Green preparation of CaO-based CO2 adsorbent by calcium-induced hydrogenation of shell wastes at room/moderate temperature.

Capturing CO2 using clamshell/eggshell-derived CaO adsorbent can not only reduce carbon emissions but also alleviate the impact of trash on the environment. However, organic acid was usually used, high-temperature calcination was often performed, and CO2 was inevitably released during preparing CaO adsorbents from shell wastes. In this work, CaO-based CO2 adsorbent was greenly prepared by calcium-induced hydrogenation of clamshell and eggshell wastes in one pot at room/moderate temperature. CO2 adsorption experiments were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The adsorption performance of the adsorbents obtained from the mechanochemical reaction (BM-C/E-CaO) was superior to that of the adsorbents obtained from the thermochemical reaction (Cal-C/E-CaO). The CO2 adsorption capacity of BM-C-CaO at 650 °C is up to 36.82 wt%, but the adsorption decay rate of the sample after 20 carbonation/calcination cycles is only 30.17%. This study offers an alternative energy-saving method for greenly preparing CaO-based adsorbent from shell wastes.

Exploring the role of sandwich-type polyoxometalates in {K10(PW9O34)2M4(H2O)2}@PCN-222 (M = Mn, Ni, Zn) for electroreduction of CO2 to CO.

To overcome the drawbacks of high solubility and instability of polyoxometalates (POMs) in aqueous solution and to expand their application in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 (ECR), we assemble sandwich-type POMs, K10[(PW9O34)2M4(H2O)2] (M = Mn, Ni, Zn, shortened as P2W18M4), into the hexagonal channel of a porphyrin-based metal-organic framework (MOF) PCN-222 to form P2W18M4@PCN-222 composites. Their ECR behavior displays polyoxoanion-dependent activity. P2W18Mn4@PCN-222 demonstrates a faradaic efficiency of 72.6% for the CO product (FECO), more than four times that of PCN-222 (FECO = 18.1%), and exhibits exceptional electrochemical stability over 36 h. P2W18Ni4@PCN-222 and P2W18Zn4@PCN-222 slightly increase (26.9%) and decrease (3.2%) in FECO, respectively. We combine the results with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to help understand the intrinsic reasons which reveals that the rate-determining step (RDS) reaction energy of P2W18Mn4@PCN-222 and P2W18Ni4@PCN-222 is significantly reduced compared to that of PCN-222. It is different in P2W18Zn4@PCN-222. Frontier molecular orbitals electron distribution results hint at directional electron transfer from P2W18Mn4/P2W18Ni4 to the porphyrin ring active center in PCN-222, promoting the electro-reduction of CO2 activity. By contrast, P2W18Zn4 may accumulate electrons from PCN-222, thus facilitating the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This work reveals the critical role of sandwich-type POMs in manipulating the electron transfer pathway during the electrocatalytic process. Our findings would broaden the scope of POM applications in electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction.

One-pot preparation of H2-mixed CH4 fuel and CaO-based CO2 sorbent by the hydrogenation of waste clamshell/eggshell at room temperature.

The preparation of clean fuel or CO2 adsorbents using industrial and domestic garbage is an alternative way of meeting global energy needs and alleviating environmental problems. Herein, H2-mixed CH4 fuel and CaO-based CO2 sorbent were first prepared in one pot by the mechanochemical reaction of pretreated clamshell or eggshell wastes (carbon and calcium source) with calcium hydride (hydrogen source) at room temperature. In the above reactions, CH4 was the sole hydrocarbon product, and its yield reached 78.23%. The H2/CH4 ratio of the produced H2-mixed CH4 fuel was tunable according to the need by changing the reaction conditions. It is inspiring that the simultaneously formed solid CaO/carbon products were efficient CaO-based sorbents, which possessed a higher CO2 adsorption capacity (49.81-58.74 wt.%) at 650 °C and could maintain good adsorption stability in 30 carbonation/calcination cycles (average activity loss per cycle of only 1.6%). The three achievements of the idea are that it can simultaneously eliminate clamshell or eggshell wastes, obtain valuable clean fuel, and acquire efficient CaO-based sorbents.

The PARP1 Inhibitor Niraparib Represses DNA Damage Repair and Synergizes with Temozolomide for Antimyeloma Effects.

