Risk Factors for Intra-Abdominal Infections Caused by Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Surgical Setting.

Background: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for acquisition of intra-abdominal infections (IAI) caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in surgical patients. Methods: A matched case-control study was performed. We included all cases with CPE-related IAI acquired during admission to a general surgery department from January 2013 to December 2018, and they were matched with control subjects with IAI caused by non-resistant bacteria (ratio 1:3). Independent risk factors were obtained by logistic regression. Results: Forty patients with IAI-CPE were matched with 120 control subjects. Independent risk factors for acquisition of IAI-CPE were previous hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] 2.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] l 1.01-6.49; p = 0.047), digestive endoscopy (OR 4.11; 95% CI 1.40-12.07; p = 0.010), carbapenem therapy (OR 9.54; 95% CI 3.33-27.30; p < 0.001), and aminoglycoside use (OR 45.41; 95% CI 7.90-261.06; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Four clinical factors can identify patients at high-risk of IAI-CPE.

Intra-Abdominal Infections by Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Surgical Unit: Counting Mortality, Stay, and Costs.

Background: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)-related infections are a problem in public health at present, including intra-abdominal infections (IAI) and surgical populations. The aim of this study was to determine mortality and related risk factors, length of stay (LOS,) and costs for CPE-IAI in surgical patients. Patients and Methods: Review of CPE-related IAI acquired during admission in a general surgery department from January 2013 to December 2018. A mortality analysis was performed specifically in patients with CPE-IAI, and a global analysis of IAI including patients with CPE-IAI (cases) and matched patients with IAI by non-resistant bacteria (controls). Results: Forty patients with CPE-IAI were included, OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was present in 85%. Global mortality rate at 30 days for CPE-IAI was 17.5%; mortality-related factors were: solid tumor (p = 0.009), metastatic disease (p = 0.005), immunodeficiency (p = 0.039), blood transfusion (p = 0.009), and septic shock (p = 0.011). Predictors related to mortality for IAI in the global analysis included age (p = 0.046), Charlson index (p = 0.036), CPE isolation (p = 0.003), and septic shock (p < 0.001). Median global LOS was 43 days (IQR 27-64) in patients with CPE-IAI, and 27 days (IQR 18-35) in controls (p < 0.001). Median global cost of admission was $31,671 (IQR 14,006-55,745) for patients with CPE-IAI and $20,306 (IQR 11,974-27,947) for controls (p = 0.064). The most relevant locations of underlying disease for CPE-IAI were: colorectal (32.5%) with 57-day LOS (IQR 34-65) and cost of $42,877 (IQR 18,780-92,607), and pancreas (25%) with 60-day LOS (IQR 32-99) and cost of $56,371 (IQR 32,590-113,979). Conclusion: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae-related IAI is associated with substantial mortality, LOS, and costs. Factors related to CPE-IAI mortality are solid tumor, metastatic disease, immunodeficiency, blood transfusion, and septic shock. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolation in IAI implies higher risk of mortality.

Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of 10 serological assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Antibody detection is essential to establish exposure, infection, and immunity to SARS-CoV-2, as well as to perform epidemiological studies. The worldwide urge for new diagnostic tools to control the pandemic has led to a quick incorporation in clinical practice of the recently developed serological assays. However, as only few comparative studies have been published, there is a lack of data about the diagnostic accuracy of currently available assays. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy to detect Ig G, Ig M+A, and/or IgA anti SARS-CoV-2 of 10 different assays: lateral flow card immunoassays, 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and 3 chemiluminescent particle immunoassays (CMIA). Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for COVID-19 as gold standard, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were determined. Each assay was tested in 2 groups, namely, positive control, formed by 50 sera from 50 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with positive RT-PCR; and negative control, formed by 50 sera from 50 patients with respiratory infection non-COVID-19. Sensitivity range of the 10 assays evaluated for patients with positive COVID-19 RT-PCR was 40-77% (65-81% considering IgG plus IgM). Specificity ranged 83-100%. VPP and VPN were respectively 81-100% and 61.6-81%. Among the lateral flow immunoassays, the highest sensitivity and specificity results were found in Wondfo® SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test. ELISA IgG and IgA from EUROIMMUN® were the most sensitive ELISA. However, poor results were obtained for isolated detection of IgG. We found similar sensitivity for IgG with SARS-CoV-2 for Architect by Abbott® and ELISA by Vircell®. Results obtained varied widely among the assays evaluated. Due to a better specificity, overall diagnostic accuracy of the assays evaluated was higher in case of positive result. On the other side, lack of antibody detection should be taken with care because of the low sensitivity described. Highest diagnostic accuracy was obtained with ELISA and CMIAs, but they last much longer.

