0.31: CI = 0.09-0.96; p = 0.044; OR = 0.07: CI = 0.00-0.63; p = 0.037). The same applies to subjects with secondary education (OR = 0.17: CI = 0.04-0.66; p = 0.011) and postgraduate education (OR = 0.07: CI = 0.06-1.19; p = 0.043), than subjects with primary education. The use of e-cigs and PVs starts at an early age, despite the known harmful effects of e-cigs and PVs. Their use may occur mainly in recreational situations and in association with other substances such as ED.

Part II: Cutaneous manifestations of peripheral vascular disease.

In this Part 2 of a 2-part continuing medical education series, we review the epidemiology of peripheral vascular disease, its association with cutaneous symptoms, and the diagnosis and evaluation of cutaneous features of vascular disorders. As peripheral vascular disease becomes more prevalent globally, it is essential for dermatologists to become competent at accurately recognizing and diagnosing cutaneous manifestations and directing individuals to receive appropriate care and treatment.

Aplicación de células madres autólogas en pacientes con aterosclerosis obliterante grado IV / Application of autologous stem cells in patients with grade IV atherosclerosis obliterans

RESUMEN Introducción: la enfermedad arterial periférica de los miembros inferiores afecta a un elevado porcentaje de la población mundial, con las células madres autólogas obtenidas de sangre periférica se logra una mayor síntesis de factores de crecimiento que inducen la angiogénesis. Objetivo: describir el autotrasplante de células madres autólogas obtenidas de sangre periférica en pacientes con aterosclerosis obliterante grado IV, de Pinar del Río, atendidos en el período de 2009-2019. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, con 296 pacientes que presentaban aterosclerosis obliterante grado IV durante en el período de 2009-2019. Se obtuvo el concentrado de células madres autólogas de sangre periférica. Las células se analizaron por citometría de flujo, donde mostraron una viabilidad celular del 99,3 %. Se les inyectó por vía intramuscular un concentrado de células madres con un número de células inyectadas de ocho, seis, diez. Las variables estudiadas fueron: índice de presión tobillo-brazo en reposo, distancia de claudicación libre de dolor, evaluación de la escala del dolor y criterio de amputación. Resultado: se observó alivio del dolor a las cuatro semanas y aumento de la distancia de claudicación libre de dolor. La angiografía post tratamiento mostró formación de vasos colaterales. Presentaron criterio de amputación 95 casos (32 %) se logró salvar la extremidad en 201 pacientes (68 %). El proceder realizado no se asoció con ninguna complicación. Conclusión: la aplicación de células madres autólogas de sangre periférica es segura y eficaz para el tratamiento de la aterosclerosis obliterante grado IV.

ABSTRACT Introduction: peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs affects a high percentage of the world population; with autologous stem cells obtained from peripheral blood a greater synthesis of growth factors that induce angiogenesis is achieved. Objective: to describe the auto-transplantation of autologous stem cells obtained from peripheral blood in patients with grade IV atherosclerosis obliterans in Pinar del Rio treated during period 2009-2019. Methods: a descriptive, longitudinal study was carried out with 296 patients with grade IV atherosclerosis obliterans during the period 2009-2019. Autologous peripheral blood stem cell concentrate was obtained. The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, where they showed a cell viability of 99,3 %. Stem cell concentrate was injected intramuscularly with a number of cells injected of eight, six and ten. The variables studied were ankle-brachial pressure index at rest, pain-free claudication distance, pain scale assessment and amputation criteria. Result: pain relief was observed at four weeks and increase in pain-free claudication distance. Post-treatment angiography showed collateral vessel formation. Amputation criteria were met in 95 cases (32 %) and the limb was saved in 201 patients (68 %). The procedure carried out was not associated with complications. Conclusion: the application of autologous peripheral blood stem cells is safe and effective for the treatment of grade IV atherosclerosis obliterans.

