Fluorescence Emission Triggered by Radioactive ß decay in Optimized Hyperbolic Cavities.

Luminescence arising from ß -decay of radiotracers has garnered much interest recently as a viable in-vivo imaging technique. The emitted Cerenkov radiation can be directly detected by high sensitivity cameras or used to excite highly efficient fluorescent dyes. Here, we investigate the enhancement of visible and infrared emission driven by ß -decay of radioisotopes in the presence of a hyperbolic nanocavity. By means of a transfer matrix approach, we obtain quasi-analytic expressions for the fluorescence enhancement factor at the dielectric core of the metalodielectric cavity, reporting a hundred-fold amplification in periodic structures. A particle swarm optimization of the layered shell geometry reveals that up to a ten-thousand-fold enhancement is possible thanks to the hybridization and spectral overlapping of whispering-gallery and localized-plasmon modes. Our findings may find application in nuclear-optical medical imaging, as they provide a strategy for the exploitation of highly energetic gamma rays, Cerenkov luminescence, and visible and near-infrared fluorescence through the same nanotracer.

Plasmon-assisted Förster resonance energy transfer at the single-molecule level in the moderate quenching regime.

Metallic nanoparticles were shown to affect Förster energy transfer between fluorophore pairs. However, to date, the net plasmonic effect on FRET is still under dispute, with experiments showing efficiency enhancement and reduction. This controversy is due to the challenges involved in the precise positioning of FRET pairs in the near field of a metallic nanostructure, as well as in the accurate characterization of the plasmonic impact on the FRET mechanism. Here, we use the DNA origami technique to place a FRET pair 10 nm away from the surface of gold nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 5 to 20 nm. In this configuration, the fluorophores experience only moderate plasmonic quenching. We use the acceptor bleaching approach to extract the FRET rate constant and efficiency on immobilized single FRET pairs based solely on the donor lifetime. This technique does not require a posteriori correction factors neither a priori knowledge of the acceptor quantum yield, and importantly, it is performed in a single spectral channel. Our results allow us to conclude that, despite the plasmon-assisted Purcell enhancement experienced by donor and acceptor partners, the gold nanoparticles in our samples have a negligible effect on the FRET rate, which in turns yields a reduction of the transfer efficiency.

Quasichiral Interactions between Quantum Emitters at the Nanoscale.

We present a combined classical and quantum electrodynamics description of the coupling between two circularly polarized quantum emitters held above a metal surface supporting surface plasmons. Depending on their position and their natural frequency, the emitter-emitter interactions evolve from being reciprocal to nonreciprocal, which makes the system a highly tunable platform for chiral coupling at the nanoscale. By relaxing the stringent material and geometrical constraints for chirality, we explore the interplay between coherent and dissipative coupling mechanisms in the system. Thus, we reveal a quasichiral regime in which its quantum optical properties are governed by its subradiant state, giving rise to extremely sharp spectral features and strong photon correlations.

Transformation Optics Approach to Plasmon-Exciton Strong Coupling in Nanocavities.

We investigate the conditions yielding plasmon-exciton strong coupling at the single emitter level in the gap between two metal nanoparticles. Inspired by transformation optics ideas, a quasianalytical approach is developed that makes possible a thorough exploration of this hybrid system incorporating the full richness of its plasmonic spectrum. This allows us to reveal that by placing the emitter away from the cavity center, its coupling to multipolar dark modes of both even and odd parity increases remarkably. This way, reversible dynamics in the population of the quantum emitter takes place in feasible implementations of this archetypal nanocavity.

Surface plasmons and nonlocality: a simple model.

Surface plasmons on metals can concentrate light into subnanometric volumes and on these near atomic length scales the electronic response at the metal interface is smeared out over a Thomas-Fermi screening length. This nonlocality is a barrier to a good understanding of atomic scale response to light and complicates the practical matter of computing the fields. In this Letter, we present a local analogue model and show that spatial nonlocality can be represented by replacing the nonlocal metal with a composite material, comprising a thin dielectric layer on top of a local metal. This method not only makes possible the quantitative analysis of nonlocal effects in complex plasmonic phenomena with unprecedented simplicity and physical insight, but also offers great practical advantages in their numerical treatment.

Description of van der Waals interactions using transformation optics.

Exact calculation of the van der Waals interaction between closely spaced plasmonic nanoparticles is challenging due to the strong concentration of the electromagnetic fields that takes place at the nanometric gap between them. The technique of transformation optics, capable of mapping a small volume into any desired length scale, enables us to shed physical insight into the intricate behavior of electromagnetic fields in extremely small gaps. Using this theoretical tool, we obtain universal analytical expressions for the van der Waals interactions between spherical nanoparticles made of realistic metals at arbitrary separation.

