Serum Phosphate Levels Modify the Impact of FGF23 Levels on Hemoglobin in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Anemia is a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Phosphate and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) have a close relationship, as both are related to the pathogenesis of anemia. However, the possible interplay between them regarding their effect on anemia has not been evaluated. This was a cross-sectional study of 896 participants from the NEFRONA study (273 CKD3, 246 CKD4-5, 282 dialysis and 95 controls). The levels of 25(OH) and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, intact FGF23 (iFGF23) and soluble Klotho were measured, together with standard blood biochemistries. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin levels < 13 g/dL in men and <12 g/dL in women. Patients with anemia (407, 45.4%) were younger, mostly men and diabetic; were in advanced CKD stages; had lower calcium, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D and albumin levels; and had higher ferritin, phosphate, intact PTH, and iFGF23. An inverse correlation was observed between hemoglobin and both iFGF23 and phosphate. The multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the adjusted risk of anemia was independently associated with higher serum phosphate and LogiFGF23 levels (ORs (95% CIs) of 4.33 (2.11−8.90) and 8.75 (3.17−24.2), respectively (p < 0.001)). A significant interaction between phosphate and iFGF23 (OR of 0.66 (0.53−0.83), p < 0.001) showed that the rise in the adjusted predicted risk of anemia with the increase in iFGF23 was steeper when phosphate levels were low. Phosphate levels acted as modifiers of the effect of iFGF23 concentration on anemia. Thus, the effect of the increase in iFGF23 levels was stronger when phosphate levels were low.

The Increase in FGF23 Induced by Calcium Is Partially Dependent on Vitamin D Signaling.

BACKGROUND: Increased FGF23 levels are an early pathological feature in chronic kidney disease (CKD), causing increased cardiovascular risk. The regulation of FGF23 expression is complex and not completely understood. Thus, Ca2+ has been shown to induce an increase in FGF23 expression, but whether that increase is mediated by simultaneous changes in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and/or vitamin D is not fully known. METHODS: Osteoblast-like cells (OLCs) from vitamin D receptor (VDR)+/+ and VDR-/- mice were incubated with Ca2+ for 18 h. Experimental hypercalcemia was induced by calcium gluconate injection in thyro-parathyroidectomized (T-PTX) VDR +/+ and VDR-/- mice with constant PTH infusion. RESULTS: Inorganic Ca2+ induced an increase in FGF23 gene and protein expression in osteoblast-like cells (OLCs), but the increase was blunted in cells lacking VDR. In T-PTX VDR +/+ and VDR-/- mice with constant PTH levels, hypercalcemia induced an increase in FGF23 levels, but to a lower extent in animals lacking VDR. Similar results were observed in FGF23 expression in bone. Renal and bone 1α-hydroxylase expression was also modulated. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that Ca2+ can increase FGF23 levels independently of vitamin D and PTH, but part of the physiological increase in FGF23 induced by Ca2+ is mediated by vitamin D signaling.

Elimination of Vitamin D Signaling Causes Increased Mortality in a Model of Overactivation of the Insulin Receptor: Role of Lipid Metabolism.

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has been associated with cancer and diabetes. Insulin signaling through the insulin receptor (IR) stimulates cellular responses by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. PTEN is a tumor suppressor and a negative regulator of the pathway. Its absence enhances insulin signaling leading to hypoglycemia, a dangerous complication found after insulin overdose. We analyzed the effect of VD signaling in a model of overactivation of the IR. We generated inducible double KO (DKO) mice for the VD receptor (VDR) and PTEN. DKO mice showed severe hypoglycemia, lower total cholesterol and increased mortality. No macroscopic tumors were detected. Analysis of the glucose metabolism did not show clear differences that would explain the increased mortality. Glucose supplementation, either systemically or directly into the brain, did not enhance DKO survival. Lipidic liver metabolism was altered as there was a delay in the activation of genes related to ß-oxidation and a decrease in lipogenesis in DKO mice. High-fat diet administration in DKO significantly improved its life span. Lack of vitamin D signaling increases mortality in a model of overactivation of the IR by impairing lipid metabolism. Clinically, these results reveal the importance of adequate Vitamin D levels in T1D patients.

The Role of Disturbed Mg Homeostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease Comorbidities.

Some of the critical mechanisms that mediate chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression are associated with vascular calcifications, disbalance of mineral metabolism, increased oxidative and metabolic stress, inflammation, coagulation abnormalities, endothelial dysfunction, or accumulation of uremic toxins. Also, it is widely accepted that pathologies with a strong influence in CKD progression are diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). A disbalance in magnesium (Mg) homeostasis, more specifically hypomagnesemia, is associated with the development and progression of the comorbidities mentioned above, and some mechanisms might explain why low serum Mg is associated with negative clinical outcomes such as major adverse cardiovascular and renal events. Furthermore, it is likely that hypomagnesemia causes the release of inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein and promotes insulin resistance. Animal models have shown that Mg supplementation reverses vascular calcifications; thus, clinicians have focused on the potential benefits that Mg supplementation may have in humans. Recent evidence suggests that Mg reduces coronary artery calcifications and facilitates peripheral vasodilation. Mg may reduce vascular calcification by direct inhibition of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, Mg deficiency worsens kidney injury induced by an increased tubular load of phosphate. One important consequence of excessive tubular load of phosphate is the reduction of renal tubule expression of α-Klotho in moderate CKD. Low Mg levels worsen the reduction of Klotho induced by the tubular load of phosphate. Evidence to support clinical translation is yet insufficient, and more clinical studies are required to claim enough evidence for decision-making in daily practice. Meanwhile, it seems reasonable to prevent and treat Mg deficiency. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of Mg homeostasis, the potential mechanisms that may mediate the effect of Mg deficiency on CKD progression, CVD, and mortality.

Procaine Inhibits Osteo/Odontogenesis through Wnt/ß-Catenin Inactivation.

INTRODUCTION: Periodontitis is a complex pathology characterized by the loss of alveolar bone. The causes and the mechanisms that promote this bone resorption still remain unknown. The knowledge of the critical regulators involved in the alteration of alveolar bone homeostasis is of great importance for developing molecular therapies. Procaine is an anesthetic drug with demethylant properties, mainly used by dentists in oral surgeries. The inhibitor role of Wnt signaling of procaine was described in vitro in colon cancer cells. METHODS: In this work we evaluated the role of procaine (1 uM) in osteo/odontogenesis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Similarly, the mechanisms whereby procaine achieves these effects were also studied. RESULTS: Procaine administration led to a drastic decrease of calcium content, alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red staining and an increase in the expression of Matrix Gla Protein. With respect to osteo/odontogenic markers, procaine decreased early and mature osteo/odontogenic markers. In parallel, procaine inhibited canonical Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, observing a loss of nuclear ß-catenin, a decrease in Lrp5 and Frizzled 3, a significant increase of sclerostin and Gsk3ß and an increase of phosphorylated ß-catenin. The combination of osteo/odontogenic stimuli and Lithium Chloride decreased mRNA expression of Gsk3ß, recovered by Procaine. Furthermore it was proved that Procaine alone dose dependently increases the expression of Gsk3ß and ß-catenin phosphorylation. These effects of procaine were also observed on mature osteoblast. Interestingly, at this concentration of procaine no demethylant effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that procaine administration drastically reduced the mineralization and osteo/odontogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibiting Wnt/ß-catenin pathway through the increase of Gsk3ß expression and ß-catenin phosphorylation.