Endarterectomía de carótida bilateral en un mismo tiempo quirúrgico / Bilateral carotid endarterectomy at the same surgical time

Los pacientes con estenosis bilateral presentan una elevada incidencia de clínica hemisférica e infartos cerebrales en relación con la primera carótida y en espera de una segunda cirugía de la carótida contralateral estenótica. La endarterectomía de carótida bilateral en un mismo tiempo quirúrgico representa todo un reto para el cirujano vascular por las complicaciones que puede conllevar. Pero puede realizarse una correcta selección del paciente con bajo riesgo quirúrgico, un análisis de la localización y las características de las placas que provocan la estenosis, y una técnica analgésica que permita monitorear constantemente la disfunción cerebral y siga los principios técnicos. Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de asociar los criterios anteriores a un caso de la endarterectomía de carótida bilateral en un mismo tiempo quirúrgico. Se seleccionó un paciente masculino de 72 años que había sufrido ataques transitorios de isquemia sin secuelas neurológicas. Se realizó el procedimiento sin complicaciones perioperatorias ni posoperatorias, por lo que se propone como una alternativa segura a llevar a cabo en pacientes con estenosis bilateral(AU)

Patients with bilateral stenosis have a high incidence of hemispheric clinical and cerebral infarctions in relation to the first carotid and waiting for a second surgery of the stenotic contralateral carotid. Bilateral carotid endarterectomy at the same surgical time represents a challenge for the vascular surgeon because of the complications it can entail. But a correct selection of the patient with low surgical risk can be made, an analysis of the location and characteristics of the plaques that cause stenosis, and also an analgesic technique that allows constant monitoring of brain dysfunction and follows technical principles. This study aimed to associate the above criteria with a case of bilateral carotid endarterectomy at the same surgical time. A 72-year-old male patient who had suffered transient ischemic attacks without neurological sequelae was selected. The procedure was performed without perioperative or postoperative complications, so it is proposed as a safe alternative to be carried out in patients with bilateral stenosis(AU)

Impact of Probiotics on the Performance of Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Probiotic supplements contain different strains of living microorganisms that promote the health of the host. These dietary supplements are increasingly being used by athletes to improve different aspects such as athletic performance, upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), the immune system, oxidative stress, gastrointestinal (GI) problems, etc. This study aimed to identify the current evidence on the management of probiotics in endurance athletes and their relationship with sports performance. METHODS: A systematic review of the last five years was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Sportdiscus and Embase databases. RESULTS: Nine articles met the quality criteria. Of these, three reported direct benefits on sports performance. The remaining six articles found improvements in the reduction of oxidative stress, increased immune response and decreased incidence of URTIs. There is little scientific evidence on the direct relationship between the administration of probiotics in endurance athletes and sports performance. CONCLUSIONS: Benefits were found that probiotics could indirectly influence sports performance by improving other parameters such as the immune system, response to URTIs and decreased oxidative stress, as well as the monitoring of scheduled workouts.

Perceived Stress and Increased Food Consumption during the 'Third Wave' of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health of people worldwide. An increase in perceived stress can lead to unhealthy behaviors such as increased food consumption. The aim of this study was to find the level of perceived stress and its relationship with increased food consumption during the "third wave" of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. This was a cross-sectional study that employed anonline self-reported frequency of consumption questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale-10. A total of 637 subjects participated and 83.6% of respondents had moderate or high stress-more prevalent in the female and young respondents. Moreover, 36.1% of respondents reported that they had increased the frequency of consumption of some foods, mainly nuts, snacks, and jellybeans, along with coffee, tea, cocoa, and soft drinks. Eating between meals was more pronounced in those with high stress (65.1%) than in those with moderate stress (40.4%) and low stress (20.2%). Furthermore, the respondents with high stress reported greater weight gain. Thus, the results show that the level of perceived stress during the 'third wave' of this pandemic increased food consumption.

Enteral Nutrition by Nasogastric Tube in Adult Patients under Palliative Care: A Systematic Review.

