Opsoclonus in Uremia With Resolution After Hemodialysis.

ABSTRACT: A 78-year-old man was evaluated for altered mentation in the setting of significant uremia. On examination, he was found to be encephalopathic with generalized myoclonus and spontaneous opsoclonus. He had no known risk factors for the development of opsoclonus and upon undergoing hemodialysis, experienced near resolution of his eye movement abnormalities, thus highlighting a possible link between the uremic state and opsoclonus.

Subthalamic Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in Parkinson's Disease: A Cautionary Tale.

INTRODUCTION: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been shown to reliably improve several symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) in appropriately selected patients. Various factors may preclude patients from undergoing DBS and for them, non-invasive lesion-based therapies such as focused ultrasound and Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery may present a safer alternative. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on preliminary positive reports of STN GK for PD, we conducted a prospective, open-label, single-center, pilot study in PD patients deemed potential candidates for unilateral DBS based on their disease characteristics, but contraindicated due to age >74, an irreversible bleeding diathesis, or significant comorbid medical disease. Stereotactic MRI-guided GK radiosurgery was performed using a single 110- or 120-Gy dose targeting the STN contralateral to the more symptomatic extremity. Clinical follow-up and imaging assessed the safety and efficacy of the procedure over a 12-month period. RESULTS: Four PD patients with medication-refractory tremors and disabling dyskinesias underwent unilateral STN GK radiosurgery. Contraindications to DBS included high-risk comorbid cardiovas-cular disease in 3 patients and an irreversible bleeding diathesis in 1. There were no immediate post-procedural adverse events. One patient who underwent left STN GK radiosurgery developed right hemiparesis and dysarthria 7 months post-procedure followed by hospitalization at 9 months for bacterial endocarditis and liver failure from which he died. The remaining 3 patients were free of adverse events up to 12 months post-procedure and experienced a reduction in contralateral rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor. Upon extended follow-up, 2 patients developed subacute worsening of gait. One died at 16 months due to complications of a fall whereas the other saw no change in gait up to 42 months post-procedure. All 3 patients with adverse events demonstrated a hyper-response in the targeted area on follow-up neuroimaging. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Despite the potential for clinical improvement, our results suggest that unilateral STN GK radiosurgery should be approached cautiously in medically frail PD patients who may be at higher risk of GK hyper-response and neurologic complications.

Understanding risk factors for perioperative ischemic events with carotid stenting: is patient age over 80 years or is unfavorable arch anatomy to blame?

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have reported increased perioperative risk after carotid artery stenting (CAS) for patients ≥80 years of age; however, most have not considered unfavorable anatomic features noted more frequently in this population as a confounding variable. The purpose of this study was to show a correlation between poor aortic arch anatomy and perioperative ischemic complications after CAS. METHODS: Our prospectively maintained database was queried for all CAS procedures performed on symptomatic patients between 2009 and 2011. Retrospective analysis of consecutive CAS procedures was performed. The primary endpoint was perioperative (within 30 days) ischemic events (stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA)). Event incidence was compared between groups dichotomized by age and anatomical features. Incidence of unfavorable arch (acute angle between aortic arch and treated common carotid artery) was compared between age groups. RESULTS: Perioperative ischemic events included four ischemic strokes and three TIAs (all events ipsilateral to the treated vessel). Event incidence was more frequent in patients with unfavorable arch anatomy (7.9%) than in those with favorable aortic arch features (0.7%) (p=0.0073). Event incidence in patients ≥80 years of age (4.5%) was not statistically different than that in patients <80 years (2.3%) (p=0.428). Unfavorable aortic arch anatomy was increased in frequency in patients aged 80 years and over (<80 years, 29%; ≥80 years, 52%; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In the present series, the incidence of perioperative complications was increased in patients with unfavorable aortic arch anatomy but not in patients ≥80 years. CAS represents a revascularization option for patients of all ages; however, patients with unfavorable aortic arch anatomy may represent a group at relatively high risk for periprocedural ischemic events.

Results of stent-assisted vs non-stent-assisted endovascular therapies in 489 cerebral aneurysms: single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Whether the addition of stenting to intracranial aneurysm coil embolization results in benefit in terms of occlusion rates or additional risk in terms of periprocedural adverse events is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To report retrospectively analyzed results of endovascular aneurysm treatment comparing stent-assisted coiling with coiling without stents at our hospital from 2005 to 2009. METHODS: In this retrospectively reviewed case series, aneurysms were grouped as intent-to-treat or initially treated with stent-assisted coiling (A) vs coiling alone (B) or as-treated-those that ultimately received a stent (C) or not (D). Complication and occlusion rates were compared between groups. Some patients crossed from group B to C after receiving stent placement at a later treatment following the initial therapeutic modality (without a stent). RESULTS: In 459 patients, 489 aneurysms were treated by group as follows: A = 181, B = 308, C = 225, and D = 264. In stent groups (A and C), there were significantly lower frequencies of ruptured aneurysms (A vs B = 11% vs 62%, P < .001; C vs D = 20.4% vs 62.5%, P < .001) and more giant aneurysms (A vs B = 7.3% vs 1.0%, P = .001; C vs D = 5.9% vs 1.1%, P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in permanent event-related morbidity (A vs B = 4.4% vs 4.2%, P = 1.0; C vs D = 4.4% vs 4.2%, P = 1.0). Average angiographic follow-up after last treatment was 18.2 ± 15 months (median = 14). Higher rates of complete occlusion at last angiographic follow-up were observed in stented aneurysms (A vs B = 64.6% vs 49.7%, P = .001; C vs D = 62.7% vs 48.9%, P = .003). CONCLUSION: Stent-assisted aneurysm treatment resulted in higher total occlusion rates than non-stent-assisted treatment, with acceptable, comparable periprocedural event rates.