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Quantum heat engines and refrigerators are open quantum systems, whose dynamics can be well understood using a non-Hermitian formalism. A prominent feature of non-Hermiticity is the existence of exceptional points (EPs), which has no counterpart in closed quantum systems. It has been shown in classical systems that dynamical encirclement in the vicinity of an EP, whether the loop includes the EP or not, could lead to chiral mode conversion. Here, we show that this is valid also for quantum systems when dynamical encircling is performed in the vicinity of their Liouvillian EPs (LEPs), which include the effects of quantum jumps and associated noise-an important quantum feature not present in previous works. We demonstrate, using a Paul-trapped ultracold ion, the first chiral quantum heating and refrigeration by dynamically encircling a closed loop in the vicinity of an LEP. We witness the cycling direction to be associated with the chirality and heat release (absorption) of the quantum heat engine (quantum refrigerator). Our experiments have revealed that not only the adiabaticity breakdown but also the Landau-Zener-Stückelberg process play an essential role during dynamic encircling, resulting in chiral thermodynamic cycles. Our observations contribute to further understanding of chiral and topological features in non-Hermitian systems and pave a way to exploring the relation between chirality and quantum thermodynamics.
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An electrochemical aptasensor for detecting lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was fabricated based on DNA-templated copper nanoparticles (DNA-CuNPs) and RecJf exonuclease-assisted target recycling. The DNA-CuNPs were synthesized on a double-stranded DNA template generated through the hybridization of the LPS aptamer and its complementary chain (cDNA). In the absence of LPS, the CuNPs were synthesized on DNA double-strands, and a strong readout corresponding to the CuNPs was achieved at 0.10 V (vs. SCE). In the presence of LPS, the fabricated aptamer could detach from the DNA double-strand to form a complex with LPS, disrupting the template for the synthesis of CuNPs on the electrode. Meanwhile, RecJf exonuclease could hydrolyze the cDNA together with this single-stranded aptamer, releasing the LPS for the next round of aptamer binding, thereby enabling target recycling amplification. As a result, the electrochemical signal decreased and could be used to indicate the LPS content. The fabricated electrochemical aptasensor exhibited an extensive dynamic working range of 0.01 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1, and its detection limit was 6.8 fg mL-1. The aptasensor also exhibited high selectivity and excellent reproducibility. Moreover, the proposed aptasensor could be used in practical applications for the detection of LPS in human serum samples.
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Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos , Técnicas Biossensoriais , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Humanos , Exonucleases/química , Exonucleases/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos , Cobre/química , DNA Complementar , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Técnicas Eletroquímicas , DNA/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/químicaRESUMO
The light-dark cycle significantly impacts the growth and development of animals. Mantis shrimps (Oratosquilla oratoria) receive light through their complex photoreceptors. To reveal the adaptive expression mechanism of the mantis shrimp induced in a dark environment, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis with O. oratoria cultured in a light environment (Oo-L) as the control group and O. oratoria cultured in a dark environment (Oo-D) as the experimental group. In the screening of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the Oo-L and Oo-D groups, a total of 88 DEGs with |log2FC| > 1 and FDR < 0.05 were identified, of which 78 were upregulated and 10 were downregulated. Then, FBP1 and Pepck were downregulated in the gluconeogenesis pathway, and MKNK2 was upregulated in the MAPK classical pathway, which promoted cell proliferation and differentiation, indicating that the activity of mantis shrimp was slowed and the metabolic rate decreases in the dark environment. As a result, the energy was saved for its growth and development. At the same time, we performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on all DEGs. In the KEGG pathway analysis, each metabolic pathway in the dark environment showed a slowing trend. GO was enriched in biological processes such as eye development, sensory perception and sensory organ development. The study showed that mantis shrimp slowed down metabolism in the dark, while the role of sensory organs prominent. It provides important information for further understanding the energy metabolism and has great significance to study the physiology of mantis shrimp in dark environment.