Nutritional management of patients under palliative care can lead to ethical issues, especially when Enteral Nutrition (EN) is prescribed by nasogastric tube (NGT). The aim of this review is to know the current status in the management of EN by NG tube in patients under palliative care, and its effect in their wellbeing and quality of life. The following databases were used: PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Scielo, Embase and Medline. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, as well as different qualities screening, a total of three entries were used, published between 2015 and 2020. In total, 403 articles were identified initially, from which three were selected for this review. The use of NGT caused fewer diarrhea episodes and more restrictions than the group that did not use NG tubes. Furthermore, the use of tubes increased attendances to the emergency department, although there was no contrast between NGT and PEG devices. No statistical difference was found between use of tubes (NGT and PEG) or no use, with respect to the treatment of symptoms, level of comfort, and satisfaction at the end of life. Nevertheless, it improved hospital survival compared with other procedures, and differences were found in hospital stays in relation to the use of other probes or devices. Finally, there are not enough quality studies to provide evidence on improving the health status and quality of life of the use of EN through NGT in patients receiving palliative care. For this reason, decision making in this field must be carried out individually, weighing the benefits and damages that they can cause in the quality of life of the patients.

Consumption of over-the-Counter Drugs: Prevalence and Type of Drugs.

Recently, there has been an increase in the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. The consumption of these medicines can be unsafe, as incorrect self-diagnosis or the ingestion of inappropriate doses can lead to side effects and the occurrence of adverse reactions and drug-drug interactions. A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out, targeting the entire Spanish population by using an online questionnaire. The results showed that 78.9% of the subjects had previously taken or were currently taking OTC drugs. This consumption decreased as the age of the subjects increased, with a prevalence of 36.4% of subjects aged ≥ 71 taking OTC drugs. Analgesics were the most consumed OTC drugs (49.1%) especially in women, youngsters with non-formal educational qualifications, and individuals of a low-medium socioeconomic level residing in urban areas. Measures should be implemented to optimize the safe use of OTC drugs in order to avoid the occurrence of secondary events associated with the lack of knowledge related to their the usage.

Proposed cut-off points for anthropometric and bioelectrical measures based on overweight and obesity criteria in Spanish institutionalised elderly people.

The increasing prevalence of obesity among the institutionalised elderly population and its severe consequences on health requires an early and accurate diagnosis that can be easily achieved in any clinical setting. This study aimed to determine new cut-off values for anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance measures that are superior to body mass index criteria for overweight and obesity status in a sample of Spanish institutionalised elderly population. A total of 211 institutionalised older adults (132 women, aged 84.3±7.3 years; 79 men, aged 81.5±7.3 years) were enrolled in the current cross-sectional study. Anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance measures included the body mass index, waist circumference, gluteal circumference, waist-hip ratio, sagittal-abdominal diameter, trunk fat, and visceral-fat ratio. In women, the waist circumference, gluteal circumference, sagittal-abdominal diameter, trunk fat, and visceral-fat index presented strongly significant specificity and sensitivity (area under the curve [AUC], p<0.0001) and elevated discriminative values (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curves: 0.827 to 0.867) for overweight and obesity status. In men, the waist-hip ratio, waist circumference, gluteal circumference, sagittal-abdominal diameter, trunk fat, and visceral-fat ratio were strongly significant AUC (p<0.0001), with moderate-to-high values (ROC curves: 0.757-0.871). In conclusion, our findings suggest that gluteal circumference, waist circumference, and sagittal-abdominal diameter in women and trunk fat, visceral-fat ratio, and waist circumference in men may represent more suitable cut-off values superior to body mass index criteria for overweight and obesity in the Spanish institutionalised elderly population.

Sex differences for predicting metabolic syndrome by adipose dysfunction markers in institutionalized elderly.

AIMS: Recent studies have emphasized that metabolic syndrome (MetS) was the most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in the institutionalized elderly. In addition, the occurrence of MetS was higher in those with longer age-adjusted institutionalization time. The present study was conducted to assess predictive value of markers of adipose tissue dysfunction for the early screening of MetS in this population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and eleven institutionalized older adults (132 women, aged 74.3 ± 7.3 years; 79 men, aged 71.5 ± 7.3 years) were enrolled in the current cross-sectional study. Lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index (BAI), and triglycerides (TG)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ratio were determined. The receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to compare the area under the curve of each index. The total prevalence of MetS was 23.8%. In female group, VAI and TG/HDL ratio presented moderate-high sensitivity (77.78% and 78.38%, respectively) and specificity (77.62% and 73.49%, respectively). In males group, LAP presented moderate-high sensitivity (75%) and specificity (76.9%). CONCLUSION: Gender played a key role on the prediction of MetS by adipose dysfunction markers in institutionalized elderly. Accordingly, VAI and TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio showed the highest predictive value for MetS in female elderly. LAP was the strongest predictor of MetS in male elderly.

