Características de los protocolos de investigación presentados por los cursantes de la asignatura "Metodología de la Investigación en Enfermería", Facultad de Medicina, UNNE. Período 2005-2015 / Characteristics of the research protocols presented by the students of the subject "Research Methodology in Nursing ", Faculty of Medicine, UNNE. Period 2005-2015

La calidad de atención y del cuidado enfermero, depende en gran medida de hacer a la investigación uno de los pilares más importantes de la enfermería como ciencia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las características de los protocolos de investigación presentados por los cursantes de la asignatura de Metodología de la Investigación en Enfermería de la carrera de Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste durante los años 2005 al 2015. Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal, y se consultaron los protocolos archivados en la biblioteca de dicha Facultad. Se trabajó con 230 protocolos. El 100% de los trabajos eran de tipo cuantitativos y de estos el 65% descriptivos y 35% analíticos. El 94% de los trabajos fueron de tipo transversales superando ampliamente a los longitudinales. En cuanto al área temática las principales fueron la clínica y la salud pública. El 67% de los protocolos fueron retrospectivos y el 33% prospectivo. Según el contexto de realización de los estudios se observó que la mayoría de los trabajos fueron realizados en instituciones del segundo y tercer nivel. Las investigaciones que se publicaron en revistas con referato ascendieron a 12 lo que representó solo el 5% del total. El promedio de protocolos por año fue de 20, con un valor mínimo de 5 en el 2005 y un valor máximo de 51 en el 2015. Los resultados mostraron buena productividad en los futuros licenciados en enfermería, con un predominio de estudios de tipo cuantitativo, principalmente abocados a la clínica, aunque se evidencio escasa publicación de los protocolos de investigación.

The quality of care and nursing care depends of a large extent on making research one of the most important pillars of nursing as a science. The objective of this work was to determine the characteristics of the research protocols presented by the students of the Nursing Research Methodology course of the Bachelor's degree in Nursing of the National University of the Northeast during the years 2005 to 2015. It was carried out a quantitative, descriptive, retrospective and transversal study, and the protocols filed in the library of said Faculty were consulted. We worked with 230 protocols. 100% of the works were of quantitative type and of these 65% descriptive and 35% analytical. 94% of the works were of transversal type surpassing extensively to the longitudinal ones. As for the thematic area the main ones were the clinic and the public health. 67% of the protocols were retrospective and 33% prospective. According to the context of the studies, it was observed most of the work was done in institutions of the second and third level. Research published in peer-reviewed journals amounted to 12 which represented only 5% of the total. The average number of protocols per year was 20, with a minimum value of 5 in 2005 and a maximum value of 51 in 2015. The results showed good productivity in future nursing graduates, with a predominance of quantitative studies, mainly in the clinical setting, although there was little publication of the research protocols. Key words: research, research methodology, nursing, students

Carcass characteristics of Neuquén Criollo kids in Patagonia region, Argentina.

Carcass characteristics of 336 kids from the Neuquén Criollo breed were evaluated. Two categories were taken into account: three months and 5 to 7 months kids. Live weight, carcass weights, measurement and indexes of 304 kids were calculated in a study done in a commercial slaughterhouse located in Chos Malal town. Thirty two carcass left sides were dissected into the major components: muscle, bone, fat and remaining tissues. Three months kids were compared with 5 to 7 months kids. The slaughter live weight of the former was 16.3kg and the latter was 22.4kg. Cold carcass weight and dressing percentage differed significantly (p<0.001) between age categories. Three months kids had a higher percentage of bones (26.8 vs. 21.7%; p<0.001) and a lower percentage of fat (10.8 vs. 15%; p<0.01) than those at 5-7 months, but both had similar percentages of muscle (56.4 vs. 57%; p=NS). There were significant differences in the percentages of primal carcass cuts: hind leg (32 vs. 34%; p<0.001), shoulder (22 vs. 20%; p<0.001) and neck, (10 vs. 8%; p<0.01) for three months vs. 5-7 months old kids, respectively.

Combinación adecuada de los alimentos y sus repercusiones sobre el estado de salud / Adequate combination of food and its repercussion on the health status

Antecedentes: A consecuencia de una inadecuada combinación de los alimentos y de una pobre ingestión de frutas y verduras en la dieta cotidiana, la población en sentido general, está expuesta a padecer problemas de salud. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de corte transversal aplicando un cuestionario sobre sus hábitos nutricionales a 100 familias de clase socioeconómica baja. Resultados: El 79.3// de las familias encuestadas consideró adecuada, admitiendo que eran parte habitual de su dieta, lo que en realidad era una combinación inadecuada de alimentos. La mitad de ellas afirmó desconocer el principio de la combinación adecuada de alimentos. En relación al consumo diario de verduras solo 13// lo hacía y 3// ingerían frutas diariamente. El 87// consideró recomendable la ingesta de alimentos ricos en grasas y el 95// evita el consumo de alimentos con un alto contenido de sal. Comentario: El presente estudio demuestra el poble conocimiento de la adecuada combinación de alimentos en la población y la necesidad urgente de una campaña de orientación sobre este tema

A large-scale evaluation of peptide vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease: lack of solid protection in cattle and isolation of escape mutants.

