Enhancing therapy with nano-based delivery systems: exploring the bioactive properties and effects of apigenin.

Apigenin, a potent natural flavonoid, has emerged as a key therapeutic agent due to its multifaceted medicinal properties in combating various diseases. However, apigenin's clinical utility is greatly limited by its poor water solubility, low bioavailability and stability issues. To address these challenges, this review paper explores the innovative field of nanotechnology-based delivery systems, which have shown significant promise in improving the delivery and effectiveness of apigenin. This paper also explores the synergistic potential of co-delivering apigenin with conventional therapeutic agents. Despite the advantageous properties of these nanoformulations, critical challenges such as scalable production, regulatory approvals and comprehensive long-term safety assessments remain key hurdles in their clinical adoption which must be addressed for commercialization of apigenin-based formulations.

Apigenin is a natural substance found in plants that might help treat illnesses like cancer, diabetes, heart problems and brain disorders. But it doesn't work very well because it doesn't dissolve in water, is hard for the body to use and isn't very stable. To fix this, scientists are putting apigenin inside tiny carriers called nanocarriers. These tiny carriers help apigenin dissolve better, be absorbed by the body more easily and work better.There are different kinds of nanocarriers, like tiny fat bubbles, tiny solid particles and tiny gels. These can be made to target specific parts of the body, which helps reduce side effects. Apigenin can also be mixed with other medicines in these carriers to work even better.However, there are big challenges in making these treatments widely available, like making enough of them, getting permission from health authorities and making sure they are safe for a long time. This review talks about the latest progress and future possibilities in using nanotechnology to deliver apigenin, aiming to make it better for treating diseases.

Camptothecin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide as a new approach for skin cancer treatment.

The therapeutic efficacy of camptothecin (CPT), a potent antitumor alkaloid, is hindered by its hydrophobic nature and instability, limiting its clinical use in treating cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This study introduces a novel nano drug delivery system (NDDS) utilizing functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (FMSNs) for efficient CPT delivery. The FMSNs were loaded with CPT and subsequently coated with chitosan (CS) for enhanced stability and bioadhesion. Importantly, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) was attached onto the CS-coated FMSNs to leverage the immunostimulatory properties of CpG ODN, augmenting the chemotherapy's efficacy. The final formulation FMSN-CPT-CS-CpG displayed an average size of 241 nm and PDI of 0.316 with an encapsulation efficiency of 95 %. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo analyses, including B16F10 cells and DMBA/TPA-induced SCC murine model, demonstrated that the FMSN-CPT-CS-CpG formulation significantly enhanced cytotoxicity against B16F10 cells and induced complete regression in 40 % of the in vivo subjects, surpassing the efficacy of standard CPT and FMSN-CPT treatments. This study highlights the potential of combining chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents in an NDDS for targeted, efficient skin cancer treatment.

Advances in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment by Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

Pancreatic cancer represents one of the most lethal cancer types worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Due to the inability to diagnose it promptly and the lack of efficacy of existing treatments, research and development of innovative therapies and new diagnostics are crucial to increase the survival rate and decrease mortality. Nanomedicine has been gaining importance as an innovative approach for drug delivery and diagnosis, opening new horizons through the implementation of smart nanocarrier systems, which can deliver drugs to the specific tissue or organ at an optimal concentration, enhancing treatment efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity. Varied materials such as lipids, polymers, and inorganic materials have been used to obtain nanoparticles and develop innovative drug delivery systems for pancreatic cancer treatment. In this review, it is discussed the main scientific advances in pancreatic cancer treatment by nano-based drug delivery systems. The advantages and disadvantages of such delivery systems in pancreatic cancer treatment are also addressed. More importantly, the different types of nanocarriers and therapeutic strategies developed so far are scrutinized.

A Real-Time Quantitative PCR Protocol for the Quantification of Plasmid Copy Number in Lactococcus lactis.

The determination of the number of plasmid copies in each cell of Lactococcus lactis is critical for the control and regulation of the production of recombinant proteins and plasmids. This protocol describes a method for the determination of the plasmid copy number per genome of L. lactis, which is based on the detection by real-time quantitative PCR of the number of plasmid molecules and the number of chromosomes and subsequently their ratio after calculating the amplification efficiency.