Purpose: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is necessary for single-strand break (SSB) repair by sensing DNA breaks and facilitating DNA repair through poly ADP-ribosylation of several DNA-binding and repair proteins. Inhibition of PARP1 results in collapsed DNA replication fork and double-strand breaks (DSBs). Accumulation of DSBs goes beyond the capacity of DNA repair response, ultimately resulting in cell death. This work is aimed at assessing the synergistic effects of the DNA-damaging agent temozolomide (TMZ) and the PARP inhibitor niraparib (Nira) in human multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Materials and Methods: MM RPMI8226 and NCI-H929 cells were administered TMZ and/or Nira for 48 hours. CCK-8 was utilized for cell viability assessment. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected flow-cytometrically. Immunofluorescence was performed for detecting γH2A.X expression. Soft-agar colony formation assay was applied to evaluate the antiproliferative effect. The amounts of related proteins were obtained by immunoblot. The combination index was calculated with the CompuSyn software. A human plasmacytoma xenograft model was established to assess the anti-MM effects in vivo. The anti-MM activities of TMZ and/or Nira were evaluated by H&E staining, IHC, and the TUNEL assay. Results: The results demonstrated that cotreatment with TMZ and Nira promoted DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic death in cultured cells but also reduced MM xenograft growth in nude mice, yielding highly synergistic effects. Immunoblot revealed that TMZ and Nira cotreatment markedly increased the expression of p-ATM, p-CHK2, RAD51, and γH2A.X, indicating the suppression of DNA damage response (DDR) and elevated DSB accumulation. Conclusion: Inhibition of PARP1 sensitizes genotoxic agents and represents an important therapeutic approach for MM. These findings provide preliminary evidence for combining PARP1 inhibitors with TMZ for MM treatment.

Atomically dispersed Fe-N-C catalyst displaying ultra-high stability and recyclability for efficient electroreduction of CO2 to CO.

To avoid the agglomeration of iron NPs and improve the dispersion of Fe SAs, we employed a mixed-ligand strategy to regulate the iron content in PCN-224(ZnxFey) and PCN-222(ZnxFey). Thanks to the sublimation of Zn and the Kirkendall effect, uniform dispersions of Fe SAs with 1.04-1.06 wt% were obtained in the pyrolysis products Zn0.5Fe0.5-N-C-224 and Zn0.5Fe0.5-N-C-222 with excellent CO2 → CO activity, super-stability, and recyclability.

Revealing the structure-activity relationship of two Cu-porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks for the electrochemical CO2-to-HCOOH transformation.

The eCO2RR activity is correlated to the internal structural character of the catalyst. We employed two types of structural models of porphyrin-based MOFs of PCN-222(Cu) and PCN-224(Cu) into heterogeneous catalysis to illustrate the effect of structural factors on the eCO2RR performance. The composite catalyst PCN-222(Cu)/C displays better activity and selectivity (η = 450 mV, FEHCOOH = 44.3%, j = 3.2 mA cm-2) than PCN-224(Cu)/C (η = 450 mV, FEHCOOH = 34.1%, j = 2.4 mA cm-2) for the CO2 reduction to HCOOH in the range of -0.7--0.9 V (vs. RHE) due to its higher BET surface area, CO2 uptake, and a larger pore diameter. It is interesting that PCN-224(Cu)/C displays better performance in the range of -0.4--0.6 V (vs. RHE) due to its greater heat of adsorption, Qst and a higher affinity for CO2 molecule, which could promote the capture of CO2 onto the exposed active sites. As a result, PCN-224(Cu)/C exhibits better stability for the long-term electrolysis.

Polyoxometalate-Based Compounds for Photo- and Electrocatalytic Applications.

Photo/electrocatalysis of water (H2 O) splitting and CO2 reduction reactions is a promising strategy to alleviate the energy crisis and excessive CO2 emissions. For the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) involved, the development of effective photo/electrocatalysts is critical to reduce the activation energy and accelerate the sluggish dynamics. Polyoxometalate (POM)-based compounds with tunable compositions and diverse structures are emerging as unique photo/electrocatalysts for these reactions as they offer unparalleled advantages such as outstanding solution and redox stability, quasi-semiconductor behaviour, etc. This Minireview provides a basic introduction related to photo/electrocatalytic HER, OER and CO2 RR, followed by the classification of pristine POM-based compounds toward different catalytic reactions. Recent breakthroughs in engineering POM-based compounds as efficient photo/electrocatalysts are highlighted. Finally, the advantages, challenges, strategies and outlooks of POM-based compounds on improving photo/electrocatalytic performance are discussed.