The Predictive Role of Raw Bioelectrical Impedance Variables in Disordered Eating Attitudes in Female Ballet Dance Students.

The present study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to investigate the accuracy of body composition and raw bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in correctly classifying disordered eating attitudes (DEA) in dance students. Participants were 81 female dancers assigned in two groups: beginner training (BT; age (mean ± SD) = 10.09 ± 1.2 years, n = 32) and advanced training (AT; age = 15.37 ± 2.1 years, n = 49). Fat mass (FM) was estimated by Slaughter's equation and skeletal muscle with Poortman's equation. Impedance (Z), resistance (R), reactance (Xc) and phase angle (PhA) were obtained through multifrequency BIA at a frequency of 50 kHz. Fat-free mass (FFM) was assessed using Sun's equation. For evaluation of DEA, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) questionnaire was performed. We defined an EAT-26 score ≥ 20 as positive for DEA. Comparisons between groups were performed by a one-way ANOVA test or Kruskall-Wallis test. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were performed to assess associations between variables. ROC curve analysis was utilized to test the accuracy of body composition and BIA variables in predicting DEA. In the BT group, Xc and PhA demonstrated high accuracy in predicting DEA with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.976 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-1.00) and 0.957 (95% CI: 0.82-0.99), respectively, (both p < 0.0001). FFM Sun had an AUC of 0.836 (95% CI: 0.66-0.94) (p < 0.0001) in the BT group and FFM Slaughter was 0.797 (95% CI: 0.66-0.90) (p < 0.001) in the AT group. Reactance and Phase angle were excellent and useful predictors of DEA in the BT group.

Exercise improved semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in sedentary obese adults

INTRODUCTION: From the previously published literature on the relationship between obesity and infertility, it is clear that male obesity negatively impacts semen quality. Accordingly, this study was conducted to determine whether regular exercise may improve semen quality in sedentary obese adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety obese adults were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 45) or control group (n = 45). Participants in the intervention group performed a 16-week aerobic training program in a treadmill, three sessions per week, consisting of a warm-up (10-15 minutes), 35-50 minutes treadmill exercise (increasing five minutes per four weeks) at a work intensity of 50-65% of peak heart rate (increasing a 5% per four weeks) and cooling-down (5-10 minutes). Semen quality assessment included semen volume, sperm concentration and the percentages of progressive motility and normal morphology. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and estradiol were determined by ELISA. Body composition and physical fitness were also assessed. RESULTS: After the completion of the training program, sperm count, motility and normal morphology were significantly increased. A second key finding was that exercise improved reproductive hormone levels by increasing serum testosterone. Lastly, significant correlations were found between seminal outcomes and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION: A short-term intervention program based on aerobic training improved semen quality in sedentary obese adults. This finding may be explained, at least in part, by an improvement of the reproductive hormone profile.

Impacto de la medicina regenerativa en angiología. Experiencia cubana / Impact of the regenerative medicine in Angiology. Cuban experience

Introducción: La medicina regenerativa se apoya fundamentalmente en la terapia celular, en la administración de factores bioactivos, en la ingeniería de tejidos y en la terapia génica, integra todos estos procederes destinados a la promoción de la regeneración celular. Objetivo: Comunicar los principales resultados de la aplicación de la medicina regenerativa en Cuba en la especialidad de angiología. Métodos: Para la implantación celular se emplearon células mononucleares de la médula ósea y también las movilizadas con Filgrastim a la sangre periférica. Las plaquetas se usaron en forma de plasma rico en plaquetas o de lisado plaquetario. Se incluyeron los pacientes con diferentes enfermedades vasculares atendidos en instituciones del país en el período 2004-2015. Resultados: Con la terapia celular se obtuvo resultados favorables en pacientes con isquemia crítica de miembros inferiores, claudicación intermitente, tromboangeítis obliterante, pie diabético, síndrome posflebítico y linfedema de miembros inferiores. Con el uso de las plaquetas se obtuvieron resultados prometedores en pacientes claudicantes, con pie diabético y úlceras posflebíticas. Conclusiones: El balance realizado al finalizar el 2015 demuestra que el uso de la medicina regenerativa ha sido introducida en 14 de las 15 provincias cubanas. Se han beneficiados con la terapia celular 9 124 pacientes, de ellos 3 741 (41 por ciento) de la especialidad de angiología. Esta terapia resulta de menor costo que los procedimientos convencionales empleados en el tratamiento de las enfermedades vasculares periféricas; evita la amputación y el impacto social que esto representa se cuenta entre sus resultados más importantes

