The epidemiology of stroke in sickle cell patients in Yaounde, Cameroon.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke, a severe and recurrent but preventable complication of sickle cell disease (SCD), has not been well studied in Cameroon. To obtain baseline data towards the development of a national stroke prevention programme in SCD, we studied a sample of sickle cell patients with the aim of determining stroke prevalence, clinical presentation and management practices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Homozygous sickle cell patients in two centres in Yaounde were screened for stroke, in a cross-sectional study. Stroke was diagnosed clinically and confirmed where possible with brain computerized tomography. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS) and modified Rankin scale (mRS) were used to assess stroke severity. Management practices were noted from patient charts. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty patients aged 7 months to 35 years (mean age 13.49+/-8.79 years) were included. Eight cases of stroke (mean age 16.6+/-11.2 years) were identified, giving a stroke prevalence of 6.67%. Cerebral infarction was thrice as common as cerebral hemorrhage and clinical presentation was classical. Cerebral infarction was more frequent in patients aged below 20 years and hemorrhage in those above 20 (p=0.11). The annual recurrence rate was 25%. Missed diagnosis rate by attending physician was 25%. The NIHSS and mRS showed high stroke severity. Stroke management practices were insufficient and no patient received any form of stroke prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: Stroke prevalence and presentation in sickle cell patients in Yaounde is similar to that observed in developed countries, but the wide management gap calls for rapid action. Our situation is ideal for the study of the natural history of stroke in sickle cell disease.

[Cysticercosis and epilepsy: a case-control study in Mbam Valley, Cameroon]. / Cysticercose et épilepsie: étude cas-témoins dans la Vallée du Mbam, Cameroun.

The impact of neurocysticercosis in Africa is not well known, and its role in the occurrence of epilepsy is not well defined. The concomitant high prevalence of both diseases in this region suggests a causal association of cysticercosis and epilepsy. The few attempts to find such a link in Africa have yielded discordant data. In order to answer this question, we conducted a case-control study between June and August 1998 in the Bilomo village in Central Cameroon, where a recent study had demonstrated very high epilepsy prevalence of 58/1000. Ninety-three epilepsy patients and eighty-one age matched controls were included. All subjects were examined by a neurologist and serology for cysticercosis was performed using an ELISA method. Serologies for cysticercosis were positive in twenty-nine out of one hundred and seventy four patients (16.7%; 95% CI: 11.6-23.2). Seventeen cases (18.3%) and twelve controls (14.8%) had a positive serology The odd ratio was 1.3 (95% CI: 0.6-3.0). This study was not in favour of an epidemiological relationship between cysticercosis infection and epileptic disorders.

Review of epidemiological studies searching for a relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy.

A review and a meta-analysis of the available epidemiological literature for evidence of an association between onchocerciasis infection and epilepsy were carried out. We used EMBASE (1974-2002), MEDLINE (1966-2002), and PASCAL (1987-2002) databases and relevant journals and bibliographies. We limited our analysis to the epidemiological studies, where the status regarding onchocerciasis infection and epilepsy was available for each subject. Nine African studies were included. The common relative risk estimated by the random-effects model was 1.21 (95% CI 0.99-1.47; p = 0.06). The meta-analysis did not show any difference according to the onchocerciasis endemicity level and the African areas. Our results do not allow to conclude for an association between Onchocerca volvulus infection and epilepsy. However, the results are nearly significant. Further research is needed in this neglected subject, in particular for the better understanding of the neurological pathogenicity in onchocerciasis.

Effects of a 3-day regimen of albendazole (800 mg daily) on Loa loa microfilaraemia.

The encephalopathy that sometimes develops after ivermectin treatment in patients with high Loa microfilaraemias is probably related to a massive effect of the drug on the Loa microfilariae. A trial was therefore conducted to evaluate whether a course of albendazole would bring about a slower decrease in the Loa microfilaraemia, and thus could be used as a mass 'clearing' treatment, before the distribution of ivermectin in areas where onchocerciasis and loiasis are co-endemic. The Loa microfilarial loads were followed monthly for 9 months in two groups of subjects, one treated with albendazole (400 mg twice a day for 3 days), and the other with vitamin (B(1), B(6) and B(12)) tablets. There were no significant between-group differences in the microfilarial loads at any of the examination rounds. During the follow-up period, there was also no significant change in the overall loads among those treated with albendazole, although the counts in those with high initial microfilaraemias (>8000 microfilariae/ml) tended to decrease progressively during the first 3 months. Further trials should now be performed, to evaluate the effects on Loa loa of two courses of albendazole given 2-3 months apart.

[Prolactinomas in Yaounde: analytical study of 36 consecutive cases followed in the internal medicine department of the Yaounde Hospital from 1990 to 1996]. / Les adénomes à prolactine à Yaoundé: étude analytique de 36 cas consécutifs suivis dans le service de médecine interne de l'Hôpital de Yaoundé de 1990 à 1996.