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Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Transcriptoma , Animais , Crustáceos/genética , Crustáceos/metabolismoRESUMO
Alkaline lakes are a special aquatic ecosystem that act as important water and alkali resource in the arid-semiarid regions. The primary aim of the study is to explore how environmental factors affect community diversity and structure, and to find whether there are key microbes that can indicate changes in environmental factors in alkaline lakes. Therefore, four sediment samples (S1, S2, S3, and S4) were collected from Hamatai Lake which is an important alkali resource in Ordos' desert plateau of Inner Mongolia. Samples were collected along the salinity and alkalinity gradients and bacterial community compositions were investigated by Illumina Miseq sequencing. The results revealed that the diversity and richness of bacterial community decreased with increasing alkalinity (pH) and salinity, and bacterial community structure was obviously different for the relatively light alkaline and hyposaline samples (LAHO; pH < 8.5; salinity < 20) and high alkaline and hypersaline samples (HAHR; pH > 8.5; salinity > 20). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteriodetes were observed to be the dominant phyla. Furthermore, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and low salt-tolerant alkaliphilic nitrifying taxa were mainly distributed in S1 with LAHO characteristic. Firmicutes, Clostridia, Gammaproteobacteria, salt-tolerant alkaliphilic denitrifying taxa, haloalkaliphilic sulfur cycling taxa were mainly distributed in S2, S3 and S4, and were well adapted to haloalkaline conditions. Correlation analysis revealed that the community diversity (operational taxonomic unit numbers and/or Shannon index) and richness (Chao1) were significantly positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen (r = 0.654, p < 0.05; r = 0.680, p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with pH (r = -0.924, p < 0.01; r = -0.800, p < 0.01; r = -0.933, p < 0.01) and salinity (r = -0.615, p < 0.05; r = -0.647, p < 0.05). A redundancy analysis and variation partitioning analysis revealed that pH (explanation degrees of 53.5%, pseudo-F = 11.5, p < 0.01), TOC/TN (24.8%, pseudo-F = 10.3, p < 0.05) and salinity (9.2%, pseudo-F = 9.5, p < 0.05) were the most significant factors that caused the variations in bacterial community structure. The results suggested that alkalinity, nutrient salt and salinity jointly affect bacterial diversity and community structure, in which one taxon (Acidobacteria), six taxa (Cyanobacteria, Nitrosomonadaceae, Nitrospira, Bacillus, Lactococcus and Halomonas) and five taxa (Desulfonatronobacter, Dethiobacter, Desulfurivibrio, Thioalkalivibrio and Halorhodospira) are related to carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles, respectively. Classes Clostridia and Gammaproteobacteria might indicate changes of saline-alkali conditions in the sediments of alkaline lakes in desert plateau.
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Ectothiorhodospiraceae , Lagos , Ecossistema , Bactérias/genética , Firmicutes , Acidobacteria , China , ÁlcalisRESUMO
Vortex beams with optical orbital angular momentum have broad prospects in future high-speed and large-capacity optical communication. In this investigation of materials science, we found that low-dimensional materials have feasibility and reliability in the development of optical logic gates in all-optical signal processing and computing technology. We found that spatial self-phase modulation patterns through the MoS2 dispersions can be modulated by the initial intensity, phase, and topological charge of a Gauss vortex superposition interference beam. We utilized these three degrees of freedom as the input signals of the optical logic gate, and the intensity of a selected checkpoint on spatial self-phase modulation patterns as the output signal. By setting appropriate thresholds as logic codes 0 and 1, two sets of novel optical logic gates, including AND, OR, and NOT gates, were implemented. These optical logic gates are expected to have great potential in optical logic operations, all-optical networks, and all-optical signal processing.
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Ultrasound elastography is a functional imaging method that enables the measurement of soft tissue elasticity, which is associated with the pathological process of many diseases. However, the measurement area of the conventional elastography method is subjectively selected. Inspired by the targeted imaging technology, we propose a method of magnetomotive ultrasound shear wave elastography (MMUS-SWE). This method utilizes the magnetic force between the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and the external magnetic field to generate shear waves. Then, it can detect the distribution of MNPs and the elasticity of the tissue around the MNPs. As MNPs have been widely used for targeted labeling, the strategy to induce local vibration by MNPs will be more specific than that of the conventional SWE. In this study, the theoretical feasibility was verified by the finite element simulation model. Then, an experimental system was built, and the experimental feasibility of the method was demonstrated through phantom experiments, in vitro tissue experiments, and in vivo experiments. The results show that the distribution of the MNPs and the elastic information of tissues surrounding the MNPs can be detected simultaneously. This technology is expected to realize targeted elasticity measurement based on the MNPs and has potential applications for disease diagnosis.
