Mechanistic modeling, simulation, and optimization of mixed-mode chromatography for an antibody polishing step.

Mixed-mode chromatography combines features of ion-exchange chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography and is increasingly used in antibody purification. As a replacement for flow-through operations on traditional unmixed resins or as a pH-controlled bind-and-elute step, the use of both interaction modes promises a better removal of product-specific impurities. However, the combination of the functionalities makes industrial process development significantly more complex, in particular the identification of the often small elution window that delivers the desired selectivity. Mechanistic modeling has proven that even difficult separation problems can be solved in a computer-optimized manner once the process dynamics have been modeled. The adsorption models described in the literature are also very complex, which makes model calibration difficult. In this work, we approach this problem with a newly constructed model that describes the adsorber saturation with the help of the surface coverage function of the colloidal particle adsorption model for ion-exchange chromatography. In a case study, a model for a pH-controlled antibody polishing step was created from six experiments. The behavior of fragments, aggregates, and host cell proteins was described with the help of offline analysis. After in silico optimization, a validation experiment confirmed an improved process performance in comparison to the historical process set point. In addition to these good results, the work also shows that the high dynamics of mixed-mode chromatography can produce unexpected results if process parameters deviate too far from tried and tested conditions.

Site-specific conjugation of native antibody.

Traditionally, non-specific chemical conjugation, such as acylation of amines on lysine or alkylation of thiols on cysteines, are widely used; however, they have several shortcomings. First, the lack of site-specificity results in heterogeneous products and irreproducible processes. Second, potential modifications near the complementarity determining region (CDR) may reduce binding affinity and specificity. Conversely, site-specific methods produce well-defined and more homogenous antibody conjugates, ensuring developability and clinical applications. Moreover, several recent side-by-side comparisons of site-specific and stochastic methods have demonstrated that site-specific approaches are more likely to achieve their desired properties and functions, such as increased plasma stability, less variability in dose-dependent studies (particularly at low concentrations), enhanced binding efficiency, as well as increased tumor uptake. Herein we review several standard and practical site-specific bioconjugation methods for native antibodies, i.e., those without recombinant engineering. First, chemo-enzymatic techniques, namely transglutaminase (TGase)-mediated transamidation of a conserved glutamine residue and glycan remodeling of a conserved asparagine N-glycan (GlyCLICK), both in the Fc region. Second, chemical approaches such as selective reduction of disulfides (ThioBridge) and N-terminal amine modifications. Furthermore, we list site-specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in clinical trials along with the future perspectives of these site-specific methods.