We analysed the epidemiological, clinical, biological, morphological and therapeutic characteristics of 36 cases of pituitary prolactinomas in Yaoundé, Cameroun. Diagnosis was made on the basis of neuro-ophthalmological, gynaecological and sexual symptoms associated with quantity determinations of prolactinemia, total testosterone and blood oestrogen, folliculo stimulating hormone and luteining hormone. Expected levels of prolactinemia are above 150 micrograms/l. Cerebral tomodensitometry and, where possible, magnetic resonance imaging were used. Among the 24 patients on whom a tomodensitometry was performed, 4 male patients presented macroprolactinomas; the remaining 20 patients--mostly female--had microprolactinomas. Macroprolactinomas were found in male patients only, leading to an acute ophthalmological emergency for 2 of them who were operated in Paris-France. All the patients were put on bromocriptine; this molecule has antisecretory and antiproliferative properties, which are very useful in Africa, since surgery is very expensive. Cases of resistance to the molecule exist and new dopaminergic agonists are not yet being used in Cameroon.

Antiepileptic therapies in the Mifi Province in Cameroon.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the availability and accessibility of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in two health districts in Cameroon. METHODS: The study included 33 patients with epilepsy, 26 physicians, 13 private pharmacists, eight hospital pharmacists, three distributors, and eight traditional healers. Structured questionnaires were used to assess the knowledge of the disease, treatment accessibility, the methods of prescriptions, and the availability and the frequency of delivery of drugs. RESULTS: Only one of 33 patients did not take modern treatment; 91% of the patients were followed up by a traditional healer, and 78%, by an hospital physician. Phenobarbitone (PB) was the most frequently prescribed drug by 69% of the doctors; 54% of the physicians considered the traditional therapies to be incompatible with modern drug treatment. By pharmacists, PB was delivered regularly. Other drugs went out of stock frequently. The number of packages in stock varied significantly directly with the frequency of delivery. The mean price per package and the mean number of packages in stock were higher in the public hospital pharmacies than in the private pharmacies. A majority of healers explained epilepsy as the presence of excess foam in the abdomen. The remedies proposed were to stop foam secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Availability of AEDs was quite high, but with no strict correspondence between the rate of prescriptions and the supply of the drugs.

Aspects cliniques et etiologiques de l'epilepsie du nourrisson et de l'enfant a Yaounde

9392 enfants ages de 0-15 ans ont ete examines aux urgences et consultations de l'hopital central de Yaounde (Cameroun) pendant la periode d'etude. Sur la base des criteres essentiellement cliniques; 174 enfants presentent l'epilepsie qui represente 1;85 pour cent des affections pediatriques a Yaounde. Les convulsions febriles precedent l'epilepsie chez 83 enfants (47;70 pour cent). Les auteurs ont trouve des antecedents personnels probablement en rapport avec l'epilepsie dans les proportions suivantes: antecedents antenataux chez 33 enfants (18;96 pour cent); antecedents perinataux chez 36 enfants (20;68 pour cent); antecedents post-nataux chez 45 enfants (25;86 pour cent). Les differents types d'epilepsie ont ete rencontres; dans des proportions variables

Stroke in children in Yaounde, Cameroon.

Thirty five children aged 5 months to 15 years suffering from stroke were studied from August 1984 to July 1990 from two hospitals in order to determine the incidence, the etiological factors and the short term outcome of the stroke. The average annual incidence was 1.85 per 1000 pediatric hospitalizations. There was a progressive rise in the number of cases from 1985, with a peak in 1990. Motor impairment of one half of the body was the commonest clinical feature seen in 97.1% of the cases. Other clinical signs were: facial paralysis (62.9%) and aphasia (28.6%). The main etiological factors were: homozygous sickle cell disease (31.4%), heart disease (17.1%), cerebral malaria (14.3%) and meningitis (14.3%). No causative factor was identified in 7 patients (20%). The mortality rate was low (2.9%) and all the children had neurological deficit after a mean hospital stay of 15 days. Laboratory investigations including lipid analysis, platelet count, and skull X-rays proved to be of no diagnostic value. However, computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the diagnosis of ischemic stroke whenever it could be done.

Periodic alternating gaze: a case without any hemispheric lesion.

A clinicopathological study of a patient with periodic alternating gaze (PAG) is presented. PAG is usually associated with bilateral cerebral hemispheric ischemia. In our case, the anatomical lesion is very limited, restricted to the crus cerebri. The anatomical pathways involved and the mechanism of PAG are discussed.

[Slow, periodic alternating ping-pong gaze and Cheyne-Stokes respiration]. / Grandes oscillations pendulaires lentes des globes oculaires et dyspnée de Cheyne-Stokes.

Periodic alternating ping pong gaze (PAPPG) represent a particular entity among abnormal ocular movements sometimes observed during coma. They usually result from a widespread bilateral hemispheric ischemia. A case of PAPPG is reported that presents a twofold particularity: the lesion responsible for the abnormal movement, although eventually bilateral, was initially unilateral, and the PAPPG were intermittent and associated with a Cheyne-Stokes respiration. This latter finding requires reconsideration of the nature of the stimulus responsible for this curious abnormal ocular movement.

[Cerebral activation during pursuit eye movements: localization by the dichotic listening test]. / Activation cérébrale durant le mouvement oculaire de poursuite: localisation par le test d'écoute dichotique.

The level of cerebral hemispheres activation is studied here during pursuit eye movement by means of a dichotic listening test. Visual pursuit, whatever the direction, clearly activates the right hemisphere; this is probably related to the phenomenon of attention. Each hemisphere is activated by contralateral pursuit eye movement, which suggests that each hemisphere plays a role in pursuit eye movement towards that direction.