Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among key people involved in the employment of people with epilepsy in southern Benin.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among individuals working to achieve, or promote, the employment and retention in employment of people with epilepsy (PWE) in Benin. METHODS: We interviewed 300 subjects using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Knowledge: 93% had heard of epilepsy; 8.8% had at least one person with epilepsy (PWE) in their family; and 67.3% had witnessed a person having epileptic seizures. Attitudes and behavior: 95.3% and 95%, respectively, expressed their views that PWE should be able to enter mainstream education and that PWE should marry; 76.4% considered PWE equal to themselves; and 28.6% reported they would not hire a PWE. We found some associations between demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among respondents. A few unhelpful aspects of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed a fairly high level of accurate knowledge of epilepsy, but some misperceptions and unhelpful attitudes and practices toward PWE in Benin were noted. This study's findings can be used to help plan appropriate strategies based on correcting misperceptions concerning inclusion and retention in employment of PWE in Benin.

Population-based epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in an ageing Europe--the French register of ALS in Limousin (FRALim register).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The main objective of establishing the French register of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the Limousin region (FRALim), was to assess the incidence of ALS, in this ageing region of Europe, over a 12-year period (2000-2011). METHODS: Patients were included if they lived in Limousin at the time of diagnosis of ALS according to El Escorial revised criteria and were identified by at least one of the following sources: (i) the French national body coordinating ALS referral centres; (ii) public and private hospitals in the region; (iii) health insurance data related to long-term diseases. RESULTS: The FRALim register identified 279 incident cases (2000-2011). The crude and European population standardized incidences of ALS were as high as 3.19/100,000 person-years of follow-up (95% CI 2.81-3.56) and 2.58/100,000 person-years of follow-up (95% CI 2.27-2.89) respectively. Median age at onset was 70.8 years (interquartile range 63.1-77.1). The standardized sex incidence ratio (male/female) was 1.3 overall, but 1.1 under the age of 65 years, 1.7 between 65 and 75 years and 1.9 above 75 years. The exhaustiveness of the register has been estimated at 98.4% (95% CI 95.6-99.4) by capture-recapture analysis. CONCLUSION: It was possible for the first time in France to monitor accurately the incidence of ALS over a long time period. It appears to be in the upper range of data reported in western countries. Patterns displayed here might anticipate the epidemiology of ALS in ageing western countries.

[Methodology of neuroepidemiological studies in tropical countries: a challenge?]. / Méthodologie des études neuroépidémiologiques dans les pays tropicaux : un challenge ?

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the difficulties of applying neuroepidemiological methods in low income countries or developing countries, which are mostly tropical countries, taking advantage of the experience of the Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, which was created in Limoges in 1982. These difficulties could be related to several aspects: methodological, logistical, political or economical, linked to ethical issues, even difficulties to publish the studies. However, concept and neuroepidemiological methods should stay the same worldwide, even if their translation into practice could sometimes raise some problems in developing countries. Study protocol should be more detailed. Some specific epidemiological methods could be useful. Collection of data should be standardized. True cooperation at every level is needed for these researches to be valid.

[Geriatric assessment contribution to treatment decision-making in thoracic oncology]. / Impact de l'évaluation gériatrique sur la décision de traitement en oncologie thoracique.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is a frequently occurring disease among elderly people. The objective of this study was to search for a relationship between multimodal geriatric assessment and a decision-making in the treatment of patients with this condition. METHODS: Forty-nine elderly patients (aged 70 years and over) diagnosed with a primary lung cancer underwent a geriatric assessment before decision for treatment was made in a multidisciplinary meeting. We described the impact of the geriatric assessment on the management decisions made. RESULTS: Almost half of treatment (44.9%) decisions were modified by the geriatric assessment. For patients with so called "pre-frailty" according to Balducci's criteria, 60% of treatment decisions were modified by the results of geriatric assessment (use of only one chemotherapeutic drug, dose disease or best supportive care). For this group of patients, Folstein MMSE and IADL were predictive of change in decision-making, with the threshold estimated to be 26 points. Only the MMSE was significantly associated with the medical decision in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Geriatric assessment should be integrated into treatment decision-making for patients with primary lung cancer aged more than 70 years, particularly those where frailty is a concern. Folstein's MMSE was predictive in our study for changes in decision-making.

Multiple sclerosis and solar exposure before the age of 15 years: case-control study in Cuba, Martinique and Sicily.