Probing the ultimate limits of plasmonic enhancement.

Metals support surface plasmons at optical wavelengths and have the ability to localize light to subwavelength regions. The field enhancements that occur in these regions set the ultimate limitations on a wide range of nonlinear and quantum optical phenomena. We found that the dominant limiting factor is not the resistive loss of the metal, but rather the intrinsic nonlocality of its dielectric response. A semiclassical model of the electronic response of a metal places strict bounds on the ultimate field enhancement. To demonstrate the accuracy of this model, we studied optical scattering from gold nanoparticles spaced a few angstroms from a gold film. The bounds derived from the models and experiments impose limitations on all nanophotonic systems.

Transformation-optics description of nonlocal effects in plasmonic nanostructures.

We develop an insightful transformation-optics approach to investigate the impact that nonlocality has on the optical properties of plasmonic nanostructures. The light-harvesting performance of a dimer of touching nanowires is studied by using the hydrodynamical Drude model, which reveals nonlocal resonances not predicted by previous local calculations. Our method clarifies the interplay between radiative and nonlocal effects in this nanoparticle configuration, which enables us to elucidate the optimum size that maximizes its absorption and field enhancement capabilities.

Diffraction from carbon nanofiber arrays.

A square planar photonic crystal composed of carbon nanofibers was fabricated using e-beam lithography and chemical vapor deposition. The diffraction properties of the system were characterized experimentally and compared with theory and numerical simulations. The intensities of the (-1,0) and (-1,-1) diffraction beams were measured as functions of the angles of incidence for both s and p-polarization. The obtained radiation patterns can be explained using a simple ray interference model, but finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations are necessary to reproduce the observed dependence of the scattered radiation intensity on incident laser polarization. We explain this in terms of the aspect ratio of the nanofibers and the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons at the substrate interface.

Optical properties of carbon nanofiber photonic crystals.

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are used as components of planar photonic crystals. Square and rectangular lattices and random patterns of vertically aligned CNFs were fabricated and their properties studied using ellipsometry. We show that detailed information such as symmetry directions and the band structure of these novel materials can be extracted from considerations of the polarization state in the specular beam. The refractive index of the individual nanofibers was found to be n(CNF) = 4.1.

Modelo de regresión de Cox de la pérdida auditiva en trabajadores expuestos a ruido y fluidos de mecanizado o humos metálicos / Cox regression model of hearing loss in workers exposed to noise and metalworking fluids or welding fumes

Fundamento. Los trabajos sobre pérdida auditiva laboralse han centrado clásicamente en el estudio del ruidocomo causa principal. En la rama del metal es muy comúnla presencia de contaminantes físicos y químicos.En este artículo se analizan ambos junto con ciertoshábitos personales, con la finalidad de ver su influenciaconjunta en la pérdida auditiva laboral.Material y métodos. Se analiza una muestra de 558 trabajadoresmediante regresión de Cox con una finalidadexplicativa. Se define el carácter de las relaciones causa-efecto existentes entre las variables consideradas,con respecto a tres situaciones: sano/alterado; recuperable/no recuperable; sin caídas en conversacionales/con caídas en conversacionales.Resultados. El análisis refleja que los fluidos de mecanizado,en presencia de ruido, retrasan la adquisición delos diversos grados de alteración auditiva; efecto contrarioal que producen los humos metálicos, que adelantanla adquisición de dichos estadios. El hábito defumar se reconoce como influyente en la adquisición deun trauma acústico inicial; la exposición a ruido extralaboralinfluye en la adquisición de un trauma acústicoavanzado; y por otro lado, los equipos de protecciónauditiva son protectores del ruido pero no de la ototoxicidadde los humos metálicos.Conclusión. Se pone de manifiesto el efecto antagónicode los fluidos de mecanizado y el sinérgico de los humosmetálicos frente al ruido, explicando la variacióntemporal en la evolución de la alteración auditiva, relacionadacon estas atmósferas; se comprueba la influenciadel tabaco y del ruido extralaboral, en la adquisicióndel trauma acústico(AU)