Acquiring an effective CaO-based CO2 sorbent and achieving selective methanation of CO2.

CO2 capture, utilization, and storage are promising strategies to solving the problems of superfluous CO2 or energy shortage. Here, mechanochemical reduction of CO2 by a MgH2/CaH2 mixture was first performed, by which we achieve selective methanation of CO2 and acquire an effective CaO-based CO2 sorbent, simultaneously. The selectivity of methanation is near 100% and the yield of CH4 reaches 30%. Four MgO and carbon-doped CaO-based CO2 sorbents (MgO/CaO/C, MgO/2CaO/C, MgO/4CaO/C, and MgO/8CaO/C) were formed as solid products in these reactions. Among them, the MgO/4CaO/C sorbent shows high initial adsorption amount of 59.3 wt% and low average activity loss of 1.6% after 30 cycles. This work provides a novel, well-scalable, and sustainable approach to prepare an efficient inert additive-including CaO-based CO2 sorbent and selectively convert CO2 to CH4 at the same time.

Self-Assembly of a Phosphate-Centered Polyoxo-Titanium Cluster: Discovery of the Heteroatom Keggin Family.

Over the past 200 years, the most famous and important heteroatom Keggin architecture in polyoxometalates has only been synthesized with Mo, W, V, or Nb. Now, the self-assembly of two phosphate (PO4 3- )-centered polyoxo-titanium clusters (PTCs) is presented, PTi16 and PTi12 , which display classic heteroatom Keggin and its trivacant structures, respectively. Because TiIV has lower oxidate state and larger ionic radius than MoVI , WVI , VV , and NbV , additional TiIV centres in these PTCs are used to stabilize the resultant heteroatom Keggin structures, as demonstrated by the cooresponding theoretical calculation results. These photoactive PTCs can be utilized as efficient photocatalysts for highly selective CO2 -to-HCOOH conversion. This new discovery indicates that the classic heteroatom Keggin family can be assembled with Ti, thus opening a research avenue for the development of PTC chemistry.

An adjustable dual-emission fluorescent metal-organic framework: Effective detection of multiple metal ions, nitro-based molecules and DMA.

A novel multifunctional Pb(II)-based MOF, [Pb1.5(DBPT)]2·(DMA)3(H2O)4 (1), with excellent chemical stability, was successfully assembled by connecting {Pb2O10} unit with a multi-topic polycarboxylate ligand of 3-(3,5-dicarboxylphenyl)-5-(4-carboxylphenyl)-1-H-1,2,4-triazole (H3DBPT). It exhibits dual fluorescence emissions at 380 nm (λex = 280 nm) and 540 nm (λex = 380 nm), respectively. Through the adjustable dual fluorescence emissions, it could act as a turn-off and turn-on switch for detecting N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) molecule. Moreover, Fe3+ ions exert luminescence quenching role on compound 1 at both excitation lengths in water, among which the quenching at λex = 280 nm is of high sensitivity (KSV = 1.2 × 105), and the quenching at λex = 380 nm is of wide-range. The sensing for metal ions of In3+, Zr4+, and Al3+ is also effective at λex = 280 nm, with the KSV constants of 1.6 × 105, 1.6 × 105, and 4.3 × 104, respectively. More importantly, a series of nitroaromatic compounds (TNP, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol; 4-NA, 4-nitroaniline; NB, nitrobenzene) and nitro-based drugs (MNZ, metronidazole; DMZ, dimetridazole) could be detected at both excitation lengths, demonstrating the advantage of broad range response of fluorescence sensing. Thanks to the excellent chemical stability and unusual dual emission luminescence properties for chemical detection of various metal ions, nitro-based molecules and DMA solvent, the Pb-based MOF reported in this work is, therefore, a very promising multi-response sensor.

The effect of KH on enhancing the dehydrogenation properties of the Li-N-H system and its catalytic mechanism.