Introduction: Regenerative medicine is fundamentally based on cell therapy, administration of bioactive factors, tissue engineering and gene therapy and integrates all these procedures intended to promote cell regeneration. Objective: To present the main results of application of regenerative medicine in angiology in our country. Method: For cell implantation, mononuclear cells from the bone marrow and also those released with Filgrastim into the peripheral blood were used. Platelets were then used as platelet-rich plasma or platelet lysate. Patients with different vascular disorders, who had been treated in the 2004-2015 period in various domestic institutions, were included in this study. Results: The cell therapy yielded positive results in patients with critical lower limb ischemia, intermittent claudication, thromboangiitis obliterans, diabetic foot, postphlebitic syndrome, and lower limb lymphedema. The use of platelets showed promising results in patients with intermittent claudication, diabetic foot, and postphlebitic ulcers. Conclusions: The assessment made at the end of 2015 shows that regenerative medicine is implemented in 14 of the 15 Cuban provinces. A total number of 9 124 patients, 3 741 (41 percent) of whom are treated by the angiology specialty have benefited from cell therapy. This type of therapy is less costly than the conventional methods used in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases, and avoidance of amputation and its social impact are the most significant outcomes of this therapy(AU)

Impacto de la medicina regenerativa en angiología. Experiencia cubana / Impact of the regenerative medicine in Angiology. Cuban experience

Introducción: La medicina regenerativa se apoya fundamentalmente en la terapia celular, en la administración de factores bioactivos, en la ingeniería de tejidos y en la terapia génica, integra todos estos procederes destinados a la promoción de la regeneración celular.Objetivo: Comunicar los principales resultados de la aplicación de la medicina regenerativa en Cuba en la especialidad de angiología.Métodos: Para la implantación celular se emplearon células mononucleares de la médula ósea y también las movilizadas con Filgrastim a la sangre periférica. Las plaquetas se usaron en forma de plasma rico en plaquetas o de lisado plaquetario. Se incluyeron los pacientes con diferentes enfermedades vasculares atendidos en instituciones del país en el período 2004-2015.Resultados: Con la terapia celular se obtuvo resultados favorables en pacientes con isquemia crítica de miembros inferiores, claudicación intermitente, tromboangeítis obliterante, pie diabético, síndrome posflebítico y linfedema de miembros inferiores. Con el uso de las plaquetas se obtuvieron resultados prometedores en pacientes claudicantes, con pie diabético y úlceras posflebíticas.Conclusiones: El balance realizado al finalizar el 2015 demuestra que el uso de la medicina regenerativa ha sido introducida en 14 de las 15 provincias cubanas. Se han beneficiados con la terapia celular 9 124 pacientes, de ellos 3 741 (41 por ciento) de la especialidad de angiología. Esta terapia resulta de menor costo que los procedimientos convencionales empleados en el tratamiento de las enfermedades vasculares periféricas; evita la amputación y el impacto social que esto representa se cuenta entre sus resultados más importantes(AU)

Introduction: Regenerative medicine is fundamentally based on cell therapy, administration of bioactive factors, tissue engineering and gene therapy and integrates all these procedures intended to promote cell regeneration.Objective: To present the main results of application of regenerative medicine in angiology in our country.Method: For cell implantation, mononuclear cells from the bone marrow and also those released with Filgrastim into the peripheral blood were used. Platelets were then used as platelet-rich plasma or platelet lysate. Patients with different vascular disorders, who had been treated in the 2004-2015 period in various domestic institutions, were included in this study.Results: The cell therapy yielded positive results in patients with critical lower limb ischemia, intermittent claudication, thromboangiitis obliterans, diabetic foot, postphlebitic syndrome, and lower limb lymphedema. The use of platelets showed promising results in patients with intermittent claudication, diabetic foot, and postphlebitic ulcers.Conclusions: The assessment made at the end of 2015 shows that regenerative medicine is implemented in 14 of the 15 Cuban provinces. A total number of 9 124 patients, 3 741 (41 percent) of whom are treated by the angiology specialty have benefited from cell therapy. This type of therapy is less costly than the conventional methods used in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases, and avoidance of amputation and its social impact are the most significant outcomes of this therapy(AU)