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Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade/métodos , Ultrassonografia , Elasticidade , Imagens de Fantasmas , VibraçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: As the dominant species of Stomatopoda, Oratosquilla oratoria has not been fully cultivated artificially, and the fishery production mainly depends on marine fishing. Due to the lack of stomatopod genome, the development of molecular breeding of mantis shrimps still lags behind. METHODS AND RESULTS: A survey analysis was performed to obtain the genome size, GC content and heterozygosity ratio in order to provide a fundation for subsequent whole-genome sequencing. The results showed that the estimated genome size of the O. oratoria was about 2.56 G, and the heterozygosity ratio was 1.81%, indicating that it is a complex genome. Then the sequencing data was preliminarily assembled with k-mer = 51 by SOAPdenovo software to obtain a genome size of 3.01G and GC content of 40.37%. According to ReapeatMasker and RepeatModerler analysis, the percentage of repeats in O. oratoria was 45.23% in the total genome, similar to 44% in Survey analysis. The MISA tool was used to analyze the simple sequence repeat (SSR) characteristics of genome sequences including Oratosquilla oratoria, Macrobrachium nipponense, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, Eriocheir japonica sinensis, Scylla paramamosain and Paralithodes platypus. All crustacean genomes showed similar SSRs characteristics, with the highest proportion of di-nucleotide repeat sequences. And AC/GT and AGG/CCT repeats were the main types of di-nucleotide and tri-nucleotide repeats in O. oratoria. CONCLUSION: This study provided a reference for the genome assembly and annotation of the O. oratoria, and also provided a theoretical basis for the development of molecular markers of O. oratoria.
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Crustáceos , Nucleotídeos , Animais , Crustáceos/genética , Sequência de Bases , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Genoma de PlantaRESUMO
Digital pathology is being transformed by artificial intelligence (AI)-based pathological diagnosis. One major challenge for correct AI diagnoses is to ensure the focus quality of captured images. Here, we propose a deep learning-based single-shot autofocus method for microscopy. We use a modified MobileNetV3, a lightweight network, to predict the defocus distance with a single-shot microscopy image acquired at an arbitrary image plane without secondary camera or additional optics. The defocus prediction takes only 9â ms with a focusing error of only â¼1/15 depth of field. We also provide implementation examples for the augmented reality microscope and the whole slide imaging (WSI) system. Our proposed technique can perform real-time and accurate autofocus which will not only support pathologists in their daily work, but also provide potential applications in the life sciences, material research, and industrial automatic detection.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of low-dose CT scan of the temporal bone combined with reconstruction matrix size of 1 024×1 024 and the effect of the reconstruction matrix size on image quality. METHODS: Normal-dose and low-dose bilateral temporal bone CT scans were performed on twelve adult male cadaveric skull specimens using the 160-slice multi-detector CT scanning of United Imaging Healthcare. Normal-dose CT images were reconstructed with matrix sizes of 512×512 and 1 024×1 024, while low-dose CT images were reconstructed with the matrix size of 1 024×1 024. CT value, noise, signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio, the visualization scoring of 15 anatomical structures of the temporal bone, and the result of three-dimensional reconstruction of the ossicular chain were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: The radiation dose of low-dose CT scanning was reduced by about 50% compared with that of normal-dose CT. There was no significant difference in CT values of air, soft tissues and bones among the three groups. Low-dose temporal bone CT with the matrix size of 1 024×1 024 had higher noise, but much better visualization of temporal bone structure than the normal-dose temporal bone CT with matrix size of 512×512. Both the three-dimensional reconstructions of normal-dose and low-dose 1 024×1 024 matrix images were satisfactory and showed no significant difference. The morphology, size and relative position of malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea, and labyrinth, as well as the location of the ossicular chain in the cranium were all clearly displayed. CONCLUSION: Low-dose temporal bone CT with the matrix size of 1 024×1 024 can be used to effectively reduce the radiation dose and significantly improve the spatial resolution and the visualization of the temporal bone anatomical structures compared with the normal-dose temporal bone CT with a matrix size of 512×512.