Few studies report a protective role of childhood solar exposure to multiple sclerosis. Our objective was to confirm the protective role of childhood solar exposure in multiple sclerosis in Cuba, Martinique and Sicily. This was a matched case- control study, and cases met Poser criteria for clinically, laboratory (definite, probable) multiple sclerosis. Controls were resident population, without neurological disorder, living close to cases (within 100 km), matched for sex, age (+/-5 years), residence before age 15. We recruited 551 subjects during a 1-year period (193 cases, Cuba n = 95, Sicily n = 50, Martinique n = 48; 358 controls). Some (89%) met definite clinical multiple sclerosis criteria (relapsing remitting form (with and without sequel) (74%), secondary progressive (21%), primary progressive (5%)). Odds ratios in a uni-variate analysis were: family history of multiple sclerosis (5.1) and autoimmune disorder (4.0); wearing shirt (3.5), hat (2.7), pants (2.4); sun exposure causing sunburn (1.8); sun exposure duration (1 h more/day; weekends 0.91, weekdays 0.86); bare-chested (0.6); water sports (0.2). Independent factors in the multivariate analysis were family history of multiple sclerosis (4.8 (1.50-15.10)), wearing pants under sunlight (1.9 (1.10-3.20)), sun exposure duration (1 h more/ day, weekdays 0.90 (0.85-0.98), weekends 0.93 (0.87-0.99)), water sports (0.23 (0.13-0.40)). We conclude that outdoor leisure activities in addition to sun exposure reports are associated with a reduced multiple sclerosis risk, with evidence of dose response.

[Study of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy. Comparison between laparoscopic and retropubic prostatectomy based on a series of 251 cases]. / Etude de la continence urinaire après prostatectomie radicale. Comparaison entre prostatectomie rétropubienne et coelioscopique à propos de 251 cas.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to compare the results in terms of continence and quality of life between retropubic radical prostatectomy and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, performed according to the same principle of retrograde dissection from the apex. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The series was composed of 120 patients undergoing retropubic radical prostatectomy and 131 patients undergoing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy performed in the Limoges hospital, urology and andrology department, between January 2002 and September 2005. Continence was evaluated by anonymous self-administered questionnaire sent to the patient's home. Pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale and narcotic consumption. Predictive factors of continence were analysed. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in terms of pathological stage, Gleason score and age. The laparoscopy group comprised more patients with a history of transurethral resection of the prostate and more obese patients. No significant difference was observed between laparoscopy and laparotomy for degree of continence (71% versus 76%; p>0.05), time to return of continence (13 weeks versus nine weeks; p>0.05) and rate of mild (14% versus 13%), moderate (7% versus 6%) and severe (7% versus 5%) urinary incontinence. The anastomosis secondary stenosis rate was also identical in the two groups. Age was found to be a predictive factor for continence, especially for the mean time to return periods of continence. The patient's weight, prostate weight and TNM stage were not predictive factors for incontinence. The incontinence rate was 40% for salvage prostatectomies after radiotherapy. The mean duration of bladder catheterization was 6.9 days in the laparoscopy group and 7.2 days in the laparotomy group. Narcotic consumption was significantly lower in the laparoscopy group (21 mg versus 36 mg; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy appears to give the same results in terms of continence as retropubic radical prostatectomy. However, these procedures were the first laparoscopic prostatectomies performed in the department, suggesting that, with greater experience, the results of laparoscopy could become superior to those of laparotomy. The laparoscopic technique also appeared to provide better patient comfort by decreasing postoperative pain.

[Age and management decisions in patients with primary lung cancer]. / Age et décision de prise en charge des patients atteints d'un cancer pulmonaire primitif.

INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic decisions are difficult in elderly patients because of the heterogeneity of this population. Our objective was to evaluate the role of age in the management of patients suffering from primary lung cancer seen in the department of respiratory diseases of the Limoges regional teaching hospital between 2002 and 2004. METHODS: A cross sectional study analysed the management of 363 patients suffering from primary lung cancer. The patients were divided into two groups according to their age (less than seventy or seventy and over). A comparison was made between the management of the two groups. RESULTS: The comparisons according to age produced evidence of reduced activity, greater dependence, an increased Charlson score, less frequently administered radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and more frequent symptomatic treatment in the elderly group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The geriatric assessment of patients suffering from primary lung cancer should make allowance for the physiological age of the patient and adapt the management to ensure the best quality of life.