[Five-year survival analysis in patients with penile cancer]. / Análisis de supervivencia a cinco años en pacientes con cáncer de pene.

BACKGROUND: Short-term survival of penile cancer is poor. The objective was to describe the 5-years penile cancer survival. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. We included patients with penile cancer managed surgically from 2010 to 2014. Descriptive statistics were used for socio-demographic variables and the Kaplan-Meier estimator for survival function. RESULTS: We studied 22 patients with a mean age of 64.95 years and a time of evolution of 25 months after the diagnosis. 68.2% of patients smoked or had human papillomavirus (HPV); they all presented phimosis; 72.7% had pain in the penis and the groin area; 81.8% had palpable lymph nodes and 45.5% lesions ≥ 3 cm; 86.3% were diagnosed in clinical stage IIIa. 59.1% underwent partial penectomy and 86.4% had squamous cell variety. 40.9% of patients died six months after the surgery. 66% of the smokers presented metastasis; all of the patients that smoked and had HPV infection had neurovascular invasion and died; 83.3% of the patients (n = 6) who underwent partial penectomy and positive lymph node dissection due to metastases died. The 5-years mortality of patients with penile cancer was 40.9%. CONCLUSION: Tobacco use and HPV increase morbidity and mortality in patients with penile cancer; lesions greater than 5 cm are more common in smokers. The size of the lesion increases with the delay in treatment.

Introducción: la sobrevida del cáncer de pene es pobre a corto plazo. El objetivo fue describir la supervivencia de pacientes con cáncer de pene a cinco años. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con cáncer de pene manejados quirúrgicamente durante el periodo de 2010 a 2014. La estadística fue descriptiva y se usó el estimador de Kaplan-Meier para analizar la función de supervivencia. Resultados: se estudiaron 22 pacientes, con edad media de 64.95 años y tiempo de evolución del cáncer al diagnóstico de 25 meses. El 68.2% era fumador o presentó VPH; todos tuvieron fimosis; 72.7% tuvo dolor en pene e ingle; 81.8% presentó ganglios palpables y 45.5% lesiones ≥ 3 cm. El 86.3% se diagnosticó en estadio clínico mayor de IIIa. Al 59.1% se le realizó penectomía parcial y 86.4% fue de variedad epidermoide. El 40.9% de los pacientes falleció a los seis meses después del tratamiento quirúrgico. El 66.6% de los fumadores presentó metástasis; todos los que presentaban tabaquismo más infección por VPH tuvieron invasión neurovascular y fallecieron. Al 83.3% (n = 6) de los pacientes a los que se les realizó penectomía parcial y disección ganglionar con ganglios positivos por metástasis fallecieron. La mortalidad fue de 40.9% a cinco años. Conclusión: el tabaquismo y el VPH aumentan la morbimortalidad en pacientes con cáncer de pene; las lesiones mayores de 5 cm se presentan más en fumadores. El tamaño de la lesión aumenta con la demora diagnóstica.

A short-term training program reduced oxidative damage in elderly diabetic rats.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies concluded long-term training programs have improved antioxidant system in young and adults diabetic rats. However, to our knowledge, little attention has been paid to elderly individuals. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of a shorter training program in reducing oxidative damage in elderly diabetic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four male homozygous Zucker diabetic fatty rats (Gmi, fa/fa) aged 18-weeks with an average weight of 370- 450 g were purchased. After a 2-week period of environmental adaptation, animals were randomly distributed into exercised group (n = 12) that performed a 6-week swimming training protocol and sedentary group (n = 12). Animals were sacrificed 24-h after the last exercise session under anesthesia. Serum metabolic profile was determined. Lipid oxidation, expressed as malondialdehyde and protein oxidation, expressed as carbonyl groups, were assessed in plasma samples. This protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. RESULTS: Exercised rats improved significantly their metabolic profile in comparison to controls. Plasma malondialdehyde (1.58 ± 0.39 vs. 2.06 ± 0.41 nmol/mL; p = 0.016) and carbonyl group levels (1.37 ± 0.33 vs. 1.62 ± 0.58 UA; p = 0.011) were also significantly lowered in exercised rats when compared to sedentary counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-week swimming training program reduced lipid and protein oxidation in elderly fatty diabetic rats. Further studies on this topic are required.

