Remote reporting in the COVID-19 era: from pilot study to practice.

AIM: To assess the benefits and challenges of remote reporting using an intra-departmental teleradiology system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A pilot of an in-hospital Trust radiologist reporting on in-hospital Trust patients via a remote login was undertaken. Reporting output, training impact, and quality improvement were measured. RESULTS: Reporting output increased by 140%. Trainee satisfaction was high in a qualitative survey, particularly for out-of-hours support and teaching. Clinicians found the service to be similar to the same service provided by a locally based radiologist. CONCLUSION: In the COVID-19 era, remote working has developed rapidly. This study shows that radiology departments can provide remote reporting that is equal in standard to reporting from within the hospital, and in addition, that there are advantages to output and training.

Bomb blast imaging: bringing order to chaos.

Blast injuries are complex, severe, and outside of our everyday clinical practice, but every radiologist needs to understand them. By their nature, bomb blasts are unpredictable and affect multiple victims, yet require an immediate, coordinated, and whole-hearted response from all members of the clinical team, including all radiology staff. This article will help you gain the requisite expertise in blast imaging including recognising primary, secondary, and tertiary blast injuries. It will also help you understand the fundamental role that imaging plays during mass casualty attacks and how to avoid radiology becoming a bottleneck to the forward flow of severely injured patients as they are triaged and treated.

Microflow imaging: New Doppler technology to detect low-grade inflammation in patients with arthritis.

AIM: To assess the efficacy of microvascular imaging in detecting low-grade inflammation in arthritis compared with Power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS). METHOD AND MATERIALS: Patients presenting for ultrasound with arthralgia were assessed with grey-scale, PDUS and Superb Microvascular Imaging (SMI). Videoclips were stored for analysis at a later date. Three musculoskeletal radiologists scored grey-scale changes, signal on PDUS and/or SMI within these joints. If a signal was detected on both PDUS and SMI, the readers graded the conspicuity of vascular signal from the two Doppler techniques using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients were recruited with 134 small joints assessed. Eighty-nine of these demonstrated vascular flow with both PD and SMI, whilst in five no flow was detected. In 40 joints, vascularity was detected with SMI but not with PDUS (p = 0.007). Out of the 89 joints with vascularity on both SMI and PDUS, 23 were rated as being equal; while SMI scored moderately or markedly better in 45 cases (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: SMI is a new Doppler technique that increases conspicuity of Doppler vascularity in symptomatic joints when compared to PDUS. This allows detection of low grade inflammation not visualised with Power Doppler in patients with arthritis. KEY POINTS: • SMI detects vascularity with improved resolution and sensitivity compared to Power Doppler. • SMI can detect low-grade inflammation not seen with Power Doppler. • Earlier detection of active inflammation could have significant impact on treatment paradigms.

Time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance venography in patients with pelvic congestion syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to assess the role of magnetic resonance venography (MRV) with time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS) in dynamically evaluating ovarian vein dilation, reflux and direction of flow in patients with suspected pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS). The hypotheses tested were: (i) That conspicuity scores of the ovarian veins across three raters was greater using TRICKS MRV compared with T2W or T(2)* imaging; (ii) That three key MR variables (ovarian vein diameter, timing and grade of reflux) correlated across all raters. We carried out a retrospective study of 13 patients undergoing T2W and TRICKS MRI and pelvic sonography (n = 4) or catheter venography (n = 5). Three observers rated conspicuity, vessel diameter, timing and grade of ovarian vein reflux for T(2)/T2*W and TRICKS MRI. The mean left ovarian diameter for all patients with reflux was 7.9 mm (range 2.2-12 mm). There was high inter-observer agreement for ovarian vein diameter for both sequences. TRICKS showed significantly greater conspicuity than T(2)/T2*W imaging (TRICKS: T(2)/T2* mean (SD) = 7.80 (3.20):5.50 (1.97), F (1,12) = 5.80, p < 0.05). TRICKS MRV demonstrated high inter-observer correlation for timing and grade of reflux (r (36) = 0.77,0.71,0.79, p < 0.01). TRICKS MRA/V was significantly degraded by breathing artefact in two patients. We conclude that TRICKS MRV accurately and dynamically demonstrates ovarian vein reflux in patients with PCS but requires quiet respiration. TRICKS MRV has better image conspicuity than T(2)/T2*W imaging and sufficient temporal resolution to distinguish between Grade I, II and III reflux.

ExAblate magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound system in multiple body applications.

Focused ultrasound surgery (FUS) is a completely noninvasive method of thermally destroying a target tissue while sparing adjacent tissues and organs. Treatment is relatively painless and can be carried out under conscious sedation on an out-patient basis. The combination of magnetic resonance guidance with FUS (MRgFUS) provides the ability to plan and monitor treatments in near real-time, further increasing the safety profile of MRgFUS. This technology provides a very personalized treatment, adjusted to the individual patient anatomy, pathology and treatment response, hence it meets the needs of patients, as well as of physicians. MRgFUS has been used extensively in the successful treatment of uterine fibroids, and has been shown to be an effective treatment in the breast and in bone metastases in smaller scale studies. It shows great potential in the treatment of prostate and liver tumors, as well as in the brain and facet joints.