Infecciones asociadas a enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas OXA-48 en pacientes quirúrgicos: consumo de antibióticos y evolución de sensibilidades / Infections by OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in surgical patients: antibiotic consumption and susceptibility patterns

OBJETIVOS: Analizar la administración de antibióticos, la evolución temporal de sensibilidades y el tratamiento dirigido de las infecciones asociadas a enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas (EPC) OXA-48 en un servicio de Cirugía General y Digestivo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional retrospectivo, incluyendo pacientes con cultivo positivo de OXA-48 y datos clínicos de infección activa, hospitalizados en un servicio de Cirugía General y Digestivo entre enero 2013 y diciembre 2018. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 65 pacientes, con 66 aislamientos de OXA-48: Klebsiella pneumoniae, 57 (86,5%); Enterobacter cloacae, 5 (7,6%); Escherichia coli, 3 (4,5%); Morganella morganii, 1 (1,5%). La infección intraabdominal fue la más común (n=39, 60%), y el consumo previo de antibióticos fue: piperacilina-tazobactam (48%), meropenem (45%), ciprofloxacino (25,5%), ertapenem (16,5%), imipenem (12%), amikacina (12%), tigeciclina (12%). La evolución temporal (2013/14, 2015/16 y 2017/18) de las sensibilidades (porcentajes) según antibiograma fue: ceftazidima-avibactam X-X100; amikacina 100-96-84 (p = 0,518); tigeciclina 100-92-80 (p = 0,437); colistina 100-67-66 (p < 0,001); meropenem 37-64-72 (p = 0,214); imipenem 51-41-77 (p = 0,109); gentamicina 13-19-18 (p = 0,879); ertapenem 35-0-0 (p < 0,001). El tratamiento dirigido tuvo una mediana de duración de 14 [RIQ 9-20] días, destacando en frecuencia: tigeciclina (57%); meropenem (40,5%); amikacina (37,5%); ceftazidima-avibactam (9%); imipenem (7,5%); colistina (7,5%). La mortalidad global a 30 días fue del 12% (8 individuos). El tratamiento dirigido fue adecuado según antibiograma en el 87,7%, utilizando un régimen de terapia combinada en el 76,9%, régimen que incluyó algún carbapenémico en el 49,2%. CONCLUSIONES: En Cirugía General y Digestivo destaca la infección intraabdominal asociada a OXA-48, con elevado consumo previo de antibióticos de amplio espectro. El tratamiento dirigido con mayor sensibilidad de cepas productoras de OXA48 incluye ceftazidima-avibactam, amikacina, tigeciclina, meropenem e imipenem

OBJECTIVE: To assess antibiotic consumption, susceptibility patterns and targeted treatment for OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) related infections in surgical patients in a General Surgery Department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of patients with a positive culture for OXA-48 and associated clinical data of infection, while hospitalized in a General Surgery Department from January 2013 to December 2018. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients with 66 isolations (OXA-48) were included: Klebsiella pneumoniae, 57 (86.5%); Enterobacter cloacae, 5 (7.6%); Escherichia coli, 3 (4.5%); Morganella morganii, 1 (1.5%). The most frequent source was intra-abdominal infection (n=39, 60%), and previous antibiotic consumption was: piperacillin-tazobactam (48%), meropenem (45%), ciprofloxacin (25.5%), ertapenem (16.5%), imipenem (12%), amikacin (12%), tigecycline (12%). Temporal trends (2013/14, 2015/16 and 2017/18) in susceptibility patterns were (percentages): ceftazidime-avibactam X-X-100; amikacin 100- 96-84 (p = 0.518); tigecycline 100-92-80 (p = 0.437); colistin 100-67-66 (p < 0.001); meropenem 37-64-72 (p = 0.214); imipenem 51-41-77 (p = 0.109); gentamicin 13-19-18 (p = 0.879); ertapenem 35-0-0 (p < 0.001). Median duration of the targeted antibiotic therapy was 14 [IQR 9-20] days; antibiotics used were: tigecycline (57%); meropenem (40.5%); amikacin (37.5%); ceftazidime-avibactam (9%); imipenem (7.5%); colistin (7.5%). Global mortality rate at 30 days was 12% (8 patients). Targeted treatment was appropriate (antibiogram) in 87.7%, and targeted combination scheme was administered in 76.9%, which included a carbapenem in 49.2%. CONCLUSIONS: OXA-48-related-intra-abdominal infection is significant in surgical patients, with substantial broad-spectrum antibiotic consumption. Useful targeted therapy includes ceftazidime-avibactam, amikacin, tigecycline, meropenem, and imipenem

