Hip lateralisation in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy treated with botulinum toxin type A: a 2-year follow-up.

We investigated the effect of BoNT/A injection on hip lateralisation in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and bilateral adductor spasticity. Pelvic radiographs using Reimers' migration index (MI) were evaluated from 27 children (n=9 females, n=18 males; mean age 5.2 ± 1.96 years; range: 2-10 years; initial MI <50%) with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy over a time period of 2 years. All received injections of BoNT/A (Dysport) every 12 weeks with a dose of 30 Units per kilogram body weight into adductor and medial hamstring muscles on both sides. The MI was calculated before treatment and after 1 and 2 years. The mean MI increased from 25.5% (range: 0-48) to 26.7% (+1.2%, range: 0-79) on the right side and from 28.0% (range: 0-40) to 30.6% (+2.6%, range: 3-84) on the left side over 2 years, respectively. Hips of one patient dislocated bilaterally. The mean MI remained stable over 2 years. Although a specific BoNT/A effect cannot be proven because of the open design of this study, we provide strong evidence that the MI can be kept stable for a time period of 2 years under non-surgical management including therapy with BoNT/A even in CP patients with a high risk for hip dislocation.

The Heidelberg foot measurement method: development, description and assessment.

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a kinematic measurement method for the foot that could be applied clinically to measure foot function including all typical foot deformities. The ankle was modelled as two anatomically based hinge joints rotating around anatomical axes estimated by the use of projection angles. For the mid- and forefoot a descriptive approach was chosen by defining angles between anatomical landmarks or reference points derived from these landmarks. The motion of 17 markers on the lower leg and foot was measured during walking gait on 10 adult participants with no known abnormalities to determine the pattern of normal foot motion, assess reliability and provide a reference against which pathological foot behaviour could be compared. Functional angles for mid- and forefoot motions were developed to improve clinical applications of the data. The combination of anatomically and technically oriented marker placement on the foot is a reliable basis for reproducible kinematic measurements and the method was shown to be viable for clinical practice.

A feasibility study of remote consultation to determine suitability for surgery in stroke rehabilitation.

We studied knowledge transfer for the determination of the suitability of stroke patients for a specialist surgical procedure (split anterior tibial tendon transfer). Gait analysis data from patients at a general hospital were discussed with an expert in another country using personal computers, an ISDN connection (128 kbit/s) and TCP/IP-based communication tools. The key issue was whether the staff in the general hospital became better able to determine suitability for surgery. Twelve patients were studied. In three of the first four cases the advice of the remote expert changed the plan for surgery. After that the treatment plans did not change after consultation. After eight cases the local clinicians did not need to ask for further advice. There was a rapid increase in skill in determining suitability for surgery. The experience and skills of the local clinicians were thought to increase more rapidly than would have been the case without the consultations with a remote expert.

Conversion of biarticular to monoarticular muscles as a component of multilevel surgery in spastic diplegia.

We treated 20 children (40 limbs) with diplegic cerebral palsy who could walk by multilevel soft tissue operative procedures including conversion of the biarticular semitendinosus and gastrocnemius to monoarticular muscles. The mean age at surgery was 11.5 years (5.6 to 17.0). All patients underwent clinical and radiological examination and three-dimensional instrumented gait analysis before and at a mean of 3.1 years (2.0 to 4.5) after surgery. The passive range of movement at the ankle, knee and hip showed improvement at follow-up. Kinematic parameters indicated a reduced pelvic range of movement and improvement of extension of the knee in single stance after operation (p < 0.0001). However, post-operative back-kneeing was detected in five of the 40 limbs. The kinetic studies showed that the power of the hamstrings and plantar flexors of the ankle was maintained while the maximum knee extensor moment during stance was reduced. The elimination of knee flexor activity of semitendinosus and gastrocnemius combined with transfer of distal rectus femoris led to an improvement in gait as confirmed by gait analysis.

Dynamic pedobarography (DPB) in operative management of cavovarus foot deformity.

Dynamic pedobarography (DPB) was performed in 21 patients, 9 male and 12 female with cavovarus foot deformity mostly of Charcot-Marie-Tooth origin. Age ranged from 14 to 52 years (mean 30 y). Twenty-six feet were examined pre- and postoperatively clinically, radiologically and by dynamic pedobarography with a follow-up time from 9 to 49 months (mean 22.5 mo). The EMED SF system was used for data collection during walking. Gait line, contact areas (CA), peak pressures (PP) and pressure time integral (PTI) were determined. According to the contact pattern the examined feet could be divided into three groups with antegrade, retrograde and inversion contact pattern. Data analysis showed postoperatively considerable increase in CA and decrease in PP and PTI. Clinical results such as plantar callosities and "roll over avoidance gait" did not always correlate with pedobarographic data. DPB adds a dynamic component in the diagnosis and management of cavovarus feet but certain limitations exist.

Hip deformities in walking patients with cerebral palsy.

Hip deformities in walking patients with cerebral palsy are rare. Nineteen diplegic and four hemiplegic patients with unilateral hip subluxation were studied to determine whether or not characteristic gait patterns could be identified. All were examined clinically and radiologically as well as undergoing observational and instrumented three dimensional gait analysis. Twenty one of the patients compensated for the subluxation with an ipsilateral trunk lean and contralateral pelvic drop. These patterns were quantified in the kinematic and kinetic variables measured. We conclude that hip abductor weakness should be considered as the cause of the deformity.