The Effect of Recombinant Protein Production in Lactococcus lactis Transcriptome and Proteome.

Lactococcus lactis is a food-grade, and generally recognized as safe, bacterium, which making it ideal for producing plasmid DNA (pDNA) or recombinant proteins for industrial or pharmaceutical applications. The present paper reviews the major findings from L. lactis transcriptome and proteome studies, with an overexpression of native or recombinant proteins. These studies should provide important insights on how to engineer the plasmid vectors and/or the strains in order to achieve high pDNA or recombinant proteins yields, with high quality standards. L. lactis harboring high copy numbers of plasmids for DNA vaccines production showed altered proteome profiles, when compared with a smaller copy number plasmid. For live mucosal vaccination applications, the cell-wall anchored antigens had shown more promising results, when compared with intracellular or secreted antigens. However, previous transcriptome and proteome studies demonstrated that engineering L. lactis to express membrane proteins, mainly with a eukaryotic background, increases the overall cellular burden. Genome engineering strategies could be used to knockout or overexpress the pinpointed genes, so as to increase the profitability of the process. Studies about the effect of protein overexpression on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtillis transcriptome and proteome are also included.

Plasmid Replicons for the Production of Pharmaceutical-Grade pDNA, Proteins and Antigens by Lactococcus lactis Cell Factories.

The Lactococcus lactis bacterium found in different natural environments is traditionally associated with the fermented food industry. But recently, its applications have been spreading to the pharmaceutical industry, which has exploited its probiotic characteristics and is moving towards its use as cell factories for the production of added-value recombinant proteins and plasmid DNA (pDNA) for DNA vaccination, as a safer and industrially profitable alternative to the traditional Escherichia coli host. Additionally, due to its food-grade and generally recognized safe status, there have been an increasing number of studies about its use in live mucosal vaccination. In this review, we critically systematize the plasmid replicons available for the production of pharmaceutical-grade pDNA and recombinant proteins by L. lactis. A plasmid vector is an easily customized component when the goal is to engineer bacteria in order to produce a heterologous compound in industrially significant amounts, as an alternative to genomic DNA modifications. The additional burden to the cell depends on plasmid copy number and on the expression level, targeting location and type of protein expressed. For live mucosal vaccination applications, besides the presence of the necessary regulatory sequences, it is imperative that cells produce the antigen of interest in sufficient yields. The cell wall anchored antigens had shown more promising results in live mucosal vaccination studies, when compared with intracellular or secreted antigens. On the other side, engineering L. lactis to express membrane proteins, especially if they have a eukaryotic background, increases the overall cellular burden. The different alternative replicons for live mucosal vaccination, using L. lactis as the DNA vaccine carrier or the antigen producer, are critically reviewed, as a starting platform to choose or engineer the best vector for each application.

Plasmid Copy Number of pTRKH3 in Lactococcus lactis is Increased by Modification of the repDE Ribosome-Binding Site.

Plasmids for DNA vaccination are exclusively produced in the Gram-negative Escherichia coli. One important drawback of this system is the presence of lipopolysaccharides. The generally recognized as safe Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) would constitute a safer alternative for plasmid production. A key requirement for the establishment of a cost-effective L. lactis-based plasmid manufacturing is the availability of high-copy number plasmids. Unfortunately, the highest copy number reported in Gram-positive bacteria for the pAMß1 replicon is around 100 copies. The purpose of this work is to engineer the repDE ribosome-binding site (RBS) of the pTRKH3 plasmid by site-directed mutagenesis in order to increase the plasmid copy number in L. lactis LMG19460 cells. The pTRKH3-b mutant is the most promising candidate, achieving 215 copies of plasmid per chromosome, a 3.5-fold increase when compared to the nonmodified pTRKH3, probably due to a stronger RBS sequence, a messenger RNA secondary structure that promotes the RepDE expression, an ideal intermediate amount of transcriptional repressors and the presence of a duplicated region that added an additional RBS sequence and one new in-frame start codon. pTRKH3-b is a promising high-copy number shuttle plasmid that will contribute to turn lactic acid bacteria into a safer and economically viable alternative as DNA vaccines producers.