Primera encuesta nacional sobre el diagnóstico de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en los laboratorios de microbiología clínica en España / First national survey of the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in Clinical Microbiology Laboratories in Spain

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer, mediante una encuesta nacional, los métodos y técnicas empleados para el diagnóstico de Helicobacter pylori (Hp) en los distintos servicios/laboratorios de microbiología clínica en España, así como datos de resistencia antibiótica. MÉTODOS: En la encuesta se preguntaba sobre los métodos de diagnóstico realizados (serología, detección de antígeno en heces, cultivo de biopsias gástricas y PCR) y por la realización de pruebas de sensibilidad antibiótica. También fueron solicitados el número de muestras procesadas en 2016, la positividad de cada técnica empleada y porcentajes de resistencia antibiótica. La encuesta fue enviada por correo electrónico entre octubre y diciembre de 2017 a los responsables de 198 laboratorios de microbiología clínica. RESULTADOS: En total, 51 centros de 29 provincias respondieron a la encuesta y 48 de ellos realizaban algún tipo de técnica de diagnóstico de Hp en su laboratorio. En cuanto a las técnicas empleadas, el cultivo de biopsia gástrica fue el más utilizado (37/48), seguido de la detección de antígeno en heces (35/48), la serología (19/48) y la PCR (5/48). Respecto a la sensibilidad antibiótica, se observaron altas tasas de resistencia, especialmente a metronidazol y claritromicina (superiores al 33%). CONCLUSIÓN: El cultivo de biopsia gástrica fue la técnica diagnóstica de Hp utilizada por más centros, mientras que la detección de antígeno en heces mediante inmunocromatografía fue con la que se analizaron el mayor número de muestras. En España, en la actualidad, es preocupante el aumento de resistencia de Hp a antibióticos de «primera línea»

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to know, through a national survey, the methods and techniques used for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in the different Clinical Microbiology Services/Laboratories in Spain, as well as antibiotic resistance data. METHODS: The survey requested information about the diagnostic methods performed for Hp detection in Clinical Microbiology laboratories, including serology, stool antigen, culture from gastric biopsies, and PCR. In addition, the performance of antibiotic susceptibility was collected. Data on the number of samples processed in 2016, positivity of each technique and resistance data were requested. The survey was sent by email (October-December 2017) to the heads of 198 Clinical Microbiology Laboratories in Spain. RESULTS: Overall, 51 centers from 29 regions answered the survey and 48/51 provided Hp microbiological diagnostic testing. Concerning the microbiological methods used to diagnose Hp infection, the culture of gastric biopsies was the most frequent (37/48), followed by stool antigen detection (35/48), serology (19/48) and biopsy PCR (5/48). Regarding antibiotic resistance, high resistance rates were observed, especially in metronidazole and clarithromycin (over 33%). CONCLUSION: Culture of gastric biopsies was the most frequent method for detection of Hp, but the immunochromatographic stool antigen test was the one with which the largest number of samples were analyzed. Nowadays, in Spain, it concerns the problem of increased antibiotic resistance to 'first-line' antibiotics

Several Plasmodium vivax relapses after correct primaquine treatment in a patient with impaired cytochrome P450 2D6 function.

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium vivax malaria is characterized by the presence of dormant liver-stage parasites, called hypnozoites, which can cause malaria relapses after an initial attack. Primaquine, which targets liver hypnozoites, must be used in combination with a schizonticidal agent to get the radical cure. However, relapses can sometimes occur in spite of correct treatment, due to different factors such as a diminished metabolization of primaquine. CASE PRESENTATION: In January 2019, a 21 years old woman with residence in Madrid, returning from a trip to Venezuela with clinical symptoms compatible with malaria infection, was diagnosed with vivax malaria. Chloroquine for 3 days plus primaquine for 14 days was the elected treatment. Two months later and after a second trip to Venezuela, the patient presented a second P. vivax infection, which was treated as the previous one. A third P. vivax malaria episode was diagnosed 2 months later, after returning from a trip to Morocco, receiving chloroquine for 3 days but increasing to 28 days the primaquine regimen, and with no more relapses after 6 months of follow up. The genotyping of P. vivax in the three malaria episodes revealed that the same strain was present in the different relapses. Upon confirmation of correct adherence to the treatment, non-description of resistance in the infection area and the highly unlikely re-infection on subsequent trips or stays in Spain, a possible metabolic failure was considered. CYP2D6 encodes the human cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 2D6 (CYP2D6), responsible for primaquine activation. The patient was found to have a CYP2D6*4/*1 genotype, which turns out in an intermediate metabolizer phenotype, which has been related to P. vivax relapses. CONCLUSIONS: The impairment in CYP2D6 enzyme could be the most likely cause of P. vivax relapses in this patient. This highlights the importance of considering the analysis of CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms in cases of P. vivax relapses after a correct treatment and, especially, it should be considered in any study of dosage and duration of primaquine treatment.