Incidence and prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Uruguay: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the Republic of Uruguay. METHODS: The study was performed in Uruguay (3,241,003 inhabitants) during a 2-year period (2002-2003). To ensure complete case ascertainment, multiple sources of information were used, including all the neurologists, other medical specialties, general physicians, neurophysiology laboratories, hospital medical records and death certificates. ALS diagnosis was based on El Escorial criteria. Although all patients with motor neuron disease were enrolled in the follow-up, only probable and definite cases are included in the study. RESULTS: Between January 1st, 2002, and December 31st, 2003, 89 new patients were diagnosed with probable or definite ALS. The mean annual incidence rate was 1.37 per 100,000 persons. The incidence was higher for men (1.95) than for women (0.84) with a male to female ratio of 2:1. For both, the incidence increased throughout the years showing a peak in the 65-74 age group among men and the 55-64 age group among women. Mean age at onset of ALS disease was 58.7 years. The estimated mean annual incidence for ALS calculated by the capture recapture method was 1.42 (95% CI, 1.13-1.72). On December 31st, 2002, the crude prevalence was 1.9 per 100,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSIONS: ALS incidence is within a narrow range across countries despite the genetic, environmental and socioeconomic differences when similar prospective design, diagnosis criteria and data analyses are applied.

Combined use of an antigen and antibody detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for cysticercosis as tools in an epidemiological study of epilepsy in Burundi.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the benefits of the detection of both circulating antibodies (Ab) and antigens (Ag) for the diagnosis of cysticercosis in people with epilepsy. Neurocysticercosis is a cause of neurological diseases world-wide, especially epilepsy. The clinical symptoms of neurocysticercosis are non-specific and diagnosis is often difficult. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from subjects in a matched case-control study for epilepsy in the Kiremba area, Burundi, between March and April 2001 (epileptic cases=303; controls without epilepsy=606). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the detection of antibodies (Ab-ELISA) and circulating Ag (Ag-ELISA). RESULTS: The Ab-ELISA revealed 58.7% positivity in epilepsy cases and 31.4% in healthy controls; and Ag-ELISA revealed 38.3% positivity in epilepsy cases and 20.0% in controls. The matched odds ratios were 3.6 (95% CI: 2.5-4.9) for Ab-ELISA, and 2.9 (95% CI: 2.1-4.3) for Ag-ELISA. CONCLUSION: Both Ag- and Ab-ELISA detected a significantly higher number of seropositives among people with epilepsy than among controls. The risk of epilepsy was high in cases with a positive Ag-ELISA, although less important than in cases with positivity for Ab-ELISA. Dead or degenerating cysticerci appear to be more frequently associated with epilepsy than living cysts. The high number of people with circulating Ag of Taenia solium suggests that the study area is a focus of active transmission of the parasite.

[Persistent neurological sequelae due to cerebral malaria in a cohort of children from Mali]. / Séquelles neurologiques persistantes dues au paludisme cérébral dans une cohorte d'enfants au Mali.

INTRODUCTION: Several neurological complications are associated with cerebral malaria (CM). However, few long-term data from childhood survivors have been published. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Mali among children followed from 1999 to 2002 after serious and complicated malaria. Our aim was to evaluate the persistent neurological sequelae associated with CM. RESULTS: This study concerned 101 subjects who had had CM. Mean age was 5.6+/-3.6 years. Twenty-eight children presented persistent neurological sequelae (27.7p.cent). Among them eight (7.9p.cent) children had developed these sequelae just after CM and 20 (19.8p.cent) a few months later: headaches, mental retardation, speech delay, bucco-facial dyspraxia, diplegia and frontal syndrome (one case each), dystonia (two cases), epilepsy (five cases) and behavior and attention disorders (15 cases). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we show that neurological signs due to CM can persist in the long run. Long-term follow-up and proper management after CM are essential.

[Dépistage de l'épilepsie en zones tropicales: validation d'un questionnaire en Mauritanie]. / Dépistage de l'épilepsie en zones tropicales: validation d'un questionnaire en Mauritanie.

Prevalence of epilepsy in developing countries is considered to be 2 to 5 times superior to the industrialized countries. In tropical areas, the diagnosis of epilepsy is still reliant on the clinic and requires a precise semiological description. A good epidemiological and clinical research requires standardized and validated screening tools. The objective of this work was to evaluate the validity of the screening module of the investigation questionnaire on epilepsy in tropical areas, in Nouakchott, Mauritania. All the patients included in the study were examined at first by a neurologist, then directed towards an investigator who asked the 5 screening items of the investigation questionnaire. Any person answering "yes" at least one question was regarded as "suspected of epilepsy" by the investigator. Secondly the neurologist re-examined the subjects and confirmed the diagnosis. The sensitivity and the specificity of the module of screening were calculated. On the whole, 236 patients were included in the study 131 had answered "yes" at least one of the questions of the module of screening and was regarded as "suspected" of epilepsy (55.5%) by the questionnaire. The diagnosis of epilepsy was made for 82 subjects by the neurologist. The sensitivity of the module of screening of the epilepsy was 95.1% (CI 95%: 87.3-98.4) and specificity was 65.6% (CI 95%: 57.5-72.9). The screening module of the investigation questionnaire of epilepsy in tropical zones, made up only by 5 questions, has diagnosis qualities acceptable and comparable with those reported in the literature. The use of this tool integrated in a more general questionnaire of investigation of the. epilepsy proves to be an essential instrument in conducting epidemiologic studies in epileptology' in tropical zones.

