Morfologia e biometria do timo em araras dos gêneros Ara e Anodorhynchus / Morphology and biometry of the thymus gland in macaw of Ara and Anodorhynchus genera

Foram utilizados 12 exemplares de Ara ararauna - seis fêmeas e seis machos -, cinco exemplares de Ara chloropterus (uma fêmea e quatro machos) e dois exemplares de Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus - uma fêmea e um macho -, todos adultos, doados por criadouro particular, após óbito natural. Os lobos foram dissecados e medidos com paquímetro - comprimento x largura x espessura - e analisados quanto ao peso, à topografia e à morfologia individual. Independentemente do gênero, foram identificados, em 17 casos (89,5%), lobos tímicos nos antímeros cervicais esquerdo e direito, e em oito casos (42,1%), lobos na cavidade celomática. Os lobos apresentaram formatos alongados - 52,6% -, arredondados - 21,1% - ou ovalados - 15,8% -, posicionados preferencialmente ventromedialmente ao longo do plexo vasculoneural do pescoço, com número médio de cinco lobos por antímero, tamanho médio de 0,49cm de comprimento, 0,12cm de largura e 0,05cm de espessura e peso médio de 0,076g.

Twelve samples of Ara ararauna - six females and six males -, five samples of Ara chloropterus (one female and four males) and two samples of Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (one female and one male), all adults from a Breeding Park, were used after natural death. The lobes were dissected and measured with electronic calliper (length x width x thickness) and analyzed taking their weight, topography and individual morphology into account. Regardless of gender, 89.5% of the cases presented timic lobes in the left and right cervical antimere, and 42.1% of the cases presented lobes in the celomatic cavity. The lobes were shown in shapes - long (52.6%), round (21.1%) or oval (15.8%), positioned mostly ventromedially, along the neurovascular plexus of the neck, with an average of five lobes per antimere, and an average size of 0.49cm length, 0.12cm width, and 0.05cm thick and average weight of 0.076g.

Origem e distribuição do nervo obturatório em suínos (Sus Scrofa Domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) da linhagem Ag-1050 / Origin and distribution of obituary nerve in swine (Sus Scrofa Domesticus - Linnaeus, 1758) of Age-1050 Lineage / Origen y distribución del nervio obturador en cerdos (Sus srofa domesticus - linnaeus, 1758) dell linaje ag-1050

Trinta fetos de suínos Sus scrofa da linhagem AG-1050 foram avaliadas com o objetivo de determinar a origem e distribuição do nervo obturatório. Os materiais foram preparados com injeção de solução aquosa de formol a 10 através da aorta descendente torácica, e mantidos em recipientes apropriados. Para melhor identificação do nervo obturatório, empregou-se solução de álcool absoluto e ácido acético glacial na proporção 70/30 respectivamente. Constatou-se sua origem nos ramos ventrais do nervo espinhal L4 em 96,65, L5 em todos os casos e L6 em 56,65 dos espécimes analisados. Originou-se, em todos, os espécimes em conjunto com o nervo femoral e em 56,65 com o nervo isquiático em ambos os antímeros e se distribuiu nos músculos grácil, pectíneo, adutor, obturadores interno e externo, quadrado femoral, semimembranáceo e sartório.

Thirty fetuses of Sus scrofa swine of AG-1050 lineage were studied, aiming at determining the origin and distribution of the obituary nerve. The material used was prepared with the injection of aqueous solution of formol 10 through thoracic descendent aorta and it was maintained in appropriate recipients. To a better identification of the obituary nerve, we used solution of absolute alcohol and acetic glacial acid in proportion of 70 to 30, respectively. The origin was observed in the ventral branches of L4 spinal nerve (96.65), L5 in all occasions, and L6 (56.65), in the analyzed specimen. In all animals studied the obituary nerve was originated together with femoral nerve and in 56.65 with sciatic nerve in both of the antimeres, and it was distributed to the muscles: gracilis, pectinea, adductor, internal and external obituaries, femoral quadrate, semimembrane and sartorius.

Treinta fetos de cerdos Sus scrofa domesticus del linaje AG-1050 han sido evaluados con el objetivo de determinar el origen y distribución del nervio obturador. Los materiales han sido preparados con inyección de solución acuosa de formol a 10 através de la aorta descendente torácica, y mantenidos en recipientes apropiados. Para mejor identificación del nervio obturador se empleó solución de alcohol absoluto y ácido acético glacial en la proporción 70/30 respectivamente. Se constató su origen en los ramos ventrales del nervio espinal L4 (96,65), L5, en todos los casos y L6 (56,25) de los especímenes en conjunto con el nervio femoral y en 56,65 con el nervio isquiático en ambos antímeros, y se ha distribuído en los músculos gracili, pectíneo, aductor, obturadores interno y externo, cuadrado femoral, semimembranoso y sartorio.