Infección de sitio quirúrgico asociada a enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas. Un desafío para el cirujano actual / Surgical site infection by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. A challenge for today's surgeons

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones producidas por enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas (EPC) están aumentando drásticamente a nivel mundial, con especial relevancia en pacientes quirúrgicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el perfil clínico, las complicaciones, el tratamiento, la mortalidad y los costes en pacientes con infección de sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) asociada a EPC tras cirugía abdominal. MÉTODOS: Pacientes con ISQ asociada a EPC tras cirugía abdominal entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2018. Se incluyeron aquellos factores y procedimientos previos a la identificación de ISQ, y se realizó un análisis de mortalidad para identificar factores de riesgo en aquellos pacientes con ISQ órgano-cavitaria por EPC tras cirugía abdominal. RESULTADOS: Cincuenta pacientes fueron incluidos: ISQ incisional superficial 50%, ISQ incisional profunda 28%, ISQ órgano-cavitaria (o infección intraabdominal) 70%. Se identificó Klebsiella pneumoniae OXA-48 en el 84%, siendo más frecuentes la cirugía colorrectal (40%) y la pancreática (20%). La sensibilidad antimicrobiana fue: ceftazidima-avibactam 100%, amikacina 91,7%, tigeciclina 89,1%, colistina 70,8%, meropenem 62,8%, imipenem 52,1%. Se utilizó antibioterapia dirigida adecuada en el 86%, incluyendo terapia combinada en el 76%. La mortalidad global a 30 días de la infección intraabdominal fue de un 20%, siendo factores predictores: neoplasia sólida (p = 0,009), metástasis sólida (p = 0,009), shock séptico (p = 0,02), transfusión de hemoderivados (p = 0,03). La mediana global de estancia fue de 45 días (RIC 26-67). La mediana del coste global del ingreso fue 29.946€ (RIC 15.405-47.749). CONCLUSIONES: El perfil del paciente con ISQ causada por EPC incluye múltiples comorbilidades, procedimientos, larga estancia y altos costes asociados. Son predictores de mortalidad en infección intraabdominal la presencia de neoplasia, metástasis, shock séptico o transfusión

INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are dramatically increasing worldwide, with an important impact on surgical patients. Our aim was to assess the clinical profile, outcomes, treatment, mortality and costs of CPE-related surgical site infection (SSI) in patients with abdominal surgery. METHODS: Review of CPE-related SSI in patients with abdominal surgery from January 2013 to December 2018. Patient factors and interventions present previously to the SSI identification were recorded, and a mortality analysis was also performed in patients with abdominal surgery and CPE-related organ/space SSI. RESULTS: Fifty patients were included: superficial incisional SSI 50%, deep incisional SSI 28%, organ/space SSI (or intra-abdominal infection) 70%. Klebsiella pneumoniae OXA-48 was present in 84%, and the most frequent were colorectal surgery (40%) and pancreatic surgery (20%). The antimicrobial susceptibility was: ceftazidime-avibactam 100%, amikacin 91.7%, tigecycline 89.1%, colistin 70.8%, meropenem 62.8%, imipenem 52.1%. An appropriate definitive antimicrobial treatment was administered in 86%, using a combined scheme in 76%. Global 30-day mortality rate for intra-abdominal infection was 20%, and mortality-related factors were: solid tumour (P = .009), solid metastasis (P = .009), septic shock (P = .02), blood transfusions (P = .03). Median global stay was 45 (IQR 26-67) days. Median global cost of hospitalization was €29,946 (IQR 15,405-47,749). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical profile of patients with CPE-related SSI associates several comorbidities, interventions, prolonged stay and elevated costs. Mortality-related factors in intra-abdominal infection are solid tumour, metastasis, septic shock or blood transfusions

