Protective Effects of Sacran, a Natural Polysaccharide, Against Adverse Effects on the Skin Induced by Tobacco Smoke.

Recent increases in air pollution have raised concerns about its adverse effects on human health. Sacran is a natural polysaccharide isolated from a cyanobacterium. We previously reported that sacran improves skin conditions because of its effects as an artificial barrier against external stimuli, which suggested that sacran might protect the skin against air pollutants. The goal of this study was to characterize the potential of sacran to protect human skin against damage from air pollutants and to compare sacran with hyaluronic acid (HA). Sacran that was topically applied on the skin stayed on the surface or in the stratum corneum. Sacran-treated filters had a shielding effect against benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and aldehyde compounds contained in tobacco smoke. Sacran suppressed the upregulation of cytochrome P4501A1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), which is a xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme induced by BaP, and other responses against tobacco smoke in HaCaT keratinocytes. Furthermore, topical application of a serum containing 0.04% sacran on the skin reduced levels of carbonylated proteins in corneocytes of tobacco smokers. Sacran showed superior effects in every characteristic measured, compared with HA. We conclude that sacran ameliorates the oxidative stress initiated by tobacco smoke by shielding the skin surface and protects human skin.

[Function of Sacran as an Artificial Skin Barrier and the Development of Skincare Products].

Sacran, a large molecular-weight polysaccharide isolated from algae, is composed of 11 types of saccharides, including sulfate and carboxylic acid groups. Because of its unique structure, sacran can form a gel-like sheet in the presence of polyols such as 1,3-butanediol. In addition, those sacran gel-like sheets prevent the evaporation of water and the penetration of chemicals. The results of our previous study suggested that sacran can work as an artificial barrier against external stimuli such as air pollutants which increase the stress on humans. Topically applied sacran was localized at the surface of reconstructed human epidermal equivalents. Those results suggested that sacran inhibits excessive water evaporation from the skin and protects against environmental stimuli by forming an artificial barrier at the skin surface. Then, in a clinical study, we examined the activity of sacran in improving skin problems caused by an impaired epidermal barrier. First, we conducted a use test on a serum formulated with sacran on human volunteers who had impaired skin barrier function. The results showed that sacran provided excellent benefits to improve the maturation of corneocytes. These results suggest that sacran could play an important role in providing optimal skin conditions for keratinocytes to progress through their differentiation.

Defensive Effects of a Unique Polysaccharide, Sacran, to Protect Keratinocytes against Extracellular Stimuli and Its Possible Mechanism of Action.

Sacran, a polysaccharide isolated from the alga Aphanothece sacrum (Suizenji-nori), has unique physical and physiological characteristics. In a previous study, we reported that sacran improves skin conditions in individuals who suffer from atopic dermatitis (AD), focusing on its trapping function against extrinsic stimuli compared with hyaluronic acid (HA). First, we examined the penetration of sacran through stratum corneum (SC) with an impaired barrier function using immature reconstructed human epidermal equivalents. Sacran penetrates the SC to living cell layers of the epidermis, which suggested that sacran would attenuate adverse influences in keratinocytes caused by extracellular factors such as irritants or proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1α (IL-1α). Sacran markedly reduced the cell damage induced by a nonionic detergent, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Moreover, sacran restored the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels stimulated by SLS and by IL-1α. These effects of sacran were superior to those of HA. In order to investigate the restoration effects of sacran, the influence of sacran on the physical properties of lipid bilayers was evaluated by measuring the order parameter using the ESR spin-labeling method. Because sacran failed to cause changes in the order parameters of liposomes and HaCaT keratinocytes, these results indicate that sacran does not interact with lipid bilayers although it restored changes in the order parameter caused by SLS. The sum of these results demonstrates that sacran reduces the influence of extracellular stimuli by its trapping effects. We conclude that the improving action of sacran is based on its trapping effect.

Topical treatment with sacran, a sulfated polysaccharide from Aphanothece sacrum, improves corneocyte-derived parameters.

Sacran, a polysaccharide isolated from Aphanothece sacrum (Suizenji-nori) alga, has unique characteristics in terms of its physiological properties and effects on the skin, and has recently become a focus of attention as a novel biomaterial. In a previous study, we reported the unique physical characteristics of sacran, which forms a gel-like film containing water in the presence of polyols. This film resists penetration by water and chemicals. We expected this unique physical characteristic to act as an artificial barrier upon the application of sacran to the skin. In the present study, we tested the efficacy of sacran application in healthy individuals who reported previous symptoms of dry or inflamed skin, to evaluate the potential benefits of sacran for skin care in patients with mild atopic dermatitis. Compared with placebo, sacran-containing serum did not significantly alter either the water content of the skin surface or transepidermal water loss. However, subjects using the serum showed improvements in corneocyte parameters including size, percentage of thick abrasion, ratio of SH to SS groups, ratio of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist to IL-1α, and carbonylated protein level. These results indicate that the sulfated polysaccharide sacran is an effective agent for improving or maintaining the skin conditions.