Economically Motivated Food Fraud and Adulteration in Brazil: Incidents and Alternatives to Minimize Occurrence.

Brazil is one of the world's largest food producers. Adulteration of foods is often reported and represent an important potential threat to food safety. Because of this, reduction of the vulnerability of foods to adulteration is of high priority to Brazil. This study analyzes economically motivated food fraud and adulterations in Brazil between 2007 and 2017, based on academic journal reports. In addition, alternatives are proposed to minimize these incidents through good practices, traceability systems and the development of methods to detect food fraud and adulteration. Complex supply chains for foods of animal origin, such as milk and dairy products, were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Other products prone to fraudulent activities were vegetable oils, especially olive oil, which are high value products. Meat and fish, as well as their respective by-products, were also involved in some food fraud and adulteration, especially substitution. Cases of extraneous ingredient addition were also reported in the coffee and tea sectors. Comprehensive food fraud and adulteration prevention requires the enforcement of regulatory systems, increased sampling and monitoring, training of food producers and handlers, and development of precise, rapid, and cost-effective methods of fraud detection. The availability of robust methods to identify the chemical constituents of foods could be a decisive step, both to detect and prevent fraud in producer countries and to open up new markets to these products. The results of this study can be used to analyze food safety risks and prioritize target areas for food research and policy-making in order to enforce food safety regulations in Brazil. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A food fraud and adulteration review was conducted based on scientific literature in Brazil. Milk and its products were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Food fraud and adulteration causes and suggestions for good practice are presented. The results can be used to analyze food safety and protect consumer rights.

Pesquisas cooperativas entre universidades e institutos públicos no setor agropecuário brasileiro: um estudo na Embrapa / The research cooperation between universities and public research institutes in the Brazilian agricultural sector: a case study of Embrapa

A presente pesquisa objetivou a caracterização das cooperações entre universidades e institutos de pesquisa (U-IP) no setor agropecuário. O referencial teórico aborda temas como tecnologia e inovação tecnológica, sistema nacional de inovação (SNI), cooperação interinstitucional para inovação tecnológica, transferência de tecnologia, além dos papéis de universidades e institutos de pesquisa dentro do SNI. Também aborda os temas de tipos de pesquisa e o contexto da pesquisa agropecuária brasileira. A revisão teórica foi fundamentada na cooperação entre universidades e empresas (U-E), dada a reduzida literatura a respeito da cooperação U-IP. A metodologia utilizada foi a de estudo de caso, de natureza exploratória e qualitativa, utilizando roteiros de entrevista semiestruturados, questionários semiestruturados, bem como análise documental. O caso estudado foi o da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), onde foram coletados dados em três unidades de pesquisa, três universidades que cooperam com essas unidades e três unidades administrativas da Embrapa que apresentam contato com as universidades, totalizando nove entrevistas e questionários. Foi possível dessa forma identificar motivadores, tipos de ligações, barreiras, facilitadores e resultados percebidos nessas cooperações.

This research aims the characterization of the university-research institutes cooperation process in the agriculture. The theoretical referential approaches themes such as technology and technological innovation, national innovation system, cooperation between organizations for technological innovation, technology transfer, and the universities and research institutes roles in the Brazilian national innovation system. It also addresses the types of research and the Brazilian agricultural research context. The theoretical review was based in the universit-industry cooperation, since there is too little literature regarding the research institute-university cooperation. The methodology of case study was used, and the research nature was classified as exploratory and qualitative, and used semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, as well as documental analysis. The case studied was of Embrapa, were the data was collected in three research units, three universities that cooperate with these units, and three administrative units of Embrapa that have contact with universities, in a total of nine interviews and questionnaires. It was possible this way identify motivators, types of links, barriers, facilitators and perceived results in these kind of cooperation's.

Pesquisas cooperativas entre universidades e institutos públicos no setor agropecuário brasileiro: um estudo na Embrapa / The research cooperation between universities and public research institutes in the Brazilian agricultural sector: a case study of Embrapa

A presente pesquisa objetivou a caracterização das cooperações entre universidades e institutos de pesquisa (U-IP) no setor agropecuário. O referencial teórico aborda temas como tecnologia e inovação tecnológica, sistema nacional de inovação (SNI), cooperação interinstitucional para inovação tecnológica, transferência de tecnologia, além dos papéis de universidades e institutos de pesquisa dentro do SNI. Também aborda os temas de tipos de pesquisa e o contexto da pesquisa agropecuária brasileira. A revisão teórica foi fundamentada na cooperação entre universidades e empresas (U-E), dada a reduzida literatura a respeito da cooperação U-IP. A metodologia utilizada foi a de estudo de caso, de natureza exploratória e qualitativa, utilizando roteiros de entrevista semiestruturados, questionários semiestruturados, bem como análise documental. O caso estudado foi o da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), onde foram coletados dados em três unidades de pesquisa, três universidades que cooperam com essas unidades e três unidades administrativas da Embrapa que apresentam contato com as universidades, totalizando nove entrevistas e questionários. Foi possível dessa forma identificar motivadores, tipos de ligações, barreiras, facilitadores e resultados percebidos nessas cooperações.(AU)