First national survey of the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in Clinical Microbiology Laboratories in Spain. / Primera encuesta nacional sobre el diagnóstico de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en los laboratorios de microbiología clínica en España.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to know, through a national survey, the methods and techniques used for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in the different Clinical Microbiology Services/Laboratories in Spain, as well as antibiotic resistance data. METHODS: The survey requested information about the diagnostic methods performed for Hp detection in Clinical Microbiology laboratories, including serology, stool antigen, culture from gastric biopsies, and PCR. In addition, the performance of antibiotic susceptibility was collected. Data on the number of samples processed in 2016, positivity of each technique and resistance data were requested. The survey was sent by email (October-December 2017) to the heads of 198 Clinical Microbiology Laboratories in Spain. RESULTS: Overall, 51 centers from 29 regions answered the survey and 48/51 provided Hp microbiological diagnostic testing. Concerning the microbiological methods used to diagnose Hp infection, the culture of gastric biopsies was the most frequent (37/48), followed by stool antigen detection (35/48), serology (19/48) and biopsy PCR (5/48). Regarding antibiotic resistance, high resistance rates were observed, especially in metronidazole and clarithromycin (over 33%). CONCLUSION: Culture of gastric biopsies was the most frequent method for detection of Hp, but the immunochromatographic stool antigen test was the one with which the largest number of samples were analyzed. Nowadays, in Spain, it concerns the problem of increased antibiotic resistance to 'first-line' antibiotics.

Surgical site infection by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. A challenge for today's surgeons. / Infección de sitio quirúrgico asociada a enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas. Un desafío para el cirujano actual.

INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are dramatically increasing worldwide, with an important impact on surgical patients. Our aim was to assess the clinical profile, outcomes, treatment, mortality and costs of CPE-related surgical site infection (SSI) in patients with abdominal surgery. METHODS: Review of CPE-related SSI in patients with abdominal surgery from January 2013 to December 2018. Patient factors and interventions present previously to the SSI identification were recorded, and a mortality analysis was also performed in patients with abdominal surgery and CPE-related organ/space SSI. RESULTS: Fifty patients were included: superficial incisional SSI 50%, deep incisional SSI 28%, organ/space SSI (or intra-abdominal infection) 70%. Klebsiella pneumoniae OXA-48 was present in 84%, and the most frequent were colorectal surgery (40%) and pancreatic surgery (20%). The antimicrobial susceptibility was: ceftazidime-avibactam 100%, amikacin 91.7%, tigecycline 89.1%, colistin 70.8%, meropenem 62.8%, imipenem 52.1%. An appropriate definitive antimicrobial treatment was administered in 86%, using a combined scheme in 76%. Global 30-day mortality rate for intra-abdominal infection was 20%, and mortality-related factors were: solid tumour (P=.009), solid metastasis (P=.009), septic shock (P=.02), blood transfusions (P=.03). Median global stay was 45 (IQR 26-67) days. Median global cost of hospitalization was €29,946 (IQR 15,405-47,749). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical profile of patients with CPE-related SSI associates several comorbidities, interventions, prolonged stay and elevated costs. Mortality-related factors in intra-abdominal infection are solid tumour, metastasis, septic shock or blood transfusions.

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae infections in General Surgery patients: Our experience / Infecciones por Enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas en pacientes de Cirugía General: análisis de nuestra experiencia

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Absceso periamigdalino producido por Actinomyces marseillensis / Peritonsillar abscess due to Actinomyces marseillensis

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Mycobacterium lentiflavum como causa principal de linfadenitis en población pediátrica / Mycobacterium lentiflavum as the main cause of lymphadenitis in pediatric population

INTRODUCCIÓN: La linfadenitis cervical es la infección más frecuente por micobacterias no tuberculosas (MNT) en niños inmunocompetentes, principalmente menores de 5 años. Durante años se ha considerado a Mycobacterium lentiflavum (M. lentiflavum) una inusual MNT causante de esta patología. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional desde 2009 a 2016, que incluyó a pacientes pediátricos del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús de Madrid, diagnosticados clínicamente y microbiológicamente de linfadenitis cervical por MNT. RESULTADOS: En el periodo estudiado se registraron 28 casos de linfadenitis cervical. En 23 (82,14%) pacientes se aisló M. lentiflavum y en 5 (17,85%), Mycobacterium avium. De los 23 pacientes con infección por M. lentiflavum, la localización más frecuente fue la submandibular (43,47%), 15 (65,21%) fueron niños, la media de edad global fue de 30,8 meses y todos los casos evolucionaron satisfactoriamente. CONCLUSIÓN: M. lentiflavum debe ser considerado como un importante patógeno emergente causante de linfadenitis cervical en población pediátrica