The radiological management of bomb blast injury.

A need to understand the nature and patterns of bomb blast injury, particularly in confined spaces, has come to the fore with the current worldwide threat from terrorism. The purpose of this review article is to familiarize the radiologist with the imaging they might expect to see in a mass casualty terrorist event, illustrated by examples from two of the main institutions receiving patients from the London Underground tube blasts of 7 July 2005. We present examples of injuries that are typical in blast victims, as well as highlighting some blast sequelae that might also be found in other causes of multiple trauma. This should enable the radiologist to seek out typical injuries, including those that may not be initially clinically apparent. Terror-related injuries are often more severe than those seen in other trauma cases, and multi-system trauma at distant anatomical sites should be anticipated. We highlight the value of using a standardized imaging protocol to find clinically undetected traumatic effects and include a discussion on management of multiple human and non-human flying fragments. This review also discusses the role of radiology in the management and planning for a mass casualty terrorist incident and the optimal deployment of radiographic services during such an event.

The radiological appearances of thalassaemia.

The skeletal changes of untreated thalassaemia result from ineffective erythropoiesis and expansion of the bone marrow and affect every part of the skeleton. These changes include osteoporosis, growth retardation, platyspondyly and kyphosis. Erythropoiesis occurs at extra-medullary sites, most commonly resulting in a paraspinal mass but occasionally affecting organs containing pluripotential stem cells. Repeated transfusion unaccompanied by iron chelation causes haemosiderosis; iron is deposited at various sites causing functional impairment. Iron-chelation therapy with desferrioxamine (DFX) prevents haemosiderosis but causes a skeletal dysplasia predominantly affecting the rapidly growing long bones, in particular the distal ulna, and causing irregularity and sclerosis of the physeal-metaphyseal junction and splaying of the metaphysis. DFX also exacerbates the observed growth retardation. DFX-induced skeletal dysplasia may herald toxicity, which is associated with visual and auditory impairment. Therefore, careful balancing of the transfusion regimen and iron-chelation therapy is required. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive technique for the detection of DFX-induced dysplasia.

MR-guided laser thermal ablation of primary and secondary liver tumours.

AIM: To test the hypothesis that magnetic resonance (MR)-guided hepatic tumour ablation is (i) safe and feasible, (ii) is associated with favourable patient survival, and (iii) decreases viable tumour. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-five MR-guided laser thermal ablations (LTA) were performed on 35 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n=19), hepatic metastases (n=11, mainly colorectal) and carcinoid liver tumours (n=5). RESULTS: Mean overall survival was 14.8 months (HCCs 14.6 months, metastases 15.2 months). Near real-time T1-weighted colourized thermal maps correlated moderately with follow-up gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging in predicting ablated tumour area (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.5). There was a significant difference in percentage enhancing pre- and post-LTA (Wilcoxon signed ranks test=0.0001). An average of 50.7% of tumour was ablated by each treatment. In patients with multiple liver tumours ablated tumours grew significantly less than untreated tumours (108%compared with 196% growth, follow-up period 5.8 months, WSRTp=0.07). CONCLUSION: MR- guided LTA of primary and secondary liver tumours is safe, feasible, and significantly decreased amount of enhancing or viable tumour. MR-guided LTA produces a better survival in patients with HCC than would be expected in untreated patients, and has a mean survival in patients with metastases at least equal to the longest median survival in untreated patients.

Ultrasound of the spinal cord in children: its role.

This article covers the indications for spinal ultrasound including its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with spinal MR. We describe the features of a normal spinal ultrasound and those features which may be found in infants with spinal dysraphism.

Magnetic resonance imaging-guided laser thermal ablation of renal tumours.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided laser thermal ablation (LTA) of inoperable renal tumours is a safe, tolerable and potentially effective treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine patients (aged 56-81 years) with malignant renal tumours underwent percutaneous LTA under MRI guidance in a 0.5 T open magnet. Real-time colour thermal mapping was used to monitor tumour ablation, and the follow-up was with gadolinium-enhanced MRI at 6 weeks and (where appropriate) 3-4 months after the procedure. Tumour volume and percentage tumour enhancement before and after ablation were compared. The percentage of tumour ablated on real-time T1-weighted thermal maps was compared with that on gadolinium-enhanced follow-up MRI. RESULTS: The mean (range) follow-up was 16.9 (3-32) months after the first ablation. The mean tumour size did not change significantly, but the mean percentage of viable tumour decreased significantly from 73.7% before to 29.5% after ablation (P = 0.012, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test). Thermal maps correlated moderately well with follow-up MRI in predicting the extent of tumour ablation (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.55). There were two minor and one major complication. CONCLUSION: In this pilot study of patients unsuitable for surgery, MRI-guided LTA of renal tumours was safe, feasible (being well tolerated by the patient) and significantly reduced enhancing tumour volume by a mean of 45%.

Spinal ultrasound in infants.