Although recent works demonstrated that some potassium compounds that can be converted to KH during ball-milling or heat-treatment have obvious effects on enhancing the dehydrogenation properties of the Li-N-H system, the effect of KH on enhancing the dehydrogenation properties of the Li-N-H system and its catalytic mechanism remain unclear. In this study, the hydrogen desorption properties of the LiNH2-LiH system with alkali metal hydrides (LiH, NaH, or KH) were investigated and discussed. We find that the three types of hydrides are effective for enhancing the hydrogen desorption properties of the LiNH2-LiH system, among which, KH shows the best effect. In comparison with the broad shaped hydrogen desorption curve of the LiNH2-LiH composite without additive, the hydrogen desorption curve of the LiNH2-LiH-0.05KH composite becomes narrow. The dehydrogenation onset temperature of the LiNH2-LiH-0.05KH composite is decreased by approximately 20 °C, and the dehydrogenation peak temperature is lowered by approximately 30 °C. Moreover, the reversibility of the LiNH2-LiH system is enhanced drastically by the addition of KH. On the basis of previous reports and present experimental results, the mechanism for the enhancement of the dehydrogenation properties in the KH-added Li-N-H system is proposed. The reason for the improvement of the hydrogen desorption kinetics is that KH has superior reactivity with NH3 and plays the role of a catalyst to accelerate hydrogen release by cyclic reactions.

Construction of (3,6)-connected polyoxometalate-based metal-organic frameworks (POMOFs) from triangular carboxylate and dimerized Zn4-ε-Keggin.

Using the methodology of extension of reduced transition metal-grafted ε-Keggin polyoxoanions with two types of terphenyl-based tricarboxylates of H3L1 (3,5',3''-position substitution) and H3L2 (4,5',4''-position substitution) we isolated two (3,6)-connected 3D polyoxometalate-based metal-organic frameworks, [TBA]3[H3PMo12O40][Zn4L2] (1, YZU-105), and [TPA]3[H3PMo12O40][Zn4L1]·0.5H2O (2, YZU-106) (H3L1 = [1,1';3',1''-terphenyl]-3,5',3''-tricarboxylic acid; H3L2 = [1,1';3',1''-terphenyl]-4,5',4''-tricarboxylic acid; TBA = tetrabutylammonium; TPA = tetrapropylammonium). In both compounds, the building block was the dimerized form of Zn4-{ε-H3PMo12O40}. Such dimerization left six anchoring points for each dimer and, as a result, a 6-connected node was formed. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited topologies of (4·85)3(4·82)6 and (65·10)3(63)6, respectively. This work illustrates that use of tri-carboxylate substitutions in different positions (3,5',3''-position/4,5',4''-position) in tripodal terphenyl-based ligands allows different extents of twisting of the peripheral aromatic ring with respect to the central ring, thereby giving rise to different extending directions and symmetries.

A phase 2 study of methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and pegaspargase chemotherapy for newly diagnosed, relapsed, or refractory extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: a multicenter trial in Northwest China.

The nasal type of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma is a rare aggressive lymphoma with poor prognosis. To discover a successful treatment, we investigated the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy with methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and polyethylene glycol-asparaginase (MESA). Three cycles of MESA were administered to 46 patients with new or relapsed/refractory natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. Complete response after 3 treatment cycles was 43.5%, the overall response rate was 87%, and 2-year overall survival was 83.4%. Complete response was significantly better for newly diagnosed patients than for patients with relapsed/refractory disease. Patients with newly diagnosed disease had a significantly better overall response rate after 1, but not after 2 or 3 treatment cycles. Overall survival and progression-free survival did not differ over 2 years. Grade 1/2 toxicities were frequent, but MESA was associated with fewer grade 3/4 events or treatment-related deaths. These results will require confirmation in larger prospective trials.

Natural Killer/T Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type: A Retrospective Clinical Analysis in North-Western China.

BACKGROUND: Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with high mortality and poor prognosis despite radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The current analysis aimed to assess the pathological features, clinical features, and prognostic indicators of ENKTL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 120 ENKTL patients were analyzed for pathologic diagnosis and clinical disease manifestations from April 2007 to October 2012. Complete remission, 2-year overall survival, and progression-free survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with the nasal group, a greater percentage of patients in the non-nasal group intended to receive autologous stem cell transplantation had Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA, Ann Arbor stage IV, Ki-67 expression ≥ 60%, and abnormal ferroprotein and ß-microglobulin levels. The rate of complete remission in the non-nasal group was higher than that in the nasal group. The overall survival rate was 74.9% at 24 months. Patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy were more likely to have disease progression compared with patients who received chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Further understanding the pathological and clinical features of ENKTL will be critical for moving forward. Ki-67, ß-microglobulin, EBV DNA, and primary site prognostic indicators may be useful to stratify patients into different risk groups, to gain insight into patient-specific treatments, and to potentially improve survival.