[Epidemiology of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa: a review]. / Epidémiologie de l'épilepsie en Afrique subsaharienne : une revue de la littérature.

Epilepsy is, above all tropical, moreover, very african in its frequency and gravity. Data on the prevalence of epilepsy shows it to be two or three times more prevalent in tropical zones than in industrialized countries in non tropical areas, however it is rare to find data on the incidence and prognosis of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa. It is difficult to determine the relative contribution of each of the causes of epilepsy. Only a few case-control studies have been carried out in sub-Saharan Africa. Infectious diseases, in particular parasitic diseases such as neurocysticercosis or cerebral malaria, seem to be the cause of the majority of the cases of epilepsy. However it is necessary to do additional epidemiological studies to determine the etiologies of epilepsy more precisely in sub-Saharan Africa.

[Electroencephalograms (EEG) in 250 patients with epilepsy in a cysticercosis endemic area in Burundi]. / Electroencéphalogrammes réalisés chez 250 patients épileptiques dans une zone d'endémie cysticerquienne au Burundi.

OBJECTIVES: This work aimed at describing EEG abnormalities in epileptic patients living in areas endemic for cysticercosis, underlining the electroclinical correlations and discussing the interest of EEG examination in this context. METHODS: During a case-control study, 250 EEGs from patients with epilepsy were recorded with a portable system. Types of seizures were assessed clinically and from information obtained through a standardised questionnaire, and along with EEG were related to the results of cysticercosis serological tests. RESULTS: Among the 249 EEGs, 48% were normal, 5.2% had epileptic abnormalities, 6.8% showed an association between epileptic abnormalities and slow alterations. Slow theta and delta abnormalities were found in 21.8% of cases, and isolated deterioration of basic rhythms was observed in 17.3% of cases. Most seizures were generalized, and 61% of the patients had positive serology. One EEG was uninterpretable and another showed isolated spikes. Electroclinical agreement was considered to be satisfactory in 33 patients, and was better with the epileptic than with slow abnormalities. The existence of epileptiform EEG abnormalities confirmed clinically diagnosed epilepsy, but did not allow etiological diagnosis. Electroserological agreement was good in 24 patients. A significant association (Chi2, p = 0.03) existed between slow focal abnormalities and positive cysticercosis serology. Conversely, no significant association was detected between epileptic patterns and serology results. CONCLUSION: While the EEG alone clearly does not allow aetiological diagnosis, its joint use with clinical and biological results was a key element of the etiological and therapeutic discussion. When it shows focal abnormalities in a patient with epilepsy living in a high prevalence cysticercosis area, it confirms the clinical suspicion of neurocysticercosis. Morphological imagery alone can provide etiological information on the seizures by showing the nature and localization of the parenchymal lesions.

[Cysticercosis and epilepsy: a case-control study in Mbam Valley, Cameroon]. / Cysticercose et épilepsie: étude cas-témoins dans la Vallée du Mbam, Cameroun.

The impact of neurocysticercosis in Africa is not well known, and its role in the occurrence of epilepsy is not well defined. The concomitant high prevalence of both diseases in this region suggests a causal association of cysticercosis and epilepsy. The few attempts to find such a link in Africa have yielded discordant data. In order to answer this question, we conducted a case-control study between June and August 1998 in the Bilomo village in Central Cameroon, where a recent study had demonstrated very high epilepsy prevalence of 58/1000. Ninety-three epilepsy patients and eighty-one age matched controls were included. All subjects were examined by a neurologist and serology for cysticercosis was performed using an ELISA method. Serologies for cysticercosis were positive in twenty-nine out of one hundred and seventy four patients (16.7%; 95% CI: 11.6-23.2). Seventeen cases (18.3%) and twelve controls (14.8%) had a positive serology The odd ratio was 1.3 (95% CI: 0.6-3.0). This study was not in favour of an epidemiological relationship between cysticercosis infection and epileptic disorders.