Motivación de los docentes clínicos en las Escuelas de Medicina Deportiva: ¿participar es lo que en realidad importa? / Motivation of clinical teachers at Schools of Sports Medicine: Taking part is what really counts?

Introducción: Este estudio fue el primero en abordar los factores que pueden motivar a los docentes clínicos en las Escuelas de Medicina Deportiva. Estos hallazgos podrían ser de interés particular en un momento en el que van disminuyendo los recursos para recompensar la enseñanza en las escuelas deportivas. Material y métodos: Se incluyó a un total de 32 docentes clínicos voluntarios (13 mujeres [40%],19 varones [60%]) en este estudio observacional y transversal. Se utilizó la metodología Q convencional para que los participantes clasificaran en orden 69 aseveraciones, en función del modo en que éstas reflejaran su motivación para impartir la docencia en una Escuela de Medicina Deportiva. Las aseveraciones clasificadas fueron analizadas utilizando factores, para obtener así grupos de experiencias similares. Resultados: De acuerdo a la práctica recomendada, surgieron dos factores: el factor 1 ‘‘Yo enseño para ayudar a los demás’’ incluyó a 23 (72%) tipos de participantes (13 varones y 10 mujeres), mientras que el factor 2 ‘‘Yo enseño para mejorarme a mí mismo’’ incluyó únicamente a 9 (28%) participantes (6 varones y 3 mujeres). La aseveración que recibió una mayor puntuación media para el factor 1 fue: ‘‘Quiero ayudar a mis estudiantes a convertirse en buenos doctores’’. En cuanto al factor 2, la afirmación que recibió la mayor puntuación media fue: ‘‘Yo enseño movido por la estimulación intelectual’’. Conclusión: Se ha propuesto un pool de factores clasificados que motivan a los facultativos ala enseñanza en las Escuelas de Medicina Deportiva. Al identificarlos, estos factores pueden reforzarse mediante estrategias de motivación en las Escuelas de Medicina Deportiva, a fin de realzar la cooperación y el cumplimiento de los profesores, reduciendo así los porcentajes de abandono (AU)

Introduction: This was the first study to focus on what factors may motivate clinical teachers in Sports Medicine Schools. These findings would be of particular interest at a time of decreasing resources for Schools of Sports Medicine to reward teaching. Material and methods: A total of 32 clinical teachers (13 females [40%]; 19 males [60%]) volunteered for this observational, cross-sectional study. Conventional Q-methodology so that participants rank-ordered 69 numbered statements according to the extent to which these reflected their motivation to teach at School of Sports Medicine. The sorted statements were factor-analyzed to provide clusters of similar experiences. Results: In accordance with recommended practice, two factors emerged: factor 1 ‘‘I teach for helping others’’ included 23 (72%) participant’s sorts (13 males; 10 females) whereas factor 2 ‘‘I teach for improving myslef’’ included just 9 (28%) participants (6 males; 3 females). The statement that received the highest average score for factor 1 was ‘‘I want to help my students become good doctors’’. Regarding factor 2, the statement that received the highest average score was ‘‘I teach because of the intellectual stimulation’’. Conclusion: A ranked-pool of factors that motivate clinicians to teach in Schools of Sports Schools has been proposed. By identifying them, these factors can be reinforced by motivational strategies at Schools of Sports Medicine in order to enhance teacher cooperation and compliance, thereby reducing drop-out rates (AU)

Endarterectomía de carótidas con analgesia acupuntural / Endarterectomy of carotids with acupunctural analgesia