[Influence of CD117 Expression on Response of Multiple Myeloma Patients to Chemotherapy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of CD117 expression on response of multiple myeloma patients to chemo-therapy. METHODS: A total of 65 cases of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in our hospital from 2011 to 2013 were enrolled in this study. Cytogenetic abnormalities and immunophenotype were detected by using fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry before chemotherapy. The therapeutic efficacy of patients was evaluated after 4 cycles of PAD or TAD regimen. RESULTS: The positive rates of 1q21 amplification, RB1: 13q14 deletion, D13S319: 13q14.3 deletion, IgH: 14q32 rearrangement and p53: 17p13 deletion were 32.2%, 40%, 40%, 20% and 3.1% respectively; the positive rates of CD38, CD138, CD56, CD117, CD20 were respectively 100%, 100%, 60%, 20%, 10.8%; the positive rates of CD19 and CD10 were 4.6% and 4.6% respectively; the positive CD22, CD7, CD5, CD103 did not found in any patients. The therapeutic efficacy of CD117⁻ patients was better than that of CD117⁺ patients (P < 0.05), there was no correlation of the remaining indicators with efficacy; the proportion of CD117⁺ patients with ß2-microglobulin ≥ 5.5 mg/L was significantly higher than that of CD117⁻ patients (P < 0.05); the rest of baseline data had no significant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: CD117 can be used as an indicator for evaluating efficacy of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

[Valproic Acid Represses Autophagy and Enhances the Anti-myeloma Activity of DNA-damaging Drugs].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of valproic acid(VPA) on anti-myeloma activity of Doxorubicin(DOX) or Melphalan(MEL) and its related mechanism. METHODS: Human multiple myeloma(MM) cells were treated with VPA of non-toxic dose in absence and presence of DOX or MEL at different concentrations (ie. IC10, IC20, IC40). The cell proliferation was detected by MTT method. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins (LC3, ATG5, ATG7) and acetylated histone H4K16ac. RESULTS: Cell proliferation inhibition markedly increased in VPA plus DOX or MEL as compared with DOX or MEL alone (P<0.05). Both LC3 and H4K16ac expression levels in co-treatment were between VPA and DOX or MEL treated alone. Importantly, VPA of non-toxic dose not only augmented the anti-myeloma activity of DOX or MEL, but also down-regulated the autophagy-related protein expression and increases H4K16ac protein levels. CONCLUSION: H4K16ac can inhibit the transcription of autophagy-related genes, The VPA enhance the anti-myeloma activity of DNA-damaging drugs, at least in part, via H4K16ac-mediated suppression of cytoprotective autophagy.

The first tritopic bridging ligand 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)-benzene (H3BTB) functionalized porous polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework (POMOF): from design, synthesis to electrocatalytic properties.

Replacing the metal ions (or metal clusters) in routine MOFs with size-matched polyoxoanions to construct POM-based MOF materials (POMOF) combining well-defined crystalline structures, high surface area, regular and tunable cavities is the great challenge in the current POM chemistry area. In this work, we report a 2-fold interpenetrated porous POMOF, [TBA]6[H3PMo12O40]2[Zn8(BTB)2]·(∼35H2O), which exhibits effective catalytic activity towards bromate reduction, using the methodology of extension for the reduced transition-metal-grafted ε-Keggin polyoxoanions with an expanded tripodal bridging ligand of H3BTB. The simultaneous TGA/DSC-MS technique was applied in this work to identify the evolved gases and was proved to be an effective method for analysing the decomposition process.

Increased 14-3-3ζ expression in the multidrug-resistant leukemia cell line HL-60/VCR as compared to the parental line mediates cell growth and apoptosis in part through modification of gene expression.