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Osso Temporal , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adulto , Estudos de Viabilidade , Humanos , Masculino , Imagens de Fantasmas , Doses de Radiação , Razão Sinal-Ruído , Osso Temporal/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Programmable DNA-based nanostructures (e.g., nanotrains, nanoflowers, and DNA dendrimers) provide new approaches for safe and effective biological imaging and tumor therapy. However, few studies have reported that DNA-based nanostructures respond to the hypoxic microenvironment for activatable imaging and organelle-targeted tumor therapy. Herein, we innovatively report an azoreductase-responsive, mitochondrion-targeted multifunctional programmable DNA nanotrain for activatable hypoxia imaging and enhanced efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Cyanine structural dye (Cy3) and black hole quencher 2 (BHQ2), which were employed as a fluorescent mitochondrion-targeted molecule and azoreductase-responsive element, respectively, covalently attached to the DNA hairpin monomers. The extended guanine (G)-rich sequence at the end of the DNA hairpin monomer served as a nanocarrier for the photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridiniumyl) porphyrin (TMPyP4). Upon initiation between the DNA hairpin monomer and initiation probe, the fluorescence of Cy3 and the singlet oxygen (1O2) generation of TMPyP4 in the programmable nanotrain were effectively quenched by BHQ2 through the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process. Once the programmable nanotrain entered cancer cells, the azo bond in BHQ2 will be reduced to amino groups by the high expression of azoreductase under hypoxia conditions; then, the fluorescence of Cy3 and the 1O2 generation of TMPyP4 will significantly be restored. Furthermore, due to the mitochondrion-targeting characteristic endowed by Cy3, the TMPyP4-loaded nanotrain would accumulate in the mitochondria of cancer cells and then demonstrate enhanced PDT efficacy under light irradiation. We expect that this programmable DNA nanotrain-based multifunctional nanoplatform could be effectively used for activatable imaging and high performance of PDT in hypoxia-related biomedical field.
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DNA/química , Hipóxia/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipóxia/tratamento farmacológico , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/uso terapêutico , Porfirinas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Carbocianinas/química , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Humanos , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Luz , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos , Nanoestruturas/química , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Nitrorredutases/metabolismo , Fotoquimioterapia , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/efeitos da radiação , Porfirinas/efeitos da radiação , Oxigênio Singlete/metabolismoRESUMO
The life history of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir japonica sinensis) includes two migrations: a feeding migration and a reproductive migration. Ambient salinity is one of the most critical factors during migration. In this study, the salinity adaptation mechanism of Chinese mitten crabs was simulated using continuous salinity changes. The expression of six key genes [Na+/K+-ATPase α subunit (NAK-α), V-type H+-ATPase subunit A (VHA-A), Zinc transporter (ZnT), Cl- channel protein 2 (CLCN2), ubiquitin/ribosomal S27 fusionprotein (S27), and glutathione S-transferase (GST)] and the activities of three enzymes [Na+/K+-ATPase (NAK), V-type H+-ATPase (VHA), and glutathione S-transferase (GST)] were evaluated in ten groups exposed to a range of salinity changes during mariculture based on the transcriptome data obtained from short term salinity-induced crabs (ES) compared to control group in freshwater crabs (EF). The results revealed that different genes exhibited different roles in physiological regulation. In total, 3,599 unigenes were significantly and differentially expressed in a comparison between the EF and ES treatments. A novel modulation of gene expression and the corresponding enzyme activity of NAK and VHA exhibited similar patterns. As genes related to osmoregulation, NAK and VHA showed similar patterns of both gene expression and enzyme activity in mariculture. During the gradual change in salinity from 0 to 25 and back to 0, the gene expression and enzyme activities of NAK and VHA initially increased (0 â 10), weakened (10 â 20) and then increased again (20 â 25 â 0). S27 could serve as a reference gene in the expression analysis of Chinese mitten crabs under salinity stress. ZnT and CLCN2 were involved in osmoregulation as functional proteins. Our findings provide insights into the regulation mechanisms employed during the migration of the Chinese mitten crab.