Irrigaçäo da bolsa cloacal, em aves reprodutoras, da linhagem Peterson (Gallus gallus domesticus) / Irrigation of the cloacal bursa in breeding stoch of the Peterson linage (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Estudaram-se em 30 exemplares de matrizes pesadas de corte machos da linhagem Peterson (Gallus gallus domesticus), com idade variando de 10 a 12 semanas, a origem, o número e a ordenaçäo dos vasos arteriais da bolsa cloacal, um dos órgäos responsáveis pela produçäo de respostas humorais nas aves. Mediante injeçäo dos contingentes arteriais com soluçäo aquosa de Artecola§ a 50 por cento, via artéria isquiática direita, a dissecaçäo evidenciou que em 100 por cento dos casos a bolsa cloacal era irrigada por 1 ou 2 artérias bursocloacais; em 16,66 por cento dos casos por 1 ramo direto oriundo das artérias cloacais; em 6,66 por cento dos casos por 2 ramos diretos da artéria caudal mediana e em 3,33 por cento dos casos por 1 ramo bursal da artéria mesentérica caudal. O número de vasos, independentemente da sua origem, variou de 2 a 5 com maior freqüência de 2 vasos. A distribuiçäo dos vasos se fez de maneira própria para cada peça

Pontes de miocárdio em bovinos azebuados / Miocardial bridges in zebu bovines

Estudou-se em 30 coraçöes de bovinos azebuados, machos, com idade variando de 30 a 50 meses, a frequência, a largura, a posiçäo e a vasculotopia das pontes de miocárdio, mediante injeçäo das artérias coronárias com soluçäo de Neoprene látex 450 e posterior dissecaçäo. Os resultados indicam frequência de 100 por cento de coraçöes com pontes e 56,6 por cento das peças apresentaram pontes múltiplas. A largura das pontes variou de 0,3 cm a 6,2 cm com média de 1,62 cm e estas localizaram-se com maior frequência na regiäo média (36,8 por cento) do ventrículo. O ramo interventricular paraconal foi o que apresentou maior número e frequência de pontes

Instrumental and perceptual evidence for tracheoesophageal speech.

With 8 men, two methods of alaryngeal speech production, tracheoe-sophageal and electrolaryngeal, were compared on perceptual and acoustic measures of speech intelligibility. Measures consistently identified the tracheoesophageal speech as superior to electrolaryngeal speech.

Visual recognition training of older adults with speech spectrograms.

10 adults' performances on visual training through recognition of speech spectrograms were examined. All subjects completed the training within eight 1-hr. sessions. Success and retention of training were also evident in the subjects' performances on two posttests.

Pontes de miocárdio em cäes. II. Topologia / Myocardial bridges in dogs. II. Topology

Estudou-se em 134 coraçöes de cäes de diferentes raças a localizaçäo das pontes de miocárdio, mediante dissecaçäo das artérias coronárias injetadas com soluçäo de gelatina ou Neoprene Látex. Verificou-se que as pontes de miocárdio ocorrem em 90,43 por cento nos ramos da a. coronária esquerda e em 9,57 por cento nos ramos da a. coronária direita. Sua posiçäo foi assinalada em 37,23 por cento na porçäo dorsal do ventrículo, em 28,72 por cento na média, em 21,28 por cento na ventral, em 7,45 por cento no ápice e simultaneamente nas porçöes dorsal e média em 3,19 por cento e nas porçöes média e ventral em 2,13 por cento. Näo foram notadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relaçäo ao sexo

Vascularizaçäo arterial da porçäo torácica do timo em suínos / Arterial vascularization of the thoracic pars of the thymus in pigs

Estudaram-se, em 30 fetos e recém-natos de suínos sem raça definida, mediante injeçäo de soluçäo de Neoprene Látex 450 corado e posterior dissecaçäo, a origem, o número e a ordenaçäo dos vasos tímicos. A porçäo torácica do timo mostrou-se irrigada por ramos direitos e indiretos oriundos do tronco braquiocefálico, das aa. subclávias, torácicas internas, cervicais superficiais e do tronco tireocervical. Independentemente da origem e tipo, o número total de colaterais variou de 2 a 9, com maior freqüência de 3

Suprimento arterial do timo em cäes SRD / The arterial supply of the thymus in dogs

Estudou-se em 30 cäes SRD, fetos e natimortos, a origem, o número e a ordenaçäo dos vasos tímicos utilizando-se da dissecçäo de peças injetadas com soluçäo de Neoprene látex 450 e fixadas em soluçäo de formol a 10 por cento. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a irrigaçäo do timo é feita por ramos diretos e indiretos oriundos das artérias torácicas internas, tronco braquiocefálico, artérias pericardicofrênicas, troncos costocervicais e artérias subclávias, que combinadas entre si, emitiam de cinco a catorze contribuiçöes, que por sua vez evidenciaram modalidades de vascularizaçäo própria para cada peça

Word retrieval in fluent and nonfluent dysphasia: utilization of pictogram.

Connected speech samples were elicited from 10 nonfluent and 10 fluent dysphasic subjects utilizing two contexts, picture and pictogram descriptions. Incidences of word retrieval problems were identified and assigned to nine word retrieval categories. Results revealed pictogram elicited a greater incidence of word retrieval problems, and therefore, proved as a more informative context for identifying word retrieval problems in mild dysphasia. Also, certain word retrieval categories were selectively used by specific dysphasic classification categories and severity levels.