BACKGROUND: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) recurrence is largely a result of multidrug resistance (MDR). We aimed to examine the role of 14-3-3ζ in AML chemosensitivity using HL-60 and vincristine-resistant HL-60/VCR cells. METHODS: The effects of 14-3-3ζ siRNA on the growth and cell cycle progression of HL-60 and HL-60/VCR cells were determined. The effect of 14-3-3ζ siRNA on topotecan (TPT)-induced apoptosis was evaluated by several assays. RESULTS: Compared to HL-60 cells, HL-60/VCR cells had increased 14-3-3ζ mRNA and protein expression. Increased mdr-1 mRNA as well as mdr-1, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 protein expression were observed in HL-60/VCR cells. In both HL-60 and HL-60/VCR cells, 14-3-3ζ was observed in the cytoplasm and nuclear compartments. 14-3-3ζ siRNA significantly reduced HL-60 and HL-60/VCR cell growth after 48 h and increased the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, 14-3-3ζ siRNA significantly increased the sensitivity of both HL-60 and HL-60/VCR cells to TPT, possibly through the inhibition of Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and mdr-1 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: Silencing of 14-3-3ζ increased the sensitivity of both sensitive and resistant HL-60 cells to TPT-induced apoptosis, possibly through altering the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins, suggesting that it may be a potential target for MDR AML.

[Inhibitory effect of 14-3-3ζ on the proliferation of HL-60 cells and HL-60/VCR cells].

This study was aimed to investigate the expression and role of 14-3-3ζ in the AML cell lines: sensitive HL-60 and drug-resistant HL-60/VCR cells. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were respectively used to examine the expression of mdr1 mRNA and Pgp in AML cell lines to validate the results of microarray. Western blot was performed to investigate the expression of Pgp, 14-3-3ζ, and anti-apoptosis protein BCL-2, MCL-1 proteins. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the subcellular location of 14-3-3ζ protein in HL-60 and HL-60/VCR cells by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Transduction with siRNA was used to silence 14-3-3ζ in AML cell lines. Cell count method and flow cytometry of cell cycle were used to analyze the changes of growth of AML cells. The results found that mdr1 mRNA and Pgp did not expressed in HL-60 cells, but significantly overexpressed in HL-60/VCR cells. Except 14-3-3σ, the expression of other subtypes of 14-3-3 was higher in HL-60/VCR cells than that in HL-60 cells, especially 14-3-3ζ. The higher expression of 14-3-3ζ, BCL-2, MCL-1 protein was observed in HL-60/VCR cells than that in HL-60 cells. These results were same results from gene chip. It was also noticed that 14-3-3ζ was located in the cytoplasma and nuclei of AML cell lines, especially over-expressed in HL-60/VCR cells. Furthermore, suppression of 14-3-3ζ by RNA interference resulted in inhibition of the proliferation of AML cells with decreased protein expression of BCL-2 and MCL-1, especially in HL-60/VCR cells. It is concluded that 14-3-3ζ plays an important role in proliferation of AML cells and associates with BCL-2 and MCL-1 expression. These results suggested that development of therapy targeting 14-3-3ζ may provide novel, effective strategies for refractory and relapsed AML.

[Efficacy comparison between standard and reduced doses of bortezomib combined with adriamycin and dexamethasone in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of standard or reduced doses of bortezomib combined with adriamycin and dexamethasone (PAD) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS: Eighty-two newly diagnosed or refractory/relapsed patients received bortezomib [either 1.2-1.3 mg/m(2) (standard dose) or 1.0-1.1 mg/m(2) (reduced dose) on day 1, 4, 8 and 11], and adriamycin (10 mg/m(2)) plus dexamethasone (40 mg/m(2)) on day 1-4 at 3-week intervals for 1 to 6 courses. The International Myeloma Working Group Criteria were used to evaluate the response. Adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (Version 3.0). RESULTS: Two courses of standard dose of PAD resulted in a similar response rate of partial and very good partial complete remissions (PR) compared with reduced dose (80.0% vs 80.8%, P=0.728). Grade III- Ⅳ neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were higher with standard dose than that with reduced doses of PAD (21.1% vs11.1%, P=0.270; 10.5% vs 6.3%, P=0.619, respectively). Grade III-Ⅳ bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy, herpes zoster, fatigue or abdominal distention were significantly higher with standard dose than that with reduced dose of PAD (15.8% vs 1.6%, P=0.037; 26.3% vs 6.3%, P=0.028; 36.8% vs 14.3%, P=0.046; 15.8% vs 1.6%, P=0.037, respectively). CONCLUSION: Reduced dose of PAD appears to result in a similar overall response rate, but a better tolerance and safety compared with standard dose.