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Braquiúros/genética , Braquiúros/fisiologia , Osmorregulação , Adaptação Fisiológica , Migração Animal , Animais , Proteínas de Artrópodes/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/genética , Água Doce , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Brânquias/fisiologia , Masculino , Salinidade , Análise de Sequência de RNARESUMO
Developing a specific and sensitive method for endogenous hydrazine detection in living systems is valuable to understand its various pathological events. In this work, two novel fluorescent chemosensors (C1, C3) based on triphenylamine Schiff-base derivative and reference dyes (C2, C4) were prepared in relatively high yield (more than 72% yield). The aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties of sensors were investigated through UV-Visible, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence spectrophotometric analyses as well as scanning electron microscope images (SEM). The results indicated that probes C1 and C3 exhibited strong AIE property in DMF/H2O (1:1, v/v) mixture system with brilliant yellow fluorescence emission (560 nm) observed under 365 nm UV lamp. The experiments of sensing indicated that probes C1 and C3 possessed the sequentially detecting abilities for hydrazine with high sensitivity, specificity as well as an extremely low detection limit (55.1 nM), which was due to blocking of AIE process of probes C1 and C3 by special chemical reaction (-CHN- moiety transformed into -CH2-NH- group) after hydrazine addition, resulting in the increase in water solubility and a weak emission in aqueous media. Furthermore, 1H NMR, SEM and fluorescence titration experiment was also conducted to confirm the sensing mechanism. For biological application, probes C1 and C3 presented a good bio-imaging performance and showed the similar fluorescence quenching after adding hydrazine. Therefore, the probes are suitable for the fluorescence imaging of exogenous hydrazine in HeLa cells.
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Compostos de Anilina/química , Fluorescência , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Hidrazinas/análise , Imagem Óptica , Células HeLa , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Bases de Schiff/química , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
A novel chemo-sensor based on triphenylamine derivative Probe-TPA for thiophenols (C6H5SH, p-NH2-C6H4SH, p-OH-C6H4SH) detection was presented in this work. The target dye Probe-TPA displayed high selectivity and extremely fast response toward thiophenols in DMSO/PBS buffer (5/5, v/v) solution in the presence of other competitive species (such as K+, Na+, Ni2+, Fe3+, S2-, HS-, SO42-, SO32-, NaClO, H2O2, GSH, Cys, Hcy, etc.). The sensing property for thiophenols was studied by UV-Visible, fluorescence spectrophotometric analyses and DFT/TD-DFT calculations, those results indicated that the sensor Probe-TPA possessed high anti-interference ability, excellent sensitivity, higher specifity, dramatically "naked-eye" fluorescence enhancement (almost 200-folds) under 365 nm UV lamp, especially immediate response speed (within 15 s). In extended application aspect, the fluorescent chemo-sensor Probe-TPA could provide a new method of analysis to detect of thiophenol in real water samples and visualize monitoring in live cells with remarkable fluorescence variation.