This paper discusses the indications for spinal ultrasound, including its advantages and disadvantages compared with spinal MRI. The features and ultrasound findings both in normal infants and in those with spinal dysraphism are reviewed.

Ablative therapy for liver tumours.

Established ablative therapies for the treatment of primary and secondary liver tumours, including percutaneous ethanol injection, cryotherapy, and radiofrequency ablation, are discussed. Newer techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging guided laser interstitial thermal therapy of liver tumours has produced a median survival rate of 40.8 months after treatment. The merits of this newly emerging technique are discussed, together with future developments, such as focused ultrasound therapy, which holds the promise of non-invasive thermoablation treatment on an outpatient basis.

Spinal ultrasound in cloacal exstrophy.

AIM: To assess the diagnostic value of spinal ultrasound in cloacal exstrophy, a caudal malformation which is associated with spinal dysraphism, and to assess the prevalence of spinal dysraphism in cloacal exstrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten infants under 1 year old with cloacal exstrophy underwent spinal ultrasound at presentation. Three patients also had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. Ultrasound and MRI images were reviewed and correlated. RESULTS: Nine of 10 patients had no external signs of spinal dysraphism. One patient had a clinically apparent myelomeningocele. Five of 10 patients (50%) had spinal dysraphism on ultrasound: there were two patients with a low cord, two with tethered cords and a lipoma, and one patient with tethering and a myelomeningocele. Thus, in four of these five patients spinal dysraphism was occult. In a small number of patients (n = 3) MRI was also performed-in these cases the MRI and ultrasound appearances correlated, however MRI was not performed in those patients in whom spinal ultrasound was normal. CONCLUSION: In three cases where spinal ultrasound detected occult dysraphism and MRI was performed, spinal ultrasound and MRI correlated. Advantages of spinal ultrasound include ease of examination, production of high quality multi-planar images and the facility for portable imaging at the bedside. Spinal ultrasound should be the first investigation in all babies with cloacal exstrophy to diagnose occult and non-occult spinal dysraphism.

Imaging of non-central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumours: diagnostic features and correlation with outcome.

AIM: To document the varied radiological features before, during, and after treatment of non-Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumours (PNETs), which are rare tumours of childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three children with PNETs have been treated at our institution between 1990 and 1999. Full radiological and clinical follow-up was obtained in 29 (17 females, 12 males). Imaging was retrospectively reviewed, with particular attention to Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). RESULTS: Age range at diagnosis was 0-16 years old (mean 4.4 years). There were five main sites of tumour: head and neck (n = 7), scapula/axilla (n = 2), chest (n = 11), abdomen (n = 3), and spinal/paraspinal (n = 6). Overall mortality was 62%. Tumours of the scapula or paraspinal region appear to show better survival than other sites. Of 23 patients who had Tc99m-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone scans at diagnosis, four patients showed widespread distant metastases, seven showed focal increased uptake in an adjacent bone only, and 12 had normal examinations. CT was performed in 25 patients and MRI in 20, both at diagnosis and follow-up. Average size of tumours at presentation was 4.5 cm in the paraspinal, head and neck and scapular regions and 7.5 cm in the chest and abdomen. Tumours were typically of soft tissue density on CT with the larger (>5 cm) masses tending to be more heterogeneous in character. The lesions were slightly higher signal than muscle on T1-weighted (T1W) MRI and all masses were heterogeneous on T2W sequences. Calcification was uncommon (n = 6) and generally sparse. Tumours tended to displace adjacent soft tissue structures such as vessels and bronchi rather than invade or encase them. Tumours rarely crossed the midline. Local or bony invasion was seen in 12 patients at diagnosis. Metastases were identified in the lung (n = 5), pleura (n = 2), brain (n = 4), bone (n = 4), lymph nodes (n = 2), liver (n = 2), subcutaneous tissues (n = 2), kidney (n = 1) and peritoneum (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: Imaging characteristics of non-CNS PNETs are described. Tumours tend to displace rather than encase adjacent structures; local invasion occurred in 43%. Tumour calcification is uncommon. Poor prognostic features included the presence of distant metastases at diagnosis (all four patients with distant metastases at diagnosis died), but even patients without metastatic disease have a relatively poor prognosis.

Catheter angiography and angioplasty in patients with scleroderma.

The objectives of this study were (i) to identify patterns of angiographic disease in scleroderma patients with and without other vascular risk factors and (ii) to define patients with scleroderma in whom angiography and angioplasty is useful. The records of 26 patients with scleroderma who underwent angiography and angioplasty over an 8-year period were reviewed. Angiographic disease patterns were assessed using a modified Brewster classification. Angiography of the upper limb demonstrated distal disease alone in 86% of patients, both with and without other vascular risk factors such as smoking. In the lower limb there was a highly significant association between the presence of other vascular risk factors and macrovascular disease potentially amenable to angioplasty, and conversely between the absence of other vascular risk factors and distal disease in the lower limb. Good early but poor late clinical results were achieved in three of five patients who underwent angioplasty. Angiography of the upper limb is likely to demonstrate distal disease alone, and angiography and angioplasty of the lower limb may be useful only if other vascular risk factors are present.