A large-scale vaccination experiment involving a total of 138 cattle was carried out to evaluate the potential of synthetic peptides as vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease. Four types of peptides representing sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) C3 Argentina 85 were tested: A, which includes the G-H loop of capsid protein VP1 (site A); AT, in which a T-cell epitope has been added to site A; AC, composed of site A and the carboxy-terminal region of VP1 (site C); and ACT, in which the three previous capsid motifs are colinearly represented. Induction of neutralizing antibodies, lymphoproliferation in response to viral antigens, and protection against challenge with homologous infectious virus were examined. None of the tested peptides, at several doses and vaccination schedules, afforded protection above 40%. Protection showed limited correlation with serum neutralization activity and lymphoproliferation in response to whole virus. In 12 of 29 lesions from vaccinated cattle that were challenged with homologous virus, mutant FMDVs with amino acid substitutions at antigenic site A were identified. This finding suggests the rapid generation and selection of FMDV antigenic variants in vivo. In contrast with previous studies, this large-scale vaccination experiment with an important FMDV host reveals considerable difficulties for vaccines based on synthetic peptides to achieve the required levels of efficacy. Possible modifications of the vaccine formulations to increase protective activity are discussed.

Emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus variants with antigenically critical amino acid substitutions predicted by model studies using reference viruses.

One of the major obstacles to the design of effective antiviral vaccines is the frequent generation of antigenic viral variants in the field. The types of variants that will become dominant during disease outbreaks is often unpredictable. However, here we report the genetic and antigenic characterization of emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) variants with antigenically critical amino acid substitutions predicted by model studies using reference viruses and monoclonal antibodies. The new variants belong to serotype C and have caused a number of recent disease outbreaks in Argentina. The variants harbor antigenically drastic amino acid substitutions in each of the antigenic sites identified in FMDV. In particular, a substitution found at a major antigenic site (site A, the G-H loop of VP1) had been repeatedly selected in viruses resistant to neutralization by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The association of critical amino acid replacements at predicted positions with new FMD outbreaks has a number of implications for FMD epidemiology and for the design of vaccines intended to control diseases caused by highly variable RNA viruses.

Molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from Venezuela.

Eight HIV-1 isolates from Venezuela have been characterized by nucleotide sequencing of the entire reverse transcriptase (RT)- and surface glycoprotein (gp 120)-coding regions. Average mutant frequencies were 2.5 x 10(-2) substitutions per nucleotide (s/nt) for the RT-coding region, and 10 x 10(-2) or 6.8 x 10(-2) s/nt for the gp120-coding region, depending on whether gaps introduced for optimal alignment were or were not, respectively, considered in the calculations. Phylogenetic trees were derived by maximum-likelihood, neighbor-joining, and maximum parsimony methods. In the trees derived from both RT- and gp120-coding regions, Venezuelan isolates cluster with subtype B viruses. However, the relative position of some of the isolates is considerably different in the two trees. Unique V3 loop amino acid sequences, not represented in the current database, have been identified among the Venezuelan isolates. In addition to representing the first molecular characterization of HIV-1 from Venezuela, the extensive genetic heterogeneity observed reinforces the interest in characterizing additional HIV-1 isolates worldwide for adequate vaccine design.

La dismenorrea como causa de ausentismo y bajo rendimiento laboral / Dismenorrea : cause of absence and low production at work

Se investiga el ausentimo y bajo rendimientos laboral como consecuencia de la dismenorrea entre obreras de una empresa de zona franca y una institución bancaria de la ciudad de Santo Domingo. Se encontró una incidencia de la dismenorrea de un 55.3//. Se encontró que un 13.0//no asiste al trabajo el primer dia de la menstruación, entre tanto otro 21.0//pierde de manera parcial o total una tanda de trabajo. Entre las que acuden a trabajar con dismenorrea, el rendimiento laboral disminuye en el 46.3//de los casos, no se altera en el 38.2//y se incrementa en el 2.4//. Un 72.8//de la población estudiada usa medicamentos para tratar la dismenorrea por la severidad de los síntomas, pero asisten a sus trabajos para poder recibir sus salarios completos

Extensive antigenic diversification of foot-and-mouth disease virus by amino acid substitutions outside the major antigenic site.