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Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Fenóis/análise , Compostos de Sulfidrila/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Soluções Tampão , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Teoria da Densidade Funcional , Corantes Fluorescentes/síntese química , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Limite de Detecção , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Fenóis/química , Rios/química , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Compostos de Sulfidrila/química , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, is considered to lead to some disease development in commercial crustaceans. However, mantis shrimps Oratosquilla oratoria (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) have a strong vitality and ability to resist disease. To study the tolerance mechanism of mantis shrimp, transcriptome analyses were conducted in hepatopancreas of O. oratoria under LPS challenge investigation. Totally, 84â¯547â¯044 clean reads were obtained from transcriptomes (43â¯159â¯230 in OP (control), 41â¯387â¯814 in OL (treatment), respectively). Unigenes, the longest transcript of each gene, with a total length of 68â¯318â¯880 bp and the total number of 100â¯978 were obtained. 8369 (8.28%) of unigenes were successfully annotated in all databases and 54â¯888 (54.35%) were annotated in at least one database. Finally, 1012 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 439 and 573 showed significantly upregulated and downregulated were determined between OL and OP, respectively. Moreover, those DEGs only expressed in OL or OP accounted for 8.99%. The functional classification based on GO and KEGG indicated that the common enrichment categories for the DEGs are "amino sugar metabolic" and "cellular homeostasis" and that the progress of nutrient metabolic and homeostasis in cells is important in facing variable environmental conditions. Protein-protein interaction analysis elucidated proteins, ß-actin (ACTB_G1), T-complex protein subunits (TCPs), heat shock proteins (HSPs), hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like protein 2 (HSDL2), kinesin family member 5 (KIF5), methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (AUH), and myosin heavy chain (MYH) may play key roles in response to an LPS challenge. This study laid a foundation to further investigate the possible adaptation way that O. oratoria survives in a bacterial challenge.
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The non-fluorescent Schiff base compound C1 (N'-((4'-ethyl-3-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methylene)furan-2-carbohydrazide) in organic solvent (e.g., THF) was found to produce yellow-green fluorescence emission upon addition of H2O, and granular-shaped aggregates in a THF/H2O mixed solution formed and exhibited obvious aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Especially its keto fluorescence band intensified dramatically, while the enol emission band remained almost unchanged. Hence, a change in fluorescence from no emission of light to emission of bright yellow-green light under a UV lamp was observed with the naked eye. In contrast, the reference compound C2 (N'-((4'-ethyl-3-methoxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methylene)furan-2-carbohydrazide) showed no intensified fluorescence emission under the same experimental conditions. These results indicated the significant role played by intramolecular H-bonding in the formation of the C1 aggregates and the AIE process.
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OBJECTIVE: To improve the method for the content determination of astragaloside Ⅳ in Xiangju granules, and to evaluate the consistency of relevant preparations with the components of original formulation, so as to provide evidence for the modern preparation of TCM compound. METHODS: HPLC-ELSD method was established for the content determination of astragaloside Ⅳ in Xiangju granules, and compared with original standard TLC scanning. Using critrinin, ferulic acid, calycosin glucoside, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, rosmarinic acid, buddleoside and magnoline as control, HPLC method was used to determine the release components of self-made Xiangju granules, Xiangju capsules, Xiangju tablets in water. Fingerprint characteristics chromatogram of different Xiangju preparations and original formulation extract were compared by using Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM (2012 version). At the same time, HPLC-ELSD method was used to determine and compare the release rate of astragaloside Ⅳ from different Xiangju preparations and original formulation extract in water. RESULTS: Established HPLC-ELSD method was specific. The linear range of astragaloside Ⅳ was 0.13-2.10 mg/mL. RSDs of precision, repeatability and stability tests were all lower than 3% (n=6), and average recovery was 97.66% (RSD=1.01%,n=6). Average content of astragaloside Ⅳ by this method was 0.398 mg/g (RSD=1.01%, n=3), which had better reproducibility than TLC scanning. The comparative results of characteristic fingerprints showed that the similarity among Xiangju granules, Xiangju capsules, Xiangju tablets and the original formulation dry extract powder was more than 0.850. Average release rates of astragaloside Ⅳ in Xiangju granules, Xiangju capsules, Xiangju tablets and the original formulation extract were 0.392, 0.358, 0.349, 0.389 mg, respectively. Compared with original formulation extract, there was no statistical significance in release rate of astragaloside Ⅳ in Xiangju granules (P>0.05), while there was statistical significance in Xiangju capsules and Xiangju tablets (P<0.01). CONCLU- SIONS: Established HPLC-ELSD method is accurate and feasible, and is suitable for the content determination of astragaloside Ⅳ in Xiangju granules. The main components of Xiangju granules are consistent with original formulation.