Background. Works on labour-related hearing losshave traditionally been centred on the study of noise asthe principal cause. The presence of physical and chemicalpollutants is very common in the metalworkingbranch. This article analyses both, together with certainpersonal habits, with the aim of determining theirjoint influence on labour-related hearing loss.Methods. A sample of 558 workers was analysed usingCox regression with an explicative aim. The characterof the cause-effect relations existing between the variablesconsidered is defined with respect to three situations:healthy/altered; recoverable/non-recoverable;with falls in conversational abilities/without falls inconversational abilities.Results. The analysis reflects the fact that metalworkingfluids, in the presence of noise, delay the acquisitionof different degrees of auditory alteration; an effectcontrary to that produced by welding fumes, whichaccelerate such states. The habit of smoking is recognisedas having an influence on the acquisition of aninitial acoustic trauma; exposure to noise outside theworkplace influences the acquisition of an advancedacoustic trauma; and, on the other hand, the auditoryprotective equipment provides protection against noisebut mot of the ototoxicity of welding fumes.Conclusion. The antagonistic effect of metalworkingfluids and the synergic effect of welding fumes in theface of noise are made evident in relation to these environments,explaining the temporal variation in the evolutionof auditory alteration; the influence of tobaccoand noise outside the workplace in the acquisition ofacoustic trauma are confirmed(AU)

Geometrically induced modification of surface plasmons in the optical and telecom regimes.

We demonstrate that the introduction of a subwavelength periodic modulation into a metallic structure strongly modifies the guiding characteristics of the surface plasmon modes supported by the system. Moreover, it is also shown how a new type, to our knowledge, of a tightly confined surface plasmon polariton mode can be created by just milling a periodic corrugation into a metallic ridge placed on top of a metal surface.

Domino plasmons for subwavelength terahertz circuitry.

A new approach for the spatial and temporal modulation of electromagnetic fields at terahertz frequencies is presented. The waveguiding elements are based on plasmonic and metamaterial notions and consist of an easy-to-manufacture periodic chain of metallic box-shaped elements protruding out of a metallic surface. It is shown that the dispersion relation of the corresponding electromagnetic modes is rather insensitive to the waveguide width, preserving tight confinement and reasonable absorption loss even when the waveguide transverse dimensions are well in the subwavelength regime. This property enables the simple implementation of key devices, such as tapers and power dividers. Additionally, directional couplers, waveguide bends, and ring resonators are characterized, demonstrating the flexibility of the proposed concept and the prospects for terahertz applications requiring high integration density.

Collection and concentration of light by touching spheres: a transformation optics approach.

A general three-dimensional transformation optics approach is presented that yields analytical expressions for the relevant electromagnetic magnitudes in plasmonic phenomena at singular geometries. This powerful theoretical tool reveals the broadband response and superfocusing properties of touching metal nanospheres and provides an elegant physical description of the prominent field enhancement that takes place at the point of contact between a spherical nanoparticle and a flat metallic surface.

Terahertz wedge plasmon polaritons.

We propose a metamaterial approach to route terahertz waves that features subwavelength confinement in the transverse plane. The guiding mechanism is based on geometrically induced electromagnetic modes sustained by corrugated metallic wedges, whose characteristics resemble those of wedge plasmon polaritons at telecom and optical frequencies. Additionally, frequency selective focusing and slowing down of terahertz radiation based on the proposed wedge waveguides are presented.

Bragg reflection of terahertz waves in plasmonic crystals.

We present experimental and theoretical studies on terahertz surface plasmon (TSP) propagation on slit and rectangular aperture arrays in an aluminum sheet. Terahertz waves are coupled onto the plasmonic structures via a parallel plate waveguide. Long-lasting oscillations are observed in the temporal pulse shape after propagating through the periodic structure, whose Fourier transformation into the frequency domain results in Bragg-resonance spectral features. We show that the interference between the incident wave and the radiation reflected from both the aperture array and the waveguide block is responsible for this Bragg-resonance behavior. The reflection coefficient for a single slit is deduced to be 0.017 +/- 0.002.

Theory of extraordinary transmission of light through quasiperiodic arrays of subwavelength holes.

By using a theoretical formalism able to work in both real and k spaces, the physical origin of the phenomenon of extraordinary transmission of light through quasiperiodic arrays of holes is revealed. Long-range order present in a quasiperiodic array selects the wave vector(s) of the surface electromagnetic mode(s) that allows an efficient transmission of light through subwavelength holes.

Resonant transmission of cold atoms through subwavelength apertures.

Recently, it has been observed that transmission of light through subwavelength apertures, which is usually negligible, can be significantly enhanced when surface plasmons are resonantly excited. Here we introduce the idea that similar effects can be expected for cold atoms in structures supporting surface matter waves. We show that surface matter waves are possible in properly designed structures, and then we theoretically demonstrate 100% transmission of rubidium atoms through an array of slits much narrower than the de Broglie wavelength of the atoms. Our results open up the possibility of using surface matter waves to control the flow of neutral atoms.