La enfermedad carotídea aumenta significativamente el riesgo de tener el tipo más común de ataque isquémico cerebral (ictus). Son sobradamente conocidos los elevados procesos isquémicos cerebrales que tienen su origen en lesiones estenosantes (ulceradas o no) de las arterias extracraneales, fundamentalmente en la bifurcación carotídea. Dado que estas lesiones tienen acceso quirúrgico, el tratamiento de rutina desde hace años es la endarterectomia carotídea. El efecto analgésico de la acupuntura permite realizar cualquier tipo de operación en la región anatómica seleccionada, conservando el paciente su lucidez mental, algo oportuno para determinar qué pacientes necesitarán de shunt intraluminal después del clampeo de las arterias durante esta operación. Con el objetivo de asociar estos criterios, a un paciente masculino de 76 años que había sufrido cuatro ataques cerebrales de isquemia, producto de placa de ateroma complicada y estenosante de la bifurcación carotidea izquierda, se le realizó una endarterectomía con analgesia acupuntural sin complicaciones transoperatorias ni postoperatorias, por lo que se propone que es una alternativa lógica, económica y segura de realizar la desobstrucción carotídea(AU)

Carotid disease increases the risk of having the most common brain-ischemic stroke significantly. The elevated brain ischemic processes havig their origin in lesions caused by stenosis (ulcerous o non-ulcerous) of the extracranial arteries, mainly in the carotid bifurcation are well-known. As these lesions are surgically accessible, for long years the routine treatment is the Endarterectomy of carotids. The analgesic effect of the acupuncture permits any types of surgery in the chosen anatomic region, preserving mental lucidity in patient, something very significant to determine the patients needing intraluminal shunt after campling the arteries during this surgical procedure. Aimed at associating these criteria, a 76-year-old-male patient who had suffered from four ischemic brain strokes as a consequence of a complicated atheromatous plaque and stenosis of left carotid bifurcation, an Endarterectomy of carotids with acupunctural analgesia was performed without trans-operative or post-operative complications, therefore it is proposed as a logic, economic and secure alternative to remove the carotid obstruction(AU)

Endarterectomía de carótidas con analgesia acupuntural / Endarterectomy of carotids with acupunctural analgesia

La enfermedad carotídea aumenta significativamente el riesgo de tener el tipo más común de ataque isquémico cerebral (ictus). Son sobradamente conocidos los elevados procesos isquémicos cerebrales que tienen su origen en lesiones estenosantes (ulceradas o no) de las arterias extracraneales, fundamentalmente en la bifurcación carotídea. Dado que estas lesiones tienen acceso quirúrgico, el tratamiento de rutina desde hace años es la endarterectomia carotídea. El efecto analgésico de la acupuntura permite realizar cualquier tipo de operación en la región anatómica seleccionada, conservando el paciente su lucidez mental, algo oportuno para determinar qué pacientes necesitarán de shunt intraluminal después del clampeo de las arterias durante esta operación. Con el objetivo de asociar estos criterios, a un paciente masculino de 76 años que había sufrido cuatro ataques cerebrales de isquemia, producto de placa de ateroma complicada y estenosante de la bifurcación carotidea izquierda, se le realizó una endarterectomía con analgesia acupuntural sin complicaciones transoperatorias ni postoperatorias, por lo que se propone que es una alternativa lógica, económica y segura de realizar la desobstrucción carotídea.

Carotid disease increases the risk of having the most common brain-ischemic stroke significantly. The elevated brain ischemic processes havig their origin in lesions caused by stenosis (ulcerous o non-ulcerous) of the extracranial arteries, mainly in the carotid bifurcation are well-known. As these lesions are surgically accessible, for long years the routine treatment is the Endarterectomy of carotids. The analgesic effect of the acupuncture permits any types of surgery in the chosen anatomic region, preserving mental lucidity in patient, something very significant to determine the patients needing intraluminal shunt after campling the arteries during this surgical procedure. Aimed at associating these criteria, a 76-year-old-male patient who had suffered from four ischemic brain strokes as a consequence of a complicated atheromatous plaque and stenosis of left carotid bifurcation, an Endarterectomy of carotids with acupunctural analgesia was performed without trans-operative or post-operative complications, therefore it is proposed as a logic, economic and secure alternative to remove the carotid obstruction.