INTRODUCTION: Cervical lymphadenitis is the most common nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection in immunocompetent children, mainly in those under 5years. For many years Mycobacterium lentiflavum (M. lentiflavum) has been considered a rare NTM causing lymphadenitis. METHODS: A restrospective study was performed in pediatric patients with microbiologically confirmed NTM cervical lympahdenitis at the Niño Jesús Hospital in Madrid during 2009-2016. RESULTS: During the period studied, 28 cases of cervical lymphadenitis were recorded. In 23 (82.14%) and in 5 (17,85%) cases, M. lentiflavum and Mycobacterium avium were isolated, respectively. In those patients infected with M. lentiflavum, the most frequent location was sub-maxilar (43.47%); 15 (65.21%) were boys, global median age was 30,8 months and all cases showed a satisfactory evolution. CONCLUSION: We propose that M. lentiflavum should be considered an important emergent pathogen cause of cervical lymphadenitis in the pediatric population

Mycobacterium lentiflavum as the main cause of lymphadenitis in pediatric population. / Mycobacterium lentiflavum como causa principal de linfadenitis en población pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Cervical lymphadenitis is the most common nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection in immunocompetent children, mainly in those under 5years. For many years Mycobacterium lentiflavum (M. lentiflavum) has been considered a rare NTM causing lymphadenitis. METHODS: A restrospective study was performed in pediatric patients with microbiologically confirmed NTM cervical lympahdenitis at the Niño Jesús Hospital in Madrid during 2009-2016. RESULTS: During the period studied, 28 cases of cervical lymphadenitis were recorded. In 23 (82.14%) and in 5 (17,85%) cases, M. lentiflavum and Mycobacterium avium were isolated, respectively. In those patients infected with M. lentiflavum, the most frequent location was sub-maxilar (43.47%); 15 (65.21%) were boys, global median age was 30,8 months and all cases showed a satisfactory evolution. CONCLUSION: We propose that M. lentiflavum should be considered an important emergent pathogen cause of cervical lymphadenitis in the pediatric population.

Ruminococcus gnavus infection of a metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty resembling a pseudo-tumour in a 72 year-old woman with no intestinal symptoms / Infección por Ruminococcus gnavus de prótesis de cadera metal-metal asemejando un pseudotumor, en una mujer de 72 años sin síntomas intestinales

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Specific Clinical Profile and Risk Factors for Mortality in General Surgery Patients with Infections by Multi-Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of gram-negative multi-drug-resistant (MDR) infections is increasing worldwide. This study sought to determine the incidence, clinical profiles, risk factors, and mortality of these infections in general surgery patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All general surgery patients with a clinical infection by gram-negative MDR bacteria were studied prospectively for a period of five years (2007-2011). Clinical, surgical, and microbiologic parameters were recorded, with a focus on the identification of risk factors for MDR infection and mortality. RESULTS: Incidence of MDR infections increased (5.6% to 15.2%) during the study period; 106 patients were included, 69.8% presented nosocomial infections. Mean age was 65 ± 15 years, 61% male. Extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL) Escherichia coli was the most frequent MDR bacteria. Surgical site infections and abscesses were the most common culture locations. The patients presented multiple pre-admission risk factors and invasive measures during hospitalization. Mortality was 15%, and related to older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.07), malnutrition (OR 13.5), chronic digestive conditions (OR 4.7), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 3.9), and surgical re-intervention (OR 9.2). CONCLUSION: Multi-drug resistant infections in the surgical population are increasing. The most common clinical profile is a 65-year-old male, with previous comorbidities, who has undergone a surgical intervention, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and invasive procedures and who has acquired the MDR infection in the nosocomial setting.

Identificación rápida de Mycobacterium abscessus en pacientes con fibrosis quística / Rapid identification of Mycobacterium abscessus in cystic fibrosis patients

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Abdominal abscess due to NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Spain.

We describe a clinical case of an abdominal abscess due to NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a 35-year-old Spanish patient after hospitalization in India for perforated appendicitis and peritonitis. The strain belonged to the MLST type 231 and had multiple additional antibiotic resistance genes such as bla(CTX-M-15), armA methylase, aac(6')-Ib-cr, dfrA12, sul1 and qnrB and lack of porin genes ompK35 and ompK36. The patient was cured after abscess drainage.