Early expression of GABA(A) receptor delta subunit in the neonatal rat hippocampus.

The cDNA library screening strategy was used to identify the genes encoding for GABA(A) receptor subunits in the rat hippocampus during development. With this technique, genes encoding eleven GABA(A) receptor subunits were identified. The alpha5 subunit was by far the most highly expressed, followed by the gamma2, alpha2 and alpha4 subunits respectively. The expression of the beta2, alpha1, gamma1, beta1 and beta3 subunits was moderate, although that of the alpha3 and delta subunits was weak. In situ hybridization experiments, using digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probes, confirmed that the delta subunit was expressed in the neonatal as well as in the adult hippocampus, and is likely to form functional receptors in association with other subunits of the GABA(A) receptor. When the more sensitive RT-PCR approach was used, the gamma3 subunit was also detected, suggesting that this subunit is present in the hippocampus during development but at low levels of expression. The insertion of the delta subunit into functional GABA(A) receptors may enhance the efficacy of GABA in the immediate postnatal period when this amino acid is still exerting a depolarizing and excitatory action.

'Specific' oligonucleotides often recognize more than one gene: the limits of in situ hybridization applied to GABA receptors.

As exquisite probes for gene sequences, oligonucleotides are one of the most powerful tools of recombinant molecular biology. In studying the GABA receptor subunits in the neonatal hippocampus we have used oligonucleotide probes in in situ hybridization and cloning techniques. The oligonucleotides used and assumed to be specific for the target gene, actually recognized more than one gene, leading to surprising and contradictory results. In particular, we found that a GABA(A)-rho specific oligonucleotide recognized an abundant, previously unknown, transcription factor in both in situ and library screening, while oligos 'specific' for GABA(A) subunits were able to recognize 30 additional unrelated genes in library screening. This suggests that positive results obtained with oligonucleotides should be interpreted with caution unless confirmed by identical results with oligonucleotides from different parts of the same gene, or cDNA library screening excludes the presence of other hybridizing species.

Low expression of the ClC-2 chloride channel during postnatal development: a mechanism for the paradoxical depolarizing action of GABA and glycine in the hippocampus.

In early postnatal development, during the period of synapse formation, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, the main inhibitory transmitters in the adult brain, paradoxically excite and depolarize neuronal membranes by an outward flux of chloride. The mechanisms of chloride homeostasis are not fully understood. It is known that in adult neurons intracellular chloride accumulation is prevented by a particular type of chloride channel, the ClC-2. This channel strongly rectifies in the inward direction at potentials negative to ECl thus ensuring chloride efflux. We have tested the hypothesis that in the developing hippocampus, a differential expression or regulation of ClC-2 channels may contribute to the depolarizing action of GABA and glycine. We have cloned a truncated form of ClC-2 (ClC-2nh) from the neonatal hippocampus which lacks the 157 bp corresponding to exon 2. In situ hybridization experiments show that ClC-2nh is the predominant form of ClC-2 mRNA in the neonatal brain. ClC-2nh mRNA is unable to encode a full-length protein due to a frameshift, consequently it does not induce any currents upon injection into Xenopus oocytes. Low expression of the full-length ClC-2 channel, could alter chloride homeostasis, lead to accumulation of [Cl-]i and thereby contribute to the depolarizing action of GABA and glycine during early development.