The antigenic sites A and C (the G-H loop and the C terminus, respectively) in VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have been considered the immunodominant regions of the virus involved in the induction of protection. Other antigenic sites have been described but their involvement in protection has not been established. Here we report that two closely related but serologically different FMDVs (the field isolate C3 Argentina/84 and the vaccine strain C3 Resende Br/55) have identical A and C sites but differ as other antigenic sites. Such differences have been documented by reactivity with a panel of 28 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The two viruses reacted to the same extent with each of 13 MAbs which recognized epitopes within sites A or C, but reacted differently with six out of 15 MAbs that recognized other sites. Accordingly, sequencing of the entire region coding for the capsid proteins, for both viruses, revealed four amino acid substitutions at three antigenic sites other than A and C. The results suggest that identity of sites A and C may not be sufficient to induce cross-protection, and provide the first evidence of significant antigenic diversification of FMDV in the field mediated by amino acid substitutions outside sites A or C.

Conducta sexual en embarazadas que acuden al control prenatal en el Centro Materno Infantil San Lorenzo de Los Mina y un Centro Medico Privado / Sexual behavior in pregnant under at prenatal consult in the Centro Materno Infantil San Lorenzo de Los Mina

Se realizó un estudio longitudinal y prospectivo con 200 embarazadas que asistieron a la consulta prenatal del Centro Materno Infantil San Lorenzo de Los Mina y del Centro de Pediatria y Especialidades. Se les dividió en períodos de tres trimestres durante el embarazo y se le cuestionó sobre su conducta sexual en cada uno de ellos. En el 1er. trimestre, 108 manifestaron una actividad disminuida y 82 revelaron que no hubo cambios. En el 2do trimestre, 93 manifestaron actividad sexual disminuida y 73 que no hubo cambios. En el 3er. trimestre, 83 admitieron haber disminuido su actividad sexual, 13 dijeron que había aumentado y 35 que no hubo cambios

Comportamiento de las pacientes en trabajo de parto: estudio comparativo en dos poblaciones con diferentes niveles socioeconómico y cultural / Behavior of patients in labor : comparative study in two populations with different socioeconomic and culture levels

Tomamos 400 pacientes embarazadas en trabajo de parto con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 40 años. De ellas 200 asistían a un establecimiento privado y 200 a un hospital público. Las pacientes que asistían al hospital público eran más jóvenes que las que asistían al establecimiento privado. Las diferencias económicas, sociales y culturales tienen repercusión en las formas de comportarse dichas pacientes durante el embarazo y momento de parto. Las pacientes estudiadas en el hospital público tenían un nivel académico y cultural muy inferior con respecto a las del establecimiento privado

Impacto psico-emotivo de la primera relación sexual femenina

La mayoría de las veces (85%) la primera relación sexual femenina se tiene "por amor". La edad promedio en este estudio en una población de clase media, con estudios universitarios, fue de 21.46 años y la mayoría de las veces se efectuó después del matrimonio (53.62%). La mayoria de las veces la mujer se sintió complacida o satisfecha

Extensive antigenic heterogeneity of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype C.

The antigenic behavior of 46 field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of serotype C has been studied with a panel of 24 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) prepared against FMDV C1 or FMDV C3 Indaial. Reactivities were assayed by immunodot, immunoelectrotransfer blot, and neutralization of infectivity. The epitopes recognized by the 10 nonneutralizing MAbs are conserved in all isolates analyzed. In contrast, extreme antigenic heterogeneity is documented with regard to reactivity with 14 MAbs that, on this basis, define at least 12 epitopes involved in neutralization of FMDV of serotype C. The 31 isolates from South America were divided into 17 distinct antigenic groups and the 15 isolates from Europe into 7 groups. Lack of correspondence between antigenic composition and the origin--date and place of isolation--of the viruses was noted in several instances. Antigenic heterogeneity is shown among epidemiologically closely related FMDVs. In most--but not all--cases tested, a good correlation was found between binding of a neutralizing MAb to virions and its ability to neutralize infectivity. It is concluded that variation of epitopes involved in neutralization of FMDV is extensive among subtypes of serotype C and also among individual isolates of one subtype.

VP1 of serotype C foot-and-mouth disease viruses: long-term conservation of sequences.

The nucleotide sequences of the VP1-coding regions of several isolates of serotype C3 foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were determined. The deduced amino acid sequences were compared with those of serotype C1 FMDV. The results provide evidence for two different lineages of FMDV C3 and document the potential for both long-term conservation and rapid evolution of FMDV.