Review of epidemiological studies searching for a relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy.

A review and a meta-analysis of the available epidemiological literature for evidence of an association between onchocerciasis infection and epilepsy were carried out. We used EMBASE (1974-2002), MEDLINE (1966-2002), and PASCAL (1987-2002) databases and relevant journals and bibliographies. We limited our analysis to the epidemiological studies, where the status regarding onchocerciasis infection and epilepsy was available for each subject. Nine African studies were included. The common relative risk estimated by the random-effects model was 1.21 (95% CI 0.99-1.47; p = 0.06). The meta-analysis did not show any difference according to the onchocerciasis endemicity level and the African areas. Our results do not allow to conclude for an association between Onchocerca volvulus infection and epilepsy. However, the results are nearly significant. Further research is needed in this neglected subject, in particular for the better understanding of the neurological pathogenicity in onchocerciasis.

[Neurological manifestations of fish, mollusk and shellfish poisoning]. / Manifestations neurologiques des intoxications par les poissons, mollusques et crustacés.

Sea-food poisoning is observed in several areas of the world. Intoxication results from ingestion of fresh fish, mollusks, or shellfish contaminated by toxins produced by microorganisms (dinoflagellates). Neurological manifestations are sometimes associated with signs and may be life-threatening. We describe here the principle toxins, their geographic distribution, clinical manifestations, therapeutic management, and possible prevention measures.

[Quality of medical records in the "Medical Information System Program": application of the lot quality assurance sampling method]. / Qualité des données P.M.S.I. au CHU de Limoges: application de la méthode L.Q.A.S.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to validate a new method of quality control of medical records of the "Medicalisation of Information System Program" (P.M.S.I.) in Limoges university hospital. METHODS: Lot quality assurance sampling (L.Q.A.S.), developed to meet industrial quality control needs, has been applied. This method allows to give an opinion on the quality of a lot from a sample randomised in this lot. Ten hospital units have been randomised. During three months, these medical units have recoded ten medical units abstracts (R.U.M.) which were randomised each month within their stays. If five or more R.U.M. had been modified on Principal Diagnosis (D.P.), Associated Significant Diagnosis (D.A.S.) or Diagnosis Related Group (D.R.G.), the lot was rejected. The hospital unit had then less 70% R.U.M. of good quality (alpha=5%). The global errors rates were compared to the results of usually performed quality control (1998). RESULTS: Nine hospital units were included. Hospital units which already had a low quality rate during the 1998 quality control had also an insufficient quality by L.Q.A.S. method. Among these, 33.7 [CI(95%): 21.6-45.8] R.U.M. have been modified. Medical units had a poorer data quality than surgical ones. No statistically significant difference was shown between 1998 errors rates and L.Q.A.S. rates, except for D.P. (p=0.002). CONCLUSION: L.Q.A.S. is easy to apply, could be repeated more frequently than usual controls, and allows to detect hospital units which require a faster action. This process could be applied to P.M.S.I., in which the search of quality is necessary because of the new cost model which includes secondary D.R.G.

[Contribution of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents in Nouakchott, Mauritania]. / Apport de la tomodensitometrie dans le diagnostic des accidents vasculaires cerebraux a Nouakchott, Mauritanie.

This prospective study was focused on the radiological features of stroke and the recent contribution of computerized tomographic scan (CT scan) to diagnosis of hospitalized stroke patients. All patients admitted for stroke to the Neurology Department of the Nouakchott Hospital between January 1, 1996 and June 30, 1997 were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups, i.e. CT group including patients that underwent CT scan during hospitalization and control group including patients that did not undergo CT scan for financial reasons. The etiology of stroke (35.1% of hospitalizations) was ischemic in 52% of cases and hemorrhagic in 48%. There were more men than women and mean age was 60 years for ischemic stroke versus 56 years for hemorrhagic stroke. Only 8% of patients presented documented diabetes. Deep infarction accounted for 52% of ischemic stroke including large-artery infarction in 61.2% and lacunar infarction in 38.8%. Superficial infarction usually involved the territory supplied by the superficial sylvian artery. Intraparenchymal hematomas accounted for 78% of hemorrhagic strokes in relation with the high incidence of arterial hypertension (65.2%). The most common locations were capsulo-lenticular (55%) and capsulo-thalamic (39%). Stroke-related mortality was high (20.3%) especially in patients presenting prolonged disturbances of consciousness and renal insufficiency. By allowing more accurate assessment of lesions, CT-scan improved patient management and therapeutic outcome.