Effect of selegiline on speech performance in Parkinson's disease.

Comprehensive speech examinations of 10 equally affected subjects with moderate, treated Parkinson's disease were performed before and 4 weeks following initiation of treatment with selegiline (deprenyl), with other drug therapies unchanged. Forty different measures relating to the speech processes of respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation and prosody were examined to measure changes in performance due to selegiline. Significant improvements were noted for 8 of the 40 measures, with these improvements relating to the speech processes of articulation and respiration. The potential interactive effects of comedication are discussed. In addition, previously undescribed comprehensive speech characteristics of moderate Parkinson's disease are presented and discussed.

Perceptual and acoustical analyses of phonemic paraphasias in nonfluent and fluent dysphasia.

Phonemic paraphasias produced by nonfluent and fluent dysphasic adults during connected speech elicitations were examined using four perceptual and two acoustical variables. Results revealed important findings for each of the examined variables. The acoustical variables, however, were more helpful for differentiating the two dysphasic categories. The findings obtained also relate to factors such as phoneme frequency, suprasegmental feature of stress placement, anatomicophysiological characteristics of phonemes, and the interaction between the linguistic parameters of phonology and semantics. These factors have implications for the treatment of verbal dyspraxia in nonfluent and fluent dysphasia.

Effect of stimulus context and response coding variables on word retrieval performances in dysphasia.

Quantitative and qualitative differences between two word retrieval tasks were examined using nonfluent and fluent dysphasic and nondysphasic subjects. Additional variables examined included scoring criteria, trial effects, response trends, and inaccurate responses. Results revealed that the word fluency task was significantly more sensitive than the picture-naming context. Similarly, the variable of response time was identified as the more discriminating response scoring procedure. In addition to these two variables, the data on response trends and inaccurate responses provided significant information for differentiating nonfluent and fluent dysphasias. Discussion relates to the implications of the obtained findings for differential diagnosis and measuring language recovery in dysphasia.

Linguistic description in nonfluent dysphasia: utilization of pictograms.

Nonfluent dysphasic utterances for pictogram or sequential picture descriptions were compared against those elicited in a standard stative single-picture description task. Elicited utterances were also compared to identify the availability of different variables within phonologic, syntactic, and semantic levels. Descriptive data revealed that Pictograms yielded a relatively greater frequency of occurrence for the variables examined under the parameters of phonology, syntax, and semantics. Of the different variables examined for each parameter, a significantly greater incidence of phonemic paraphasias than neologistic paraphasias were obtained for the parameter of phonology. For the parameter of syntax, significantly more verb phrases were in error than noun phrases; and significantly more syntactic complexity levels 1 and 3 were produced than were levels 2, 4, or 5. Data for the parameter of semantics revealed a significantly greater occurrence of hesitations than circumlocutions, verbal paraphasias, or revisions. Discussion of the obtained findings relate to language assessment and linguistic characterization of nonfluent dysphasia.

Characterization of irrelevant speech: a case study.

Five linguistic variables were investigated to characterize the irrelevant speech typically associated with the language of confusion. A longitudinal, single subject experimental design was used. Connected speech samples were elicited utilizing two different stimuli contexts. Results indicated that two of the four variables were important for the identification of linguistic irrelevancy. Discussion of the findings also relate to the variables of time post-onset, stimuli context in the characterization of irrelevant speech, and etiology of cerebral damage.

An analysis of semantic relations between mild dysphasic and nondysphasic speakers.

The availability of different semantic relations between mild anomic dysphasic and nondysphasic subjects was investigated using a picture description task. Results of the analyses revealed statistically nonsignificant differences between the two groups for the variables of total utterances and mean length of utterances. Of the different cases examined, a significant difference between the two groups of subjects was revealed in their use of the "other" case relation category. Also, within the dysphasic group maximum verbal paraphasias occurred for the object case. Discussion of the obtained results relate the selective availability of specific cases to the possible differences in linguistic coding between the two groups. Also, the interrelationship between quantity of verbal output and incidence of verbal paraphasia is discussed.

Comprehension and production of idioms in dysphasia.

The comprehension and production of idioms was investigated in 10 dysphasic adults. Two different tasks, one comprehension and the other production, were developed. The production task required the subject to verbally explain 15 idioms. The comprehension task necessitated the selection of the correct figurative representation of the idiom from four illustrations: a literal, a literal variation, a figurative, and an unrelated picture. Results indicated no significant correlation between overall comprehension and production performances. No significant difference was found between the comprehension or the production of idioms when type or severity of dysphasia was considered. A significant difference was found, however, in the type of incorrect response, in that subjects selected the literal depiction more often than other foil representations for the comprehension.

Communications problems of the elderly: a survey.

A survey of communications problems among elderly persons was conducted to determine the perceived incidence, the number of agencies that provide various services, provision/nonprovision of speech and hearing services, and need for in-service training in the area of communications disorders. Results indicate that older persons with communications disorders are underestimated and underserved. A majority of the additional in-service training in the areas of communications and communications disorders.