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Knowledge and analysis of the genetic structure of an endangered species is important for its conservation and evolutionary process. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used in evaluation of the genetic diversity and population differentiation in Limonium bicolor (Plumbaginaceae), an endangered herb with high medicinal and horticulture value. A total of 117 alleles were detected with an average 5.85 alleles per locus using SSR and 222 bands from AFLP were amplified in six populations. It was found that L. bicolor was characterized by high levels of genetic polymorphism (100 and 83.78%), low levels of total genetic diversity (Ht = 0.2824 and 0.2424), and moderate degrees of genetic differentiation among populations (ΦST = 0.284 and 0.251). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the main variation component existed within populations (71.56%; 74.93%) rather than among populations (28.44%; 25.07%). Four main clusters were displayed in the UPGMA using TFPGA, which was consistent with the result of principal coordinate analysis (PCA) using NTSYS. Mutations or infrequent gene flow among populations can increase the plant slowly, thus in situ conservation policies should be implemented first for effective and sustainable development. At the same time, ex situ measures, such as those individuals with rare alleles, to maintain the relationships between individuals and populations are also proposed.
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Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Fluxo Gênico , Genética Populacional , Genoma de Planta , Repetições de Microssatélites , Plumbaginaceae/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados , FilogeniaRESUMO
Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir japonica sinensis) are catadromous, spending most of their lives in fresh water, but moving to a mixed salt-fresh water environment for reproduction. The characteristics of this life history might imply a rapidly evolutionary transition model for adaptation to marine from freshwater habitats. In this study, transcriptome-wide identification and differential expression on Chinese mitten crab groups were analysed. Results showed: clean reads that were obtained totalled 93,833,096 (47,440,998 in Group EF, the reference, and 46,392,098 in Group ES, the experimental) and 14.08G (7.12G in Group EF 6.96G in Group ES); there were 11,667 unigenes (15.29%) annotated, and they were located to 230 known KEGG pathways in five major categories; in differential expression analysis, most of the top 20 up-regulated pathways were connected to the immune system, disease, and signal transduction, while most of the top 20 down-regulated pathways were related to the metabolism system; meanwhile, 8 representative osmoregulation-related genes (14-3-3 epsilon, Cu2+ transport ATPase, Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ transporting ATPase, V-ATPase subunit A, Putative arsenite-translocating ATPase, and Cation transport ATPase, Na+/K+ symporter) showed up-regulation, and 1 osmoregulation-related gene (V-ATPase subunit H) showed down-regulation. V-ATPase subunit H was very sensitive to the transition of habitats. These results were consistent with the tests of qRT-PCR. The present study has provided a foundation to further understand the molecular mechanism in response to salinity changing in water.
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Braquiúros/genética , Braquiúros/fisiologia , Osmorregulação/genética , Aclimatação/genética , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico/genética , Água Doce , Expressão Gênica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Hemolinfa/metabolismo , Transporte de Íons/genética , Masculino , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Fosforilação Oxidativa , Salinidade , Água do Mar , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Transdução de Sinais/genéticaRESUMO
Desalination of marine species has become an important development direction for aquaculture in China and other countries. However, that how to regulate the salt balance to adapt to new freshwater habitats is a serious challenge for marine species in desalination of aquaculture. In the study, Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir japonica sinensis) was selected to analyse the adaptively differential expression in salinity changes for their novel characteristics of life history. The results showed that gill was the most relevant tissue in osmoregulation that was validated by biomarkers (Na+/K+-ATP, V-type H+-ATPase) with qPCR. Na+/K+-ATPase is a primary transporter and maintains the body fluid osmolality by actively pumping Na+ to the hemolymph, and V-type H+-ATPase is responsible for acid-base balance and nitrogen excretion. So both transcriptome data and qPCR results showed the significantly differential expression of Na+/K+-ATPase and V-type H+-ATPase in gills. Moreover, NAK-α had the most significantly differential expression level in salinity change, and other genes such as GST, HSP90, S27, UBE, VATB also revealed significantly up-regulation. They are considered the key enzymes during the transition from a marine environment to land. Present results have provided a foundation to further understand the molecular adaptive